جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « urbanization » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

More than half of the world lives in urban areas. In many developing countries, many people migrate to urban centers every day, and the rate of urbanization is increasing in both developed and developing countries. But the urban population imposes huge challenges on natural resources and causes social and environmental problems in urban areas. Therefore, increasing the rate of urbanization is associated with many challenges. In Iran, the rate of urbanization has almost doubled over the past 30 years. Unstable urban income, urban poverty, marginalization and inappropriate urban housing are considered as major challenges of urban development in Iran. Determining urban boundaries is one of the solutions used in policies known as curbing the growth of cities or managing urban growth.

The current review research was conducted with the aim of investigating the importance of urban boundaries in controlling and guiding urban development and the role of urban boundaries in controlling and guiding the development of Arak city. The city of Arak is the capital of the central province, which is surrounded by mountains on three sides and desert on the other side, and is not capable of development in many ways. Therefore, the population density has increased in the central and inner parts of the city. The value of land development index for Arak city is high and the level of morphological adaptation is lower.

The findings show that if special construction criteria are applied to very large areas, a large population can be accommodated in the worn-out fabric. Such a process also causes the development of the city in a systematic pattern. It is necessary that the municipality does not ignore the creation of public spaces and uses, and by creating public spaces in the neighborhoods, it creates participation among the residents. Reforms such as the demolition of old buildings and the establishment of high-rise structures require careful monitoring so that the tissue density does not exceed the permissible limit.

The increase in urbanization has led to significant development in a number of urban areas, and in addition, changes in land use structure have been significant due to the rapid growth and expansion of urban areas. The city of Urmia is not exempted from this trend and its population and area have increased several times during the last few decades. Based on this, in the present study, the temporal and spatial patterns of the physical development of Urmia city during the last two decades have been investigated. The current research has been done in two basic stages. First, land use maps were extracted using Landsat satellite images and support vector machine classification technique in three years 1382, 1392 and 1402, and in the next phase, various trends were analyzed and the role of population was calculated using the Heldren model. According to Pejush's findings, the area of residential land in Urmia increased from 4377.2 hectares in 1382 to 5895.7 hectares in 1392 and 6573 hectares in 1402, and many lands were added to the city. Surveys have indicated the physical development of the city in different directions, especially towards the west and north, which is strongly associated with the expansion of informal settlements and the integration of villages into the urban context. Also, the results of Heldren's model also show that in the first ten years of the period, 88% of the city's physical development was due to population growth, which decreased to 78% in the second ten years. The results of the research show that in general, the physical development of Urmia city is of a spiral type and various factors such as land use change, population growth and marginalization were involved in it

From urbanization, the phenomenon of the urban temperature island follows which the city rises and increases from energy to cool. In this research, the role of local factors in the creation and development of heat islands in the city of Ahvaz during the hot period from 2000 to 2015 was investigated using Landsat 7 and 8 satellite data. In order to evaluate the biophysical changes of the land surface in Ahvaz city, the changes of vegetation difference indices were taken by Tokanga-Tag threshold method. By using the kriging method and the low speed zones of Ahvaz, the thresholds of the closest and maximum temperature of Ahvaz city, it appears that this change can cause a change in the local climate. The results of Moran's spatial autocorrelation are a confirmation of the lack of spatial correlation of ground surface temperature in Ahvaz. The evaluation of the northern maps showed that as we move from the southern regions to the northern regions, the temperature increases due to the increase of green space and the increase of barren lands. There is a sharp temperature difference between the central and suburban areas of the city, because of the establishment of industrial companies, District 8 has formed the most stable islands in this area of the city. Residential areas have had less impact on the creation and expansion of thermal islands than industrial and barren areas.

Cities, as complex social, geographical, and economic phenomena, also represent a significant spatial phenomenon. In fact, a city is a spatial unit where politics and power are closely intertwined, and cities require policies for their development. The urban living environment necessitates extensive policymaking and development interventions.

This research is of an applied development nature, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach. Data for this study were collected from two sources: library resources and land use maps of Kerman city. These data were analyzed by transferring them to the ArcGIS software environment. To investigate and comprehend the level of dispersion, clustering, and expansion of Kerman city, as well as to understand its physical development pattern, various spatial statistical analysis methods were employed.

The findings indicate that the spatial distribution pattern of Kerman city is clustered, with a relatively low level of spatial clustering intensity. The city of Kerman highlights concentration in specific areas within the city, and it is not uniformly distributed across the city.

The findings suggest that the development of Kerman city has been predominantly horizontal, with a continuous and dense development pattern in the city center. Results indicate that as we move from the city center towards the periphery, the spatial distribution pattern becomes more scattered. Development has also taken place beyond the old city walls and between the two northern and southern belts. Furthermore, some villages are practically considered urban areas due to their proximity to the city and are within the legal city limits, such as Taherabad in the west and Sarasiyab in the east of the city. These settlements exhibit a semi-urban and semi-rural character both in terms of spatial structure and the employment status of their residents.

The rapid growth of urbanization during the last four decades has caused the physical-physical space of the cities to expand and destroy their surrounding lands, which are often high-quality agricultural lands and gardens, and put them in their fabric and body. Although the city and urbanization itself are considered one of the most important indicators of welfare and social and economic development, its rapid growth can reduce the per capita enjoyment of many social and economic facilities, and in this way, its consequences in the form of a decrease in the level of quality life in different urban arenas. Considering that it is necessary to evaluate the process of urban expansion and to be aware of the patterns of land use changes and to apply its results in the future planning of the city, therefore, it requires a fundamental evaluation in this field, which has been attempted in this research. This can be done. And according to the purpose of the research, the statistical population evaluated by us is the heads of households living in the Nanle area of Sanandaj city. The data collection method in this research includes the library method and the cross-sectional survey method to extract the mentioned indicators from the Spss software of Vicor technique. And the Holsat model has been used. The results obtained from the final table of Vicor technique revealed that the economic components include job opportunities for all classes of society with a score of 0.916 as the most important influential component in raising the quality of life. and also the results of the Holsat model show that except in the environmental sector where the majority of the factors are hindering the improvement of the quality of life of citizens, in other sectors the majority of factors are the factors of the development of the quality of life of the citizens

Inner-city rivers are acknowledged as environmental assets for cities, actively contributing to the provision of environmental resources, biodiversity, and environmental vitality. This research focuses on assessing the impact of urbanization on the Qarasu river system. Specifically, it investigates the effects of human activities and the expanding urban footprint on the drainage pattern, alterations in the river channel, and associated geomorphological risks in the city of Kermanshah. By employing the chi-square test across two main time frames and five sub-frames, the study delves into the consequences of urbanization on the Qara-Su River over four decades. The research results underscore a significant relationship between changes in the width of the Qara-Su river channel, as swiftly evaluated through geomorphic analysis, and the land use in the surrounding areas.

The present research, while investigating the spatial distribution pattern of Tehran's thermal islands in the context of social (behavioral) characteristics of this city, also deals with urban planning and development based on the effect of behavioral patterns to increase climate comfort. In this research, by examining the neighborhoods of ten, eleven and twelve districts of Tehran (selected neighborhoods resulting from overlapping urban quality GIS maps with satellite images of urban heating), including Mortazavi and Soleimani neighborhoods in ten district, Jumhori and Abbasi neighborhoods in eleven district and Harandi and Takhti neighborhoods are in Dozadhe region, finding the analytical relationship of continuity and correlation between the pattern of distribution of heat islands and the behavior patterns of citizens in the mentioned neighborhoods has been done with inferential analysis.

In order to provide urban planning solutions based on behavioral patterns appropriate to climatic comfort in the city of Tehran, the present research has addressed the dominant behavioral patterns of residents and visitors in urban contexts, and by expanding these analyzes on the connection and correlation between the distribution pattern of heat islands and the behavioral patterns of citizens in the neighborhoods According to the inferential analysis (SPSS) of ANOVA variance and Spearman's correlation coefficient, it provides urban planning solutions in the form of a coherent urban model resulting from these analyses. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and both documentary and field methods are used to collect data. In the documentary method, more scientific books and scientific-research publications have been used. The present research method is descriptive-analytical and both documentary and field methods are used to collect data. In the documentary method, more scientific books and scientific-research publications have been used. Basic GIS maps of population density, housing prices and quality of life taken from the National System of Applied Data are overlaid with satellite images from Landsat 8 and Madis satellites prepared in September and February 2014 by the author, up to the areas of Tehran that are responsible for the existence The arrival of heat islands in them is caused by the lack of urban quality in Tehran. Why so among the new methods of calculating the urban heat island and the role of different uses is the use of remote sensing and satellite images. In order to obtain the predominant behavioral patterns of residents and visitors in the urban contexts of the mentioned neighborhoods, including (time of presence, reasons for presence, frequency of presence and population density) with the field method and distribution of questionnaires to the subjective and perceptual evaluation of people in the environment and Its descriptive analysis is discussed. While conducting field studies, qualitative analysis was also done based on behavioral and semantic observations. In order to find the analytical relationship of continuity and correlation between the distribution pattern of heat islands and the behavioral patterns of citizens, an inferential analysis has been performed.

Presence in different neighborhoods has different manifestations. By creating invitingness in other activity spaces by strengthening activities with activity overflow, defining pause and movement spaces in the space of the main streets on the edge and within the context of the neighborhood, controlling the entry and exit of vehicles to the neighborhood by defining the entrance for the main streets, etc. during these hours. Finally, by expanding the analyzes that have been done in this research, urban planning solutions will be implemented in the urban system to solve the problem of heat islands with behavioral patterns.

The neighborhoods under study lost their climatic comfort and became heat islands due to the presence of mixed uses and traffic interference, management disorder, etc. The activities in these neighborhoods are known at the city level in terms of meaning, but they lack proper implementation rules. Therefore, these parts have the necessary potential to explain and provide behavioral patterns to reduce the effects of heat islands. In order to explain and present the principles of reducing the effects of heat islands and increasing the level of public satisfaction, controlling attendance in neighborhoods, and paying attention to the low traffic hours of each neighborhood and its management are among the most important factors in reducing heat islands with behavioral patterns.

The issue of poverty is not only one of the most important issues in the world, but also one of the most important internal issues and problems of all societies, both rich and poor. Urban poverty is a multidimensional phenomenon and urban dwellers suffer due to many deprivations, including lack of access to employment opportunities, lack of adequate housing and infrastructure, lack of social security, and lack of access to health, education, and personal security. In the meantime, it seems necessary to have a comprehensive study on poverty that includes a detailed analysis of its positive factors. For this purpose, the present study has been compiled with the aim of investigating and measuring the factors affecting the emergence of the phenomenon of urban poverty in the metropolis of Ahvaz.

This research is applied-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. In this study, urban poverty in the form of five dimensions of economic, socio-cultural, managerial, physical infrastructure and environmental-geographical in the form of 36 indicators have been studied.

The results of this study indicate this, In the economic dimension, the biggest impact was the lack of jobs and stable income with an average of 4/09, In the socio-cultural dimension, the lack of women''''s participation in decision-making, with an average of 3/08, had the greatest impact, Also, in the managerial-institutional dimension, the most affected urban poverty in the metropolis of Ahvaz from the factor of sanctions, with an average of 3, had a positive and significant effect. The phenomenon of urban poverty from the point of view of physical and infrastructural indicators has been most affected by the lack of infrastructure of cultural activities, marginalization with an average of 3.07 and 3, respectively. The last component of the factors affecting the urban poverty pattern that is addressed in this study is environmental-geographical factors The components of the imposed war situation and the special situation of the region with an average of 4.5, and 3, respectively, had the greatest impact on the existence of urban poverty in the metropolis of Ahvaz.

The results of the analysis of the questionnaire show that the majority of residents of Ahvaz are in poor economic condition. As well as the problem of unemployment and marginalization in this city, it is considered as one of the main causes of poverty and poverty development.

Because of rapid urbanization, urban warming has become a serious problem along with global warming. In this study, the impacts of urbanization on minimum and maximum temperature variations were investigated in Iran's Northwestern urban areas. For this purpose, the meteorological (1987-2017) and urbanization data from the general census as well as the housing population (1365-1395) in conjunction with Pearson Correlation-coefficient and Mann-Kendall Test were used. Based on this test, a positive and significant trend was observed at minimum and maximum temperatures among urban stations. The analysis of decade's changes also shows the impact of urbanization on climate. The results of the relationship between minimum and maximum temperature with the number of population in urban areas are positive.The correlation between the minimum temperature in Khalkhal and Khoramdareh (small towns) was 0.8, in Maragheh and Khoy (average cities) 0.7 and Maximum temperature was 0.61 in Mahabad city and there was a significant relationship between the big cities of Ardebil and Zanjan At 0.7, 0.75, but in Urmia and Tabriz (a very large and metropolitan city), the population with a minimal temperature was relatively small, but maximum temperatures in both cities with a coefficient of 0.68, 0.61, indicating the significant role played by the urbanization on the urban climate. In small and medium-sized towns, significant changes were observed at minimal temperatures. At all stations, the demographic changes and the minimum and maximum temperature increases were observed. Major changes in the decades of 1375-1385 and 1385-1395, in which population growth is increasing.

The development of urbanization in accordance with environment is an important issue for sustainability. A correct understanding of the relationship between urbanization and environment is highly vital for the coordinated development of both systems. In recent decades, the expansion of urbanization and manmade infrastructure without taking into account the environmental resources has been increasing. This has led to numerous consequences such as the reduction of environmental resources and the escalation of environmental pollution, and has severely endangered the future of sustainable development in Khorasan Razavi province. In the study at hand, the balance among urbanization and environment subsystems was examined using the coupling coordination degree model in the cities of Khorasan Razavi province. The ranking of cities was done based on the coupling coordination degree scores. Based on the scores of cities in each subsystem, the cities were divided into four areas, namely areas under urbanization pressure, areas under environment pressure, areas under dual pressure, and areas under no pressure, and the relationships between the coupling coordination degree and the areas were compared. The results showed that Gonobad (.66) and Dargaz (.62) cities have achieved the highest balance score and have been classified in the primary balance group. On the other hand, Khoshab (.36), Mahwelat (.38), and Davarzan (.39) cities had the lowest rate of balance and were classified in the average imbalance group. While the majority of the cities located in the areas under double pressure and environment pressure were classified in the low imbalance group, most of the cities located in the areas under no pressure and urbanization pressure were grouped in the near-to-balance category. Overall, based on the calculations made in this study, the coupling coordination degree has been increasing from dual pressure area to area under environmental pressure, then to the area under urbanization pressure, and finally to the area under no pressure.

One of the main drivers in the Anthropocene epoch is the increasing expansion of urban areas, which, especially after the Industrial Revolution, has played a pivotal and very significant role in the transformations of nature. The article aimed to answer the question that, the fundamental changes in the society-nature relations via urban dynamics in the Anthropocene epoch what effects have had on the socio-ecological processes of geographical environments, and why are we still facing unsustainable and uneven metabolisms? 

The main presumption is that understanding the nature of problems related to society-nature relations and achieving better conditions needs more than technical, technological, and managerial instruments; because ideas and actions about the environment, population, and resources are not neutral, and they operate in the context of the diverse structures of political economy and a wide network of agents, and actors. So, this article, based on a critical analysis of the approaches in this field, tries to shift attention to the ideas and actions that are more efficient and effective in contemporary conditions. First of all, the new perspectives on the society-nature relation in the Anthropocene epoch have been reviewed. Then, two main currents of thought on society-nature relations have been critically analyzed through urban dynamics. Finally, based on the already discussed, the idea of ​​“Political Ecology of Cyborg Cities” has been discussed as a more realistic and effective policy approach for confronting the issues and problems of the society-nature interactions in the contemporary networked and hybrid world. 

The findings of this article show that over the last two decades, not only the subject of Anthropocene has gone beyond the natural sciences (such as Earth System Science, Biology, and Geology) and its widespread promotion among other sciences, including philosophy, geography, history, sociology, and law via shifting to the urbanization of society-nature relations, but also represents a discursive turn from classical ecological approaches to the urban political ecology and cyborg cities. One of the implications of such a scientific and discursive turn is that the view of “nature for humankind” over the centuries has led to the continuation and reproduction of a set of ecological relationships and socio-natural metabolisms that have acted for humankind as well as nature in an unsustainable, injustice, harmful and destructive way. Hence, nowadays, the focal ecological concern is dealing with this sort of turn from previous approaches and then presenting the discourses and actions that can change our attitudes, value systems, bioethics, and trying to achieve philosophies and actions which be less destructive in the “Urban Anthropocene Epoch”. 

The most important result of this research would be a new approach to the hybridity of society-nature in a cyborg metabolism, which indicates conceptual and theoretical boundaries that have dominated the discourse of urban ecology over the past century, are disappearing in an “Urban Age”. This transformation has led us to seek more efficient ideas for understanding the complexities of today's urban world and its interactions with nature; A view that tries to put the society-nature relationship on the agenda and regard that interactions not as two separate realms but as a constructive form of urban metabolism in an intertwined network of agents and actors.

Today, attention to the concept of identity is felt in a worrying way in urban spaces. Ignoring the dimensions and identifying factors in today's cities has created environments without a coherent and legible personality, and as a result, the feeling of belonging and attachment to the body has decreased. The Iranian city has always had its unique identity, while now the lack of attention to its preservation and revitalization has caused irreparable damage to the values and patterns of traditional Iranian urbanism. The purpose of this study is to investigate and identify the influential components in the discussion of the association of the concept of identity in architecture and urbanism of Shiraz to prevent the factors that destroy urban identity. The research method used is descriptive-analytical and based on documentary library studies and field surveys, including a questionnaire. SPSS software and Friedman test were used to analyze the data. The results indicate that the types of components of physical identity in Shiraz are classified into three categories of artificial, natural and human factors. Among these, the artificial factors variable is the most evocative of identity in the architecture and urbanism of Shiraz. The variables of natural and human factors are in the second and third priority, respectively. Also, the criterion of "index buildings" with an average of 87.4 in the artificial component, the criterion of "Orangery (Narenjestan)" with an average of 3.35 in the natural component and the criterion of "expression of dialect and language" with an average of 12.3 in the human component had the most impact from the point of view of the respondents.

Flood forecasting is considered through land use and building density in most urban designs, whereas this method has not been very successful based on the experiences. This study aimed to propose a proper method for flood forecasting in Sabzevar city, emphasizing the relationship between the parameters of hydrological models, urban development, and the scenarios considered in the comprehensive plan of 2005-2006 in Sabzevar city.

This research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of the aim and method, respectively. The data were collected using documentary and field methods. The flood susceptibility map of Sabzevar city was prepared using the SVM model. The model was validated using the ROC curve. The basin’s hydrology was studied using the Sabzevar Synoptic Meteorological Station data from 1358 to 1398. Urban hydrological models and Geographic Information System were used to predict the runoff during different urban development scenarios in the return periods of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years.

Due to the higher building density, the susceptibility to flooding risk vulnerabilities is higher in districts 1, 2, and 3 of Sabzevar city ROC showed the acceptable validity of the SVM model (AUC=0.9123). Surface runoff forecasts for the return periods and different scenarios indicate that the channels are not proper for runoff transmission.

It is very important to pay attention to the ratio of permeable and impermeable surfaces in comprehensive plans in order to prevent flooding. The SVM method is sufficiently compatible with Iranian conditions and can be used in similar conditions.

Although urbanization brings prosperity and comfort to rural migrants and increases the income and perhaps the socio-economic base of migrants, it may endanger the health of people and their health Issues such as air pollution, noise pollution and urban pollution in general, migration from the village to the city is an inevitable process that takes place with different standards in all countries of the world, including our country, and this has attracted the attention of most urban thinkers. The cultural inconsistencies that immigrants have with the urban population increases the possibility of social deviations .The research method is analytical and it is classified as applied research in terms of the type of research. The statistical population of the research is 10,038 people aged 20-34 from rural areas living in Semiram city, and using Cochran's formula, a sample size of 320 people was selected. The sampling method in this research is random. The findings of the study show that there is a significant relationship between the variables of age, access to facilities and welfare services of villagers, the level of satisfaction with educational facilities, the ease of access to the city and the influence of mass communication tools and the desire to settle in the city.Also, there was no significant relationship between the variables of socio-economic base, gender, distance from the village to the city, and the type of use of mass communication tools and the desire to live in the city.

Urban development strategy is a plan with a strategic nature that emphasizes both the preparation and implementation of the document and its formulation is based on a participatory vision. It is a document proposed and promoted by the World Bank and the United Nations Center for Human Settlements, the Coalition of Cities. In this research, 50 experts and residents of Rasht have been used by using the SWOT model to determine the strategy and urban development in Rasht. The results show that according to the matrix obtained from the SWOT model, high rainfall and natural conditions of the region with the highest score and the prohibition of unruly constructions, especially outside the city with the lowest score of development strength is the city of Rasht. Among the weaknesses of Sari city, lack of proper investment in infrastructure (especially agriculture and tourism) with the highest score and low responsiveness of urban management, and low transparency of laws and regulations on executive plans and its costs, with The lowest score is the weakness of Rasht city development. Also, according to the matrix of external factors, among the opportunities, having suitable natural attractions to increase tourism development with the highest score and using the city's elites and intellectuals to develop and use their suggestions with the lowest score, Rasht city's opportunity point for development.

Urbanization is one of the consequences of the industrial revolution, which changed the development process and led to the expansion of migration to the city. One of the main results of the expansion of urbanization in recent decades is land use change in cities and their uneven growth, which has made managing urban growth one of the most important challenges of the 21st century. The present study evaluated the changes in the lands of Torbat-e Jam city during the years 2000 to 2019 and then predicts these changes until 1420 AH. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Landsat images, sensors, ETMs of 2000 and 2010 and OLI sensors of 2019 have been used to collect data in this study. After classifying the images, in order to find out the changes in the land use of Torbat-e Jam city and to predict the changes until 1420, the Markov and CA chain model has been used. The results obtained in the period of 2000, 2010 and 2019 show that the area of ​​all land uses in the study area except barren land use has been increasing. Also, the forecast of the four floors of land cover, including urban lands, agriculture, barren and green space and gardens in the city of Tor bat-e Jam on the horizon of 1404, shows that the land use of the city will increase at the horizon of 1420, so that this land use will change by 192.13%. Agricultural land use will have a decreasing trend with 71.05% and green space and gardens with 53.32% and barren land use area will have an increasing trend change with 100.87%. Finally, with the Vision Development Index, the type of urban growth was determined. Also, according to this index, the growth type of Tor bat-e Jam city is of the edge type.

One of the most important issues in the political management of national space in any country is distribution of population based on the settlement system dominant on the country (urban and rural) and the level of concentration and distribution of population in them. Urbanization is a rapid phenomenon during this half century and 55 percent of the world population lives in the cities. In 1960, urban population of the world shared 33.8 of the world population, which reached to 39.3, 46.7 and 56 percent in 1980, 2000 and 2020, respectively; and it is forecasted to reach to 62.5 percent in 2035. This means population changes along with increase in population rate which has resulted in urbanization rate. The most changes have occurred in Asian and African countries. The states’ strategy is urbanization of social life. The comparison of the changes among the countries shows huge differences. For example, in Iran urban population shared to 33.7, 49.7, 64, 75.9 percent of the total population in 1960, 1980, 2000 and 75.9, respectively. It is also forecasted to reach to more than 80 percent in 2035. Iran is one of the countries which has higher urbanization rate than the world average. In this article, beside historical trend of the growth in urban population of the world, the causes and contexts of the issue will be investigated. In fact, in this article the strategy of the states and in particular Iran in management system of the settlements will be investigated from view point of political geography and political management of the space with emphasis on development of urbanization. The other issue is understating the strategy of the states in development of small or big cities based on balanced or imbalanced distribution of the population in cities’ network. Based on the UN divisions, the urban population number is a criterion for classification. So, the strategy of the states in creation and development of urban areas with more than 300 thousand people will be investigated.

The research method is based on descriptive-analytics method and the data gathering procedure is based on library findings. Some of the data are urban population data in four period of times including 1960, 1980, 2000 and 2020 which is compared with each other. The data resource is the UN department of economic and social affairs. Excel software is used to calculate the growth rate, ranking and calculation of formula. Regarding the data volume, after classification, the results of the calculation are showed by map and table using descriptive statistics. After calculation of population changes in four periods of times and investigation of strategies of states in management of urban system, the causes of growth in urbanization are investigated using library findings. 180 independent countries are investigated in this article. 

Growth in urbanization is a process which would be investigated in a global context and in particular in the countries, because this phenomenon is resulted from social and economic evolutions of the states and also affects the states. The authors believe that what happened in developing countries were the results of political evolution than social and economic evolutions in order to urbanize the population to reach their governmental goals. The research with emphasis on Iran  considers the factors such as globalization, economic growth, education, concentration of facilities, ignoring rural and state policies as the most important factors in urbanization process and by proposing the theory of “government, centralized urbanization and survival”,  considers the role of government important due to factors such as ease in providing facilities, increase in government size, creation of core-periphery dependence, national security and survival, lack of planning in political management of national space, economic ideology of the governments in particular capitalist, and liberalist and neo-liberalist economic strategies. So, the governments have pivotal role in urbanization of system of political management of national space, but economic – social evolutions would not be ignored, but this factor is also affected by government strategies. Three strategies can be seen in the development of big and small cities of the countries: population distribution strategy and development of small cities; middle strategy (simultaneous development of metropolitans and small cities) and strategy of population concentration by establishment of metropolitans and low development of small cities.

Some strategies can be proposed from view point of political management of national space in relation with the strategy of settlement system of Iran geographic space, as follows: to control the rapid urbanization and to adapt this issue with local requirements and capacity of geographic space of the cities of the country; promotion of population and urbanized population in small cities and distribution of population of the country in small cities in all around the territory; promotion of urbanization culture and  attemptto promote life standards in small cities, in particular in low-facilitated regions, and emergency attention to rural area and attempt to protect the population who live in rural areas.

Fundamentals of urbanization have paid more attention to economic flows and demographic changes in cities and regions. Recently, scientific and political communities have paid special attention to the challenges of urbanization, one of the most important of which is related to health and disease in cities. The question is whether existing cities that will be created in the future will cause an outbreak or a barrier to disease. In this study, the role of cities in creating flows that leads to an increase in the prevalence of diseases, especially emerging infectious diseases EID, in different urban areas, and briefly shows how urbanization is effective in the epidemiology of diseases. The method used in this research is descriptive-research. It is noteworthy that in addition to the problems associated with demographic change in cities, environmental pressures along with social and spatial changes have led to new forms of disease outbreaks that are involved in the emergence of EID epidemics. Studies have shown that three important factors influencing the prevalence of diseases in cities are: demographic change, infrastructure and government. Of course, there are more factors that can be identified, but these are three topics that are most prominent in the literature on urbanization and disease, and are also closely related to the processes of urbanization. By turning to urban management to create smart cities, the economic and social effects of disease outbreaks or any natural crises are significantly reduced.

The growing urbanization and the lack of integrated urban management have led to inefficiencies in urban planning, as these inefficiencies are more visible at the " Neighbourhood " level. In this regard, attention to sustainable urban-local development is possible when local councils have devoted a special role to it. Accordingly, this paper, by survey-analytical method, field and library studies, has been compiling information from residents of the Amir-Abad neighborhood to evaluate the role of local councils in sustainable urban development and its relation to urban biomass. In order to do this, the researchers for field studies have prepared a questionnaire in 25 variables including social, economic, health, housing, environmental and cultural indicators, and then distributed to residents of Amir Abad neighborhood. Therefore, SPSS software has been used to analyze residents' views on the stability of Amiraabad neighborhood. Also, the question of the present article is; what is the relationship between the local councils and its sustainable development, and how can these councils help to achieve the goals of sustainable development of the localities? The results of the research indicate that the Amir Abad Neighborhood Council, with a fundamental shift in the planning of neighborhood development, can pay attention to the ecological, economic, social, political and cultural stability of the neighborhood in the direction of sustainable development of the neighborhood. Finally, it can be said that with the coherent management of the neighborhood, local sustainable development can be realized for bioaccumulation.

The need to energy for doing economic activities, and meeting the growing population demand have increased in the recent years. Energy consumption is a prerequisite for economic progress in societies, and its increasing consumption has led to environmental problems, the most important of which is air pollution emissions resulting  from fossil fuel combustion. Due to the wide range of effects of air pollution on local to planetary scales, identifying the factors affecting pollution like carbon dioxide and determining the share of each can be a guide for environmental management in any country. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate and analyze the share of factors affecting the emissions of air pollution in Iran. The innovation of this study is emphasizing on the effect of urbanization along with population growth on air pollution. There are many theories about the effect of urbanization on the environment. Some believe that urbanization is an important factor in increasing environmental pollution and climate change. Others believe that urbanization is a factor in improving the quality of the environment due to high efficiency in energy consumption, and can lead to air pollution reduction. In this study, the amount of CO2 emissions is considered as an indicator of air pollution, and the impacts of factors including population change, urbanization growth and energy intensity on CO2 emissions changes in Iran is analyzed during the period 1997 -2016.2. Study AreaIn Iran, per capita carbon dioxide emissions in 2014 was equal to 8.4 metric tons, and its emission growth during 1990-2014 was about 127 percent, i.e., more than doubled (World Bank, 2014). Energy consumption and energy intensity in Iran have decreased in some years due to the relatively low increase in energy consumption compared to the urban population and have increased in some other years. Considering increasing energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions have increased by the whole economy.
3.

The first method (IPAT) for analyzing the main factors of environmental degradation is determined by the destructive effect on the environment (I), multiplied by population (P), economic prosperity in terms of the level of production or consumption (A), and technology as the environmental effect of economic activity (T). Some studies replaced the concept of IPAT with IMPACT. In IMPACT model, technology is divided into two parts; the term technology (T) and another term in the sense of energy relative to GDP (C). In this study, complete decomposition method was used to analyze the factors affecting the emission changes. Four factors have been selected in this study: the pollution coefficient effect, energy intensity effect, population structure (urbanization) effect, and population effect. The pollution coefficient effect is determined by the rate of carbon dioxide emission and energy consumption, which is called the carbon dioxide emission intensity. This variable evaluates fuel quality, fuel change (fuel replacement), and the installation of pollution reduction technologies. The energy intensity of urban household effect is determined by the rate of energy consumption and urban population. The energy consumption is mostly related to some variables such as economic and urban structure, transportation efficiency and energy systems of the city, energy use technologies, energy prices, energy saving policy and investment to reduce energy consumption. Urbanization effect is determined by the ratio of urbanization to population. This coefficient measures the relative position of the urban and rural population in an economy and changes with the evolution of urban structure. The population effect is expressed in the size of the total population in an economy.

The results show that the effect of carbon intensity is the most important factor influencing on the increase of carbon emissions. This shows that fossil fuels are widely used, and substitution for clean fuels and pollution reduction technologies in the economy are low. During the considered period, the energy consumption of the urban population has decreased. Decreases in the energy intensity can be due to increased energy efficiency, acceptance of new manufacturing technologies, reduced use of fossil fuels, or changes in fossil energy prices. Despite the declining energy consumption of the urban population, there is still great potential for reducing energy intensity due to the gap in the production process, technology, and level of management.In the whole period of 1997 to 2016, both population and urbanization changes have increased the emissions of carbon dioxide. Urbanization has contributed 52% to carbon emissions change over the entire period. Although urbanization has had a declining effect on carbon emissions between 2007 and 2011, it has had a positive effect throughout the whole period. So, it can be said that the expansion of urbanization in Iran is a factor in increasing air pollution. In previous studies done on Iran, less attention has been paid to the effect of these two variables, and more attention has been paid to the effect of economic growth and the structure of society's products.

Considering the rapid growth of industrial activities and urbanization, the consumption of different types of energy plays an important role in influencing the local environment and changing the global climate. Increasing environmental degradation at the local, national and global levels has raised policymakers' concerns about the side effects of energy consumption and related social welfare. Recognizing the important factors influencing on pollution emissions, and determining the share of each can help in better dealing with this environmental problem. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting changes in carbon dioxide emissions with emphasis on two important factors of demographic change and urbanization in Iran. For data analysis, the computational model of decomposition analysis has been used. The results show that both population and urbanization have played an important role in increasing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. According to the results, strategies such as reducing pollution by changing fuel and switching to cleaner energy, implementing energy optimization plans and upgrading equipment technology, guiding household consumption toward improving fuel consumption patterns, and enforcing pricing and incentive policies should be considered for carbon decrease and sustainable development.