جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "تجارت بین الملل" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

Trade is one of the most important factors for the economic progress of countries, which has become feasible with the globalization of business. In addition, the significant increase in energy consumption after the industrial revolution, aimed at improving the quality of human life, has led to increasing environmental degradation worldwide. Although economic growth is one of the main goals of countries, developed economies are more concerned about its environmental consequences. Unfortunately, it seems that developing countries often overlook environmental protection in their pursuit of desired economic growth.
Green technology is a form of technology that aims to minimize the environmental damage caused by energy consumption by increasing energy efficiency. Examples of this technology include renewable energy sources, energy efficiency measures, waste management, environmental monitoring systems, and electric vehicles, all of which contribute to significantly improving the quality of environment. Green technology and its positive consequences serve as a turning point for mitigating environmental damage and, most importantly, preventing further harm. It has proven to be highly effective and requires the collective efforts of all countries to achieve their economic goals while preserving and expanding their trade relationships, ultimately bringing their technological levels closer together.

This research aims to investigate the technology gap and green technology and its effects on international trade between developed countries (Japan, South Korea, France, Germany, the United States, China) and developing countries (Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan). The study utilizes the gravity model and STATA software, analyzing the coefficients obtained from this model to examine how green technology development can have a positive impact on both environment and business. The data used in this analysis spans during 2008 - 2019 and is sourced from UNCTAD and WORLD BANK.

Based on the estimated results of this study, it has been determined that in developing countries, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the first country had a significant and positive impact on their trade. Therefore, a 1% increase in their GDP leads to an 0.84% increase in their trade. On the other hand, the impact of GDP for the second country is positive but not significant.
Furthermore, in developed countries, a positive and significant effect of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on international trade is observed. A 1% increase in GDP for this group of countries leads to a 13.1% increase in trade for the first country and a 9.4% increase for the second country. Therefore, it can be concluded that an increase in production capacity creates greater capabilities for both groups of countries to enhance exports and trade.
The geographical distance has a significant negative impact on trade in both groups of selected countries. Therefore, a 1% increase in geographical distance leads to a 0.3% decrease in trade for developed countries and a 0.5% decrease in trade for developing countries. As a result, countries tend to prefer trading with their neighboring and geographically closer countries due to economic advantages, especially in transportation sector.
Technology gap has significant negative implications for developed countries and significant positive implications for developing countries. This means that with a one percent increase in technology gap between these countries, the trade of developing countries increases by 0.45 percent and the trade of developed countries decreases by 0.19 percent. Technology gap is considered a trade barrier in developed countries, while it is seen as an advantage in developing countries.
The impact of green technology is positive and significant in both selected groups of countries. One percent increase in green technology transformation results in a 0.91 percent and 1.91 percent increase in trade for developed and developing countries, respectively. This indicates that the adoption of green technology not only does not hinder international trade but can also strengthen trade relations in the green pathway.

Transformation of green technology has had a significant and positive impact on trade for both groups of selected countries. This indicates that green technology has found a suitable position in advancing international trade for these countries.
Considering that green technology has a significant impact on development issues and the importance of preserving a clean and sustainable environment for future generations, as well as in line with the findings of this research, governments and societies should invest more in greener and more complex sectors. They should enhance their technical skills and develop the necessary technological infrastructure for the growth of green industries. Additionally, the international community should expand the support for emerging green industries in developing economies by strengthening global trade regulations, particularly through increased efforts by developing countries to acquire this technology.
According to the results obtained, the impact of technology gap on international trade among developing countries is positive and significant. This means that as the technology distance increases, bilateral trade between these countries also increases. Therefore, the mentioned countries, due to their lower level of technology, have a strong inclination to import technology and engage in trade with each other.
Based on the findings of this research, which identifies the technology gap as a stimulating and influential factor in increasing trade among these groups of countries, it is suggested to prioritize the advancement of technology for all countries. It is recommended to maintain a certain level of technology gap in developing countries while simultaneously pursuing alternative policies to harness its positive impact on trade

Background of the problem:

 Studying the abundance of natural resources in Iran and its effects on other economic sectors is a very important and broad issue that has spread to other fields such as sociology, political science, and even technical issues. This issue is due to the importance of this section of the national economy and its impact on the surrounding world in critical and even non-critical situations. The first concept that comes to mind when natural resources are mentioned is the resource curse (also known as the paradox of plenty or the poverty paradox), which makes it difficult to accept natural resources as a growth factor. Empirical evidence indicates that most countries dependent on natural resources have low economic development. The high dependence of these countries on the wealth of natural resources can lead to a decrease in the ability to allocate financial resources, through high fluctuations in the real exchange rate and increasing uncertainty in investment decisions. The decrease in financial demand due to the contraction of the tradable sector also hinders economic development on one hand. However, strengthening the financial system can lead to a positive relationship between the wealth of these resources and economic growth in these countries by transferring the income from natural resources to productive investment and the real sector of the economy. On the other hand, the financial sector plays a central role in economic development and growth, because it plays an intermediary role in the allocation of resources to all sectors of the economy, by reducing financing costs and also encouraging savings and their optimal use, it is a significant matter and it contributes to long-term economic growth. Patrick, H.T. (1996) believes that the relationship between financial development and sustainable development depends on the degree of development of each country. In the initial stages of development, the improvement of financial services, the expansion of new financial instruments, and changes in the financial structure lead to economic growth, but in the continuation of the process of economic development, financial developments follow the demand for it, and the demand for newer types of financial tools and services becomes the determining factor and leads to the sustainable development of countries.The purpose of the research: The present study investigated the role of the abundance of natural resources, international trade, and financial development in the economic development of Iran, whether the abundance of natural resources has contributed to the economic growth and development of Iran, and to what extent the role of financial and commercial markets in Iran is that the application of the Kalman Filter Model is examined in detail. The development of the financial sector is very important in resource-rich countries. Because the income from natural resources is one of the most important sources of government income, if they can use these resources and the income attained from them to develop the financial sector, they can achieve economic development. Since the political, economic, and social conditions governing a country can affect how the income from natural resources affects the development of the financial sector of the country, then it can be said that the quality of the institutions of a country affects how the income from natural resources affects the development of the financial sector. Since the political, economic, and social conditions governing a country can affect how the income from natural resources affects the development of the financial sector of the country, then it can be said that the quality of the institutions of a country affects how the income from natural resources affects the development of the financial sector.

The present study examines the role of the abundance of natural resources, international trade, and financial development in the economic development of Iran for the years 1375 to 1400 (Iranian calendar) using the parameter estimation method with variable coefficients and the Kalman Filter Model.

The present study investigated the role of the abundance of natural resources, international trade, and financial development in the economic development of the country and applied the Kalman Filter Model from 1375 to 1400 (Persian Calendar). Economic development is widely affected by economic growth in economic literature. In general, the theoretical literature shows that the abundance of natural resources, international trade, financial development, trade openness, and institutional quality have a positive effect on economic development. However according to the results, the product of financial development and institutional quality in the abundance of natural resources and the inflation rate have a negative effect and the growth rate of oil revenues, commercial freedom, and physical investment have had a positive effect on human development and the country's production growth rate. The research findings offer some possible policy implications. Government institutions improve institutional quality by ensuring the rule of law, effective governance, and property rights. They are necessary to ensure the efficient use of abundant natural resources. Also, to improve the impact of international trade on economic development, regulatory systems should be implemented to minimize the trade deficit. The use of expert human capital, research and development, improvement of institutional quality, and financial development are approaches that can be used to increase investment attraction capacities. These factors better equip countries to benefit from technological advances resulting from international trade and trade openness. The stock market in the country should be strengthened because it is a more effective tool in the share of capital accumulation in economic development. Together, these initiatives boost economic growth, which in turn improves human development; the main channel of influencing financial development is done through increasing investment efficiency, quality of regulations, and reducing economic sanctions and governance indicators. Therefore, the way of financial market liberalization, the weakness of financial system management, the lack of formation of coherent financial markets, and the benefit of regulations in the country can be considered as the reasons for the reduction of investment efficiency through the sub-optimal allocation of resources in the country. As a result, more attention and care should be taken in the country to develop and make the financial markets more efficient, and as a result, allocate resources more efficiently and increase investment efficiency. It is also suggested that the country's banking sector, by optimizing its activities, should try to direct more credits towards productive investment projects of the private sector. Because of the prosperity of the private sector and the increase of competition in the country and the use of economic freedom policies, the development of financial markets has increased and leads to greater dynamism of the economy.

According to the results; the inflation rate, the product of financial development, and institutional quality hurt the abundance of natural resources and the growth rate of oil revenues, commercial freedom, and physical investment have had a positive effect on human development and the economic growth rate of the country. During the studied period, the elasticity of the economic growth rate compared to the financial development in the abundance of natural resources is less than unity and is equal to -0.28 and for human development is equal to 0.07. Furthermore, based on the results, the sensitivity of human development to the institutional quality in the abundance of natural resources is higher than other variables. In other words, the main channel of human development shows its institutional quality. The factor of political stability can have a significant impact on human development and production due to its connection with the outside world. While the possibility of political stability and institutional quality decreases, the motivation for investment decreases. The use of expert human capital, research and development, improvement of institutional quality, and development of financial markets are approaches that can be used to increase investment attraction capacities. Moreover, the prosperity of the private sector, the increase of competition in the country, and the use of economic freedom policies lead to greater economic dynamism.

This article mainly investigates the spillover effects of trade partners' uncertainty on the amount of Iran's exports and imports from 2000 to 2020. In this regard, the GVAR global vector autoregression model has been used to show the simultaneous impact of multi-country shocks and global shocks. The results of this research show that the value of Iran's exports and imports reacts negatively to uncertainty shocks from major trading partners, so the three countries (China, India, and Turkey) have the most negative spillover on Iran's trade value. The results also showed that the uncertainty of the following five trading partners (United Arab Emirates, Russia, South Korea, Italy, Germany, and Switzerland) does not have a significant spillover on Iran's trade. At the same time, Iran's exports and imports reacted negatively to the increase in Iran's internal uncertainty. Hence, public and private policymakers should expand their trade relations to develop exports and reduce the effects of other countries' uncertainty.

The entanglement of economies or the integration of world economies is increasingly taking place today. In the shadow of contemporary technological developments, the adoption and expantion of cryptocurrencies will undoubtedly bring challenges and benefits. These developments have had significant effects on the global economy, especially international trade and finance. In this research, using the KOF index, the structure of economic globalization is extracted and the effect of the expansion of global cryptocurrencies is examined in two dimensions: international trade and international finance. OLS and GLS estimated results in 2019, 2020 and 2021 suggest that the adoption and expansion of global cryptocurrencies has no significant relationship with the index of international trade and foreign direct investment. Also, using Modern Portfolio Theory, the results of portfolio optimization suggest that global cryptocurrencies improve the effectiveness of the selected portfolios, and with the same corresponding returns, the risk of the portfolios including global cryptocurrencies decreases as well. Therefore, the results emphasize the role of cryptocurrencies in economic globalization only as crypto-assets.

Today, the trade of technological products has become a pivotal force in shaping the global economy. With rapid advancements in technology and increasing interconnectedness, the trade of technological products has expanded exponentially over the years. This article examines the structural position of Iran in the export and import trade network of high-tech products in 2019 using network theory approach. Also, this paper assesses important suppliers and demanders of high-tech products in the high-tech trade networks. Finally, this manuscript evaluates the effect of recommended countries which are members of international treaties in Iran in high-tech products with an international political economy approach. The results show that creating or strengthening import links from East Asian, Southeast Asian, Oceania, and European countries can enhance Iran's structural position in the high-tech products trade network. Besides, in the export sector, the East Asian and Oceania countries are suggested destinations for the export of technological products. In addition, from the point of view of international political economy, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Qatar and Turkey in the Middle East and Germany, Italy, China, Japan, Singapore, France, South Korea, Malaysia, India, the Netherlands and Hong Kong in other parts of the world are considered suitable for Iran in the trade of technological products.

Today, there are two different perspectives on the long-term effects of international trade on countries' economies in terms of environmental perspective. One view claims that countries are deregulating their country to promote free trade, which reduces their environmental standards and, ultimately, the decline of the international environment. Another view believes that free trade through optimal allocation of resources allows countries to specialize in the production of goods and services in which they have a relative advantage, and hence, improve energy intensity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of international trade and foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions in D8 countries with the panel data approach. This study uses data from 1993 to 2018 from the World Bank. The results show that the coefficient related to the GDP variable is positive and for the GDP square grade is negative, which confirms the Kuznets environmental hypothesis in the studied countries. Foreign direct investment has no significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the results show that exports and imports of goods and services have a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions that is consistent with conventional theories as well as research background. Energy intensity and proportion of urban population have also had a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions.

Oil and natural energies are important tools in global economic financial policies and the process based on income generation and progress based on it. In this context, oil and oil derivatives play a fundamental role in the economic infrastructure of countries that produce this precious substance. Iran's economy has been mainly based on oil since many years ago, especially from the 1350s onwards. In Iran, first of all, as an energy source, oil has evolved the life and economy of the country's people and caused economic growth and development, secondly, the income from oil has led to advancement and progress in all economic and social pillars. In other words, oil has been the factor of national prestige and the driving engine of economic, social and cultural growth and development of the country. 

The issue of changes in the business model and adaptation to the current market conditions is a fundamental and vital issue, and blockchain is an up-to-date structure in various businesses; It is in different sizes and in different patterns. Blockchain is a data distribution of database based on the community of millions of sharing points, in which data is recorded and modified simultaneously, which can be used by using this open, free and at the same time complex platform. Dealing with financial, scientific and information exchanges. blockchain technology can be considered a network that has a function like a database, but is not centralized and is not controlled by an institution or organization. The information stored in the blockchain has some differences with the information stored in the database. Information in the blockchain is stored in blocks. This information can be anything and is not limited to transactions. Each block has a "hash" in addition to the information stored in it. Hash is a set of characters that special algorithms are used to create. 

In the petroleum industry, blockchains are shared or distributed data structures that can securely store digital transactions without using a central point. Most importantly, blockchain enables the automatic execution of smart contracts in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. They can be thought of as databases that allow multiple users to make changes to the ledger simultaneously, which can lead to multiple versions of the chain. Instead of the ledger being managed by a trusted center, each individual network member has a copy of the chain of records and agrees on the valid state of the ledger. The precise method of achieving consensus is an ongoing area of research and may vary across a wide range of application domains. New transactions are cryptographically linked to previous transactions, which makes blockchain networks flexible and secure. Each network user can self-check whether transactions are valid, which provides transparency and reliable, tamper-proof records. 

The purpose of this research is to identify the international trade structures of oil derivatives using blockchain technology. In this regard, first by reviewing the verbal evidence of the research and identifying the concepts, we proceed to the open coding process, then the components of the axial coding paradigm including causal conditions, main phenomenon, strategies, background, intervening conditions and consequences are separated and based on categories. Subsets are proposed and finally linked according to selective coding.First, in open coding, the data are broken into separate parts, carefully examined to obtain similarities and differences, and questions about the phenomena that the data indicate. , are raised. Open coding is a part of the analysis that clearly deals with the naming (conceptualization) and categorization of the phenomena through careful examination of the data. Therefore, it can be said that there are two main steps in open coding, which are: conceptualization and categorization.

The investigation showed that the causal conditions include the complexity of the industry - ambiguity and uncertainty in situations, rapid technological developments - integration of technologically oriented companies with companies in this industry - changing competition conditions – necessi,ty and strategic importance.The central phenomenon includes the use of blockchain technology in international trade (petroleum derivatives), market monitoring, competitors monitoring, industry monitoring, company monitoring, document and law monitoring, creating an intelligent information system, industry interactions and exchanges, insurance matters and work contracts.Background conditions include national conditions (growth of social awareness in the oil and gas industry, domestic capacity and capabilities of the country), international conditions (imitating similar successful fields, forming a consortium to join technologies similar), organizational conditions (structural dimensions - globalization culture, technological culture, awareness). Intervention conditions include internal organizational conditions (structural factors - managerial factors - individual factors) and external conditions (economic conditions - political conditions).

Paying attention to the importance of international trade, analyzing and recognizing the country's trade relations and examining its obstacles and incentives play an effective role in the path of economic development, because international trade affects the growth rate of the economy through access to foreign markets. Technology has played a significant role in shaping trade patterns, and there is a significant relationship between trade and technology in empirical literature. It is important to evaluate the effect of distance and technological gap as a variable that can play as an obstacle or an incentive for the country's trade relations. Therefore, the gap in technological progress can be one of the most important determining bilateral trade and economic growth between countries. In the present study, 43 trading partner countries of Iran, which had the most trade with Iran between 2001 and 2020, were selected, and the relationship between the technology gap and the industrial trade was estimated using the gravity model and Panel-ARDL regression. The results showed that the gravity model is in place in Iran's economy in the long term. Also, in the long term, the technology gap between Iran and the commercial side, based on the index of research and development costs, will lead to a decrease in the trade of the industrial sector of Iran and its commercial partners. reducing Iran's technology gap with trading partner countries, it increases industrial trade

Capital goods are the main elements for the creation and diffusion of technology, increasing productivity, and improving technology in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors, but since the production of these goods is cost intensive or unavailable in most developing economies, global knowledge spillover is an appropriate alternative for domestic R&D. Therefore, the import of capital goods from developed countries and these technological spillovers will lead to cost reduction and increase the export competiveness of domestic firms. Accordingly, this article examines the impact of the import of capital goods along with the other effective factors on Iranian manufacturing exports at the 2-digit level of ISIC code (Rev4) by using the dynamic panel data model and the Difference and System GMM (generalized method-of-moments) from 2012 to 2019. The results indicate that the capital goods import has a positive and significant impact on the aggregate manufacturing export with a probability of 0.009% as a 1 percent increase in imports of capital goods leads to a 0.05 percent increase in Iran's industrial exports.

In present study, Iranian trade network has been analyzed in the world trade network using a complex network approach and the role of trade agreements in ECO, D8 and Organization of Islamic Cooperation. To achieve this purpose, the data of 150 countries during 2010-2019 has been investigated through complex network approach and Louvain Community Detection Algorithm. This lead to recognize trade communities and situation of Iran among some selected business communities using indices of centrality, clustering and density. In order to study the role of regional trade agreements, business communities were compared with the network of trade agreements through the use of Information theory criterion. The results showed that Iran has been in Asia-Africa trade community during the years. The findings related to density and clustering index demonstrated the improvement in multilateral trade relations between the countries. However, the centrality indices indicated the decline in Iran's position in 2019 compared to 2010 in the mentioned trade community. The criterion of Information Theory revealed that trade agreements have not played important role in countries’ decisions related to trade so that this role has been decreased within this period in the global trade network. Consequently, the importance of transregional countries in domestic trade is very vital.

To Estimate the value of trade between countries, a differential gravity model of bilateral trade flows was formulated and estimated with panel data from 2009 to 2019 for each of the commodity groups HS68 (ceramic products, glass and glass products), HS69 (ceramic products) as well as HS70 (glass and glass products). The parameters were estimated with a large database using ordinary least squares, fixed-effects and random-effects methods. For the three commodity groups, the results were stable across methods. For HS68, exports were elastic with respect to the gross domestic product (GDP) of exporters and importers GDP. For HS69, exports were inelastic with respect to the exporters GDP and elastic with respect to importers GDP. Exports of HS70 were inelastic with the exporters GDP and elastic with respect to the importers. Results show that geographical distance and trade imbalance is negative and significant; trade increases if thetransportation costs decrease. We also introduce the economic dimension and income per-capita; these proxies confirm the positive effects in bilateral trade. To Estimate the value of trade between countries, a differential gravity model of bilateral trade flows was formulated and estimated with panel data from 2009 to 2019 for each of the commodity groups HS68 (ceramic products, glass and glass products), HS69 (ceramic products) as well as HS70 (glass and glass products). The parameters were estimated with a large database using ordinary least squares, fixed-effects and random-effects methods. For the three commodity groups, the results were stable across methods. For HS68, exports were elastic with respect to the gross domestic product (GDP) of exporters and importers GDP. For HS69, exports were inelastic with respect to the exporters GDP and elastic with respect to importers GDP. Exports of HS70 were inelastic with the exporters GDP and elastic with respect to the importers. Results show that geographical distance and trade imbalance is negative and significant; trade increases if thetransportation costs decrease. We also introduce the economic dimension and income per-capita; these proxies confirm the positive effects in bilateral trade.To Estimate the value of trade between countries, a differential gravity model of bilateral trade flows was formulated and estimated with panel data from 2009 to 2019 for each of the commodity groups HS68 (ceramic products, glass and glass products), HS69 (ceramic products) as well as HS70 (glass and glass products). The parameters were estimated with a large database using ordinary least squares, fixed-effects and random-effects methods. For the three commodity groups, the results were stable across methods. For HS68, exports were elastic with respect to the gross domestic product (GDP) of exporters and importers GDP. For HS69, exports were inelastic with respect to the exporters GDP and elastic with respect to importers GDP. Exports of HS70 were inelastic with the exporters GDP and elastic with respect to the importers. Results show that geographical distance and trade imbalance is negative and significant; trade increases if thetransportation costs decrease. We also introduce the economic dimension and income per-capita; these proxies confirm the positive effects in bilateral trade.To Estimate the value of trade between countries, a differential gravity model of bilateral trade flows was formulated and estimated with panel data from 2009 to 2019 for each of the commodity groups HS68 (ceramic products, glass and glass products), HS69 (ceramic products) as well as HS70 (glass and glass products). The parameters were estimated with a large database using ordinary least squares, fixed-effects and random-effects methods. For the three commodity groups, the results were stable across methods. For HS68, exports were elastic with respect to the gross domestic product (GDP) of exporters and importers GDP. For HS69, exports were inelastic with respect to the exporters GDP and elastic with respect to importers GDP. Exports of HS70 were inelastic with the exporters GDP and elastic with respect to the importers. Results show that geographical distance and trade imbalance is negative and significant; trade increases if thetransportation costs decrease. We also introduce the economic dimension and income per-capita; these proxies confirm the positive effects in bilateral trade.To Estimate the value of trade between countries, a differential gravity model of bilateral trade flows was formulated and estimated with panel data from 2009 to 2019 for each of the commodity groups HS68 (ceramic products, glass and glass products), HS69 (ceramic products) as well as HS70 (glass and glass products). The parameters were estimated with a large database using ordinary least squares, fixed-effects and random-effects methods. For the three commodity groups, the results were stable across methods. For HS68, exports were elastic with respect to the gross domestic product (GDP) of exporters and importers GDP. For HS69, exports were inelastic with respect to the exporters GDP and elastic with respect to importers GDP. Exports of HS70 were inelastic with the exporters GDP and elastic with respect to the importers. Results show that geographical distance and trade imbalance is negative and significant; trade increases if thetransportation costs decrease. We also introduce the economic dimension and income per-capita; these proxies confirm the positive effects in bilateral trade.

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) suggests that environmental quality improves with income after the economy passes an income threshold. Many studies have examined the EKC but the results are mixed. This study Investigates how international trade has affected the EKC’s position. The study uses the ecological footprint, as an indicator of environmental degradation, in 149 countries divided into four income groups for the period 1980-2014. From the panel model estimations, the results confirm an inverted U-shape relationship between the ecological footprint and income. Furthermore, they indicate that trade has altered the position of the EKC, in the entire sample. However, the results vary across income groups. Specifically, the EKC has been shifted by trade upwards in upper-income boundaries. The lower-income countries have not reached the income threshold suggested by the EKC and trade impact on the position of the EKC has not been significant. In this case, it can be inferred that trade worsens environmental degradation.

Freight or transit of goods is one of the most profitable commercial services in the world, especially for countries that are geographically located in the international transit routes. Iran's natural and geographical location can be considered as the most strategic transit routes for Afghanistan and East CIS countries. This landlocked region requires the transit of goods through Iranian ports to access international waters, and this could create the potential for huge cargo transportation demand for Iran. In this paper, based on the gravity model of international trade, an estimate of the potential freight demand of this region is obtained from the Iranian transportation system, especially maritime transport through Chabahar port, and then the cargo potential of this region is estimated for the foreseeable future. The specified model has been estimated by generalized least squares method using the panel data with fixed effects in 30 sections and the period 2010 to 2018 biennially. The results show that the prospect of cargo demand of this region in 2022 is more than 2 trillion $.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the bilateral relationship between exchange rate regimes and international trade in iran and major trading partners in the framework of gravity model and using the Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) approach over the period 1995-2018. The results show positive effect and effective role of exchange rate regimes on the rate of increase in trade flows. Due to given significantly different values, the expected effect of different exchange rate regimes on trade can be different .Therefore, economic policymakers are advised to determine the exchange rate regimes according to the trade policies of countries when examining the factors affecting the improvement of trade relations.

Countries' risk in choosing the type of finance products in international trade is important. Firms can buy special trade finance products from banks, the most common of which are letter of credit (LC), cash in advance (CA) and open account (OA). Based on import’s data of Iran from 79 countries during the years of 1393-1396 and using the panel data econometric model, this paper explores the effect of rule of law in origin and destination as a measure of countries' risk on choice of finance products in international trade. The countries are divided into three groups: low risk, medium risk and high risk. The results in this study showed that. Letters of credit are employed the most for export to countries with intermediate rule of law (contract enforcement), and they are used for riskier destination than cash in advances. As countries' risk increases, the use of letter of credit increases, but this relationship is not linear, so firms use less letter of credit with high-risk countries and use more open account. In other words, the effect of countries' risk or the rule of law index on employed the "letter of credit" as one of the important finance products is "hill-shaped".

Today, the hidden economy and the smuggling of goods and currency are considered as one of the major obstacles to international trade and serious challenges to facilitate trade and competitiveness of goods around the world. This article seeks to discuss the interaction between commodity smuggling and trade facilitation and competitiveness. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of smuggling on trade facilitation and the challenges in promoting its position and rank in international trade in order to remove existing barriers and improve Iran's trade situation at the international level. This research is descriptive-applied in terms of purpose and in terms of documentation method, which is based on the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), Commercial Empowerment (ETI), Cross-Border Trade (TAB) and Logistics Index (LPI). As a result, there is a fluctuating trend in all four indicators and there is an unfavorable situation in international trade and the country's exports and imports. This disorder has increased or exacerbated the process of entry and exit of informal goods and smuggling. In this regard, trade facilitation through the complete organization of the systems recommended in the Law on Combating Commodity and Currency Smuggling. The obstacles ahead are listed and suggestions are made for some of the most important ones.