جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "carbon dioxide" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

Environmental taxes, as one of the axes of sustainable development of countries, are effective policies in the field of controlling environmental factors using economic tools. according to importance of subject, the main purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of adopting environmental tax on economic indicators including welfare and poverty among Iranian households with a calculable general equilibrium approach. Based on this, in this study, the amount of loss caused by the emission of each ton of pollutant was considered as the basis for environmental tax. The results of the study showed that after the adoption of the environmental tax policy, GDP (Gross Domestic Product), private sector consumption and the income of urban and rural households will experience a decrease. Therefore, in terms of welfare, Iranian households are in a worse situation than the basic conditions. On the other hand, while improving the tax revenue of the government, as expected, with the reduction in the level of production and consumption in the country, the amount of emissions of pollutants such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxide will decrease.

Increased exploitation and consumption of fossil resources in the last century and competitive efforts for economic growth and development have led to excessive emissions of carbon dioxide, resulting in widespread environmental degradation and climate changes. Therefore, it is necessary to study the relationship between the level of economic activities and environmental indicators for optimal management and protection of the environment along with attention to economic progress. Achieving the goal of controlling global warming depends on a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn is significantly related to energy consumption, especially fossil fuels. In this study, the effects of renewable energy and non-renewable energy consumption along with economic growth, trade openness, and financial development on Carbon dioxide emissions have been investigated using the panel method to show the interactions and interactive behavior of variables. This study was conducted using data available for the OECD countries and the period from 1990 to 2014. The results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between increased carbon dioxide emissions and the consumption of non-renewable energy. Economic growth, renewable energy consumption, trade openness, and financial development reduce carbon dioxide emissions and improve environmental conditions.

Good governance is an index designed by the World Bank to classify governments in terms of their attention to people and their social and economic status. One of the most important factors in implementing good governance in many countries has been environmental decision making, in today's world, the environment is one of the most important issues facing people. Various factors affecting the environment include economic variables (industrialization, trade and technological inequality), political variables (democracy and despotism), social variables (urbanization and literacy rate) and government (size and quality of government). In this study, the effect of good governance on CO2 emissions in G8 countries is investigated.

Theoretical framework:

Governance has a broad meaning that is directly related to domains such as the economic environment or, in other words, economic security, politics, society and rights. The World Bank has introduced governance indicators to reflect the institutional quality of countries. These indicators include voice and accountability, political stability, control of corruption, regulatory burden, government effectiveness and rule of law. Various aspects of governance, both direct and indirect, affect carbon dioxide emissions.

Quantile regressions id based on a symmetric and asymmetric loss function and calculated similarly to the estimation of parameters in the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. The general definition of quantile regression is that if the linear regression model is assumed to be the followingEquation (2), the condition quantile function τ distribution of y shows to the condition of random variables x, where the following condition holds.) =To estimate the coefficients of the model, minimize the value of the absolute value of the errors is used with proper weighing: Equation (3) obtains answers by linear programming. In this study, a panel quantile regression method with fixed effects is used. Consider the following fixed-effect panel quantile regression model: Where is the conditional 100 quantile of   ,  is the fixed-effects parameters correlated with  , which exhibits the unobservable effects of each specific country and  is the slope coefficient at the 100 quantile. The unique feature of this method is that a penalty term in minimizing to address the computing problem introduces a sum of parameters; Estimates of the parameters are as follows:min(α,β) (5)In relation (5), i indicates the number of countries (N), T time period, K, the level of quantiles, x the matrix of explanatory variables and  the quantile loss function. In addition, shows the relative weight for kth quantile. In this paper, = 1/K is considered. λ is the adjustment parameter that reduces the individual effects of to zero to improve the performance of β.
 

The model presented in this study is as follows:The description of variables is as follows: The estimation results in Table (2) show that energy consumption at all quantile levels from 5% to 95% has a positive and significant effect. As shown in Figure (1), the effect of energy consumption on CO2 emissions in all countries has a constant trend. GDP has a negative effect on CO2 emissions at all quantile levels, the results of the OLS estimates also confirm the negative relationship between GDP and carbon dioxide emissions. The results of different quantile levels show a strong and positive effect on the relationship between governance and CO2 expansion.Trade openness in the quantile of 5% to 20% has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions, but for the quantile levels above 70%, the increase in trade has a negative impact on CO2 emissions. The relationship between urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions is positive and significant at all quantile levels. The relationship between industrialization and carbon dioxide expansion is also positive and significant at all quantile levels.Chart (1)-Estimation results of panel quantile regression

Conclusions & Suggestions:

This study investigates the effect of governance on carbon dioxide emissions in the G8 countries over the period 1996 to 2016 using the panel quantile regression method. The results show that the effect of the good governance index, which shows the quality of a country's public institutions and the ability of the government to perform its duties, has a negative and significant effect on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions that represent environmental status in all quantiles. However, this effect is stronger in the lower quantiles and reduces the movement to the higher quantiles.

In this study, we used the Shephard distance functions to analyze environmental technical efficiency and decomposition of Changes in CO2 Emissions to Five factors: “technical efficiency change effect, technical change effect, and emission indexes associated with capital, labor and energy “in 28 provinces of Iran for the period 2003-2013. Our study used panel data and data envelopment analysis technique and covered both Emission reduction and increase.  Our findings show that Iran has not had an effective environmental performance during the period under review.  The average technical efficiency and environmental performance in selected provinces during the period in question is 0.796.  Further, the results of decomposition indicate that 1)The most important positive factor in Emission reduction in Iran was emission index associated with labor with an average of 0.6256 2) Emission index associated with energy was The most important factor in Emission increase with an average of 1.0182. 3) changes in technical efficiency have had a positive role in emission reduction, given a value greater than

Today, pollution has become one of the main challenges for governing countries. So that countries, in addition to set the related policies and practices within its borders, they looking for solutions to this problem in the international organization. To achieve a persistent growth with environmental protection in a developing country like Iran needs to pay more attention to energy intensity and the greenhouse gas emission. This study aimed to determine the investment priorities subject to minimizing the carbon dioxide emissions and maximizing economic growth. In this order, output multipliers of each sector, and direct and indirect carbon dioxide emissions of each sector production process, are calculated by using domestic social accounting matrix in 1390. The results show although foods, agriculture, construction, metal products have high output multipliers, emit lower carbon dioxide.

In this research, we attempt to investigate the effect of economic boom and recession on environmental pollution in Iran through an asymmetric approach. To this end, an autoregressive approach with nonlinear distributive pause was used with the data for the period (1971-2017) to explain and describe the asymmetry; Accordingly, a basic model (for the entire economy) and three partial patterns (for household, commercial and public sector, industrial sector, as well as transportation sector) have been estimated. The results indicate that in the short run and the long run, the economic boom and recession have a directimpact on carbon dioxide emissions. That is to say, as GDPincreases (the economic boom), with the expansion of activities in all aforementioned economic sectors, increased usage of resources leads to the surge of pollution emissions. On the other hand, during the economic recession, which is accompanied by reduction in activities in sectors such as the industrial sector (as one of the most energy-consuming sectors in the economy of Iran), the emission of pollutants is reduced. In addition, the presence of asymmetry in the effects of the production on environmental pollutant emissions are also confirmed. As a result, in the long-run, both in the overall economy as well as in the three sectors examined, the elasticity of pollutant emissions to production, is larger than the one during the economic boom, whereas it is less than the one during the economic recession. Therefore, the results suggest that legislators and economic policymakers pay special attention to improving the price of energy carriers in order to make energy usage more efficient.

The present paper examines the effect of culture on the relationship between income and carbon dioxide emissions in the framework of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) using dynamic panel and system GMM estimator for 77 developed and developing countries for the period 1990 to 2014. Results of estimation by system GMM indicate: (i) the existence of EKC, and (ii) significant impact of culture on the relationship between income and CO2 emissions. The impact of six dimensions of culture on EKC can be classified into two categories: (i) masculinity, power distance and indulgence move the EKC upward and shift the income turning point to the left; and (ii) individualism, uncertainty, and long-term orientation move the EKC downward while shifting the income turning point to the right.

Environmental pollution is a socio-economic issue brought about policy makers’ decisions. In line with growing importance of environmental issues, all countries are trying to both achieve their economic goals and minimize environmental damages through proper planning and employing appropriate methods. Among factors affecting environmental quality, those associated with the structure of government, such as corruption, play an important role. Lack of efficient use of environment gives rise to economic and social issues, such as corruption, which have adverse impacts on environment. In this research, using panel data and Quantile Regression in selected developing (20) and developed (20) countries, the relationship between corruption and carbon dioxide emissions is investigated during 1999-2015. The results indicate that corruption leads to increased carbon dioxide emissions among developed countries as well as developing countries. The obtained result is also a proof of the Environmental Kuznets hypothesis.

The relationship between economic growth and environmental quality plays an important role in the perspective of economic development. Although economic growth can provide health promotion; in the absence of appropriate policies, pollution from economic growth can have negative effects on health. In this paper, the relationship between economic growth, health and air pollution are reviewed in the context of a TSLS equations model. Three structural equations are assumed to be able to explain the endogenous variables. Endogenous variables in a TSLS model are such as economic growth (GDP growth), health (life expectancy) and air pollution (carbon dioxide emissions). This model was estimated using a two-stage least squares method.The results show that economic growth and air pollution is associated with health status. The improvements in human development indicators by health indicators will result in GDP growth. Also, any increase in urban life and physical infrastructure are associated with increase in the GDP. Another result is that there is a direct correlation between GDP growth and increasing pollution and economic openness has a negative impact on pollution which means that the greater economic openness, more air pollution.