جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "economies of scale" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

The main purpose of this study is to investigate of economies of scale and thier evolutions in Iran’s manufacturing industries. Economies of scale are the cost advantages that companies achieve due to operational scale, and reducing the cost per unit of product increases the economies of scale. In this paper, economies of scale in the Iranian industries have been studied and analyzed with an approach based on econometric models and estimation of a translog cost function for the period from  2011 to 2019 in terms of two-digit ISIC codes. The results showed that the trend of scale elasticity in terms of the cost in Iran’s manufacturing industries had always been less than one for 19 years. Such a result confirms that Iranian industries have been almost within the range of economies of scale in the last two decades and have not yet left this range. Indeed, the Iranian manufacturing industries have not yet been able to grab the advantage of economies of scale and from this view, they still have small sizes and scales. Also, most of the country's large and capital-intensive industries have relatively large scales (compared to Iran’s economy) and their further development requires entry into export markets. in contrast, the labor-intensive industries in the country are mostly small-scale. This indicates that developing and expanding the size of firms through promoting the mentioned industries and resolving production problems and obstacles leads to greater prosperity and better utilization of economies of scale.

In the new theory of international trade, the deficiency in competition has been emphasized and the role of factors such as economies of scale and variety is taken into consideration. Car world market is also hugely dependent on economies of scale. Firms with sufficient scale and economies of scale are successful in this market. The main purpose of this study is to measure economies of scale in Iran's automotive industry and also to evaluate the welfare effects of variety of automobile imports in Iran. To calculate the economies of scale in automotive industry, Translog production function with input cost share equations and seemingly unrelated iterative regression estimation method were used during the time frame of 2002 to 2018. The research findings confirm that the Iranian car companies are in the descending area of the average cost curve, it means they have not yet benefited completely from advantages economies of scale. As well as in this study for evaluating the welfare effects of variety in imports of Iran's automotive industry, Feenstra and Broda & Weinstein methods has been used. The amount of product variety has been measured by product-level import data and the six-digit codes Harmonized System (HS) classification. The results suggested that the increasing in variety of imported cars leads to increasing in consumer’s welfare and vice versa.

Economies of scale have been well exploited in higher education in developed countries. Universities will have the lowest average cost by operating at the optimal level while enjoying economies of scale. Considering the decrease in the allocation of financial credits of the Iranian government to universities in Iran, it is vital for Iranian universities to operate at an optimal level. Considering the above points, in this article, an attempt is made to evaluate the extent to which non-medical public universities in Iran enjoy economies of scale. For this purpose, the data of 83 non-medical public universities for the period 1394-1395 HS were used to estimate the “product-specific” and multiproduct scale economies in Iran's higher education industry. Ray average cost was used to estimate multiproduct scale economies. In this study, faculty members, non-academic staff, and physical capital were considered as inputs, and undergraduate, master's, doctoral students and research income of universities were considered as outputs. The findings of the study indicate the existence of "product-specific economies of scale" for bachelor's and doctorate degrees. Economies of scale were not confirmed for Iran’s universities research activities. Also, the results indicate the existence of multiproduct scale economies in Iran's higher education.

In analyzing the efficiency of electricity distribution companies, according to the economies of scale hypothesis, due to the existence of natural monopoly properties, larger firms are expected to be technically more efficient (ceteris paribus). To investigate this issue, this study assessed the technical efficiency, economies of scale, and economies of scope of Iranian electricity distribution companies during 2011-2017 and examined their relationship with company size. For this purpose, the stochastic frontier analysis technique and the input distance function approach were used. The results show that technical efficiency first decreases and then increases with increasing company size. The results also show that economies of scale are present in most companies, although the use of economies of scale decreases as company size increases. Finally, economies of scope were observed in all the companies studied, and their magnitude decreases as company size increases. Therefore, it can be said that the hypothesis of economies of scale implying higher technical efficiency of larger companies, is not confirmed, although the necessary condition for the establishment of a natural monopoly is present in Iranian electricity distribution companies

In the traditional theory of international trade, trade between countries and the extent of their success was explained only on the basis of available resources, but in the new theory of international, the role of factors such as economies of scale and product variety has been considered. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of economies of scale and variety on foreign trade of Iran's automotive industry with major trading partners in the period 2002 to 1397. The Translog production function was used to evaluate the economies of scale in Iran's automotive industry and Feenstra variety index was used to measure product variety in the export products of Iran's automotive industry. While using iterative seemingly unrelated method to estimate the economies of scale, a dynamic panel data via GMM method was used to estimate the trade model. The results suggested that economies of scale and variety have positive impact on the foreign trade of Iran's automotive industry.

purpose of this study is to estimate the social cost of monopoly and economies of scale in the Iranian steel industry. In this study the Herfindahl-Hirschman index is used to understand the structure of the steel industry. Harberger and Posner indices are used to calculate the welfare cost. According to the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, Iran's steel industry has always been in a monopoly position from 1991 to 2017, although this monopoly power has been declining, this industry is far from beeing competitive. The results of the Harberger and Posner indices show that the social cost of monopoly has increased during the study period. Estimation of the cost function of the steel industry by seemingly unrelated regression methods showed that there is a possibility of inputs substitution. The most basic solution for the managers of this industry is to increase the production level in order to bring the production level closer to the optimal level.

The quality and quantity of human capital are the most important factors in economic growth and its expansion depends on the educational and health infrastructure of countries. The education sector promotes the technical knowledge and skills of the human resources and the health sector provides its health; In addition, the quality of health services in turn is affected by education. Also, Learning by doing and learning in the educational process affect the cost structure of the health sector. Therefore, the main purpose of this article was to evaluate the learning intensity and scale economies in the health sector. To meet these ends, the data of 187 developed and developing countries for 2000-2018 and feasible generalized least square (FGLS) method was used. The results indicate that in the world and developed countries the return to scale was constant and the scale economies were exploited. Moreover, in these countries, the learning process is realized and learning intensity was higher than the global average. While in most developing countries the scale economies not to be exhausted. Hence, it is possible to exploit scale economies by increasing production. In these countries about learning intensity can not be decided definitively. Overall, the findings confirm that learning and scale economies realized in the health sector of world countries and in each time cumulative experience doubles, costs will decline to 28% of its previous level. So, both components played an effective role in reducing the average cost of this sector.

Knowledge development and accumulation are important sources of economic growth and development and Learning is one of the effective factors in the development and accumulation of knowledge. Learning reduces the average cost over time along with increasing cumulative production. The chemical industry plays an important role in the country's economy due to its high value added, product diversity and employment. The objective of this study is to analyze learning by doing in Iran's chemical industry at the level of four-digit ISIC codes using panel data during the period 2011 to 2015. For this purpose, the learning curve was estimated using the panel data technique, assuming a constant return to scale. The finding indicate that learning has been achieved in Iran's chemical industry and the slope of the learning curve, ie the effect of learning in all sub-sectors of Iran's industry, as expected, is negative and equal to 0/86. The results indicate that the learning effect is different in the sub-sectors of Iran's chemical industry, but it is close to the average learning intensity.

This paper, as an applied research, seeks to measure the economies of scale, in Iran's electricity industry over the period 2007-2009 by separating gas, thermaland combined cycle power plants using the Translog Cost function. The results of this study confirmed the existence of economies of scale for all power plants in Iran's electricity industry. The average return of scale over this period was 1.04. The results of the Morishima elasticity indicate a substitution relationship between the inputs. Tthe values ​​of cross elasticities are positive and greater than one, indicating a strong substitution relationship between the inputs (energy, capital, and labor). Results also indicate that all partial Alan-Ozawa own elasticities are negative as expected.

This study attempts to analyze the economies of scale and scope of Iranian public universities through estimating the cost function of 75 public universities. For this purpose, the quadratic cost function form is used to estimate the cost function of universities. Furthermore, the research model is estimated by using the panel data technique. The results show that there are no general and specific economies of scale in the studied universities. Moreover, there is a significant gap in the average scale of the studied universities with respect to a desirable economic scale. The economic scale of the universities is different in different degrees, and overall, the economic scale of different degrees are about 1.25 to 2 times their extant situation. Due to the growth policy of the new universities in the past two decades, many small-scale universities have been established that still have a considerable capacity for quantitative and qualitative development. Investigating the economies of scale and scope indicates the existence of economies of scale in Iranian public universities; Accordingly, it can be concluded that the average cost of non-comprehensive universities is higher than that of comprehensive universities. Hence, the integration of universities is strongly advised to achieve economies of scale.

The paper investigates the effects of oil price fluctuations on the installed capacity of wind energy in developing countries in comparison with the impact of economies of scale and technical learning. To this end, we used rolling regression analysis and data from 2003 to 2015 to calculate annual technical learning rates. Using the panel data regression and autoregressive model based on panel data we analyzed the effect of oil price fluctuations on wind energy installed capacity as the most advanced renewable energy in developing countries. The results show that oil price changes in the long run have a positive but limited impact on the development of renewable energy in developing countries. Oil price shocks, although in the short term and driven by the incentive of developing countries to transfer higher-tech technologies to renewable energy can not in the long term alone, guarantee the development of renewable energy in these countries

In industrial economics literature, the relationship between production quantity and production costs can be expressed as “learning curve”. Based on the existing literature on the learning curve, learning is not uniform across industries and besides that, can be influenced by other factors such as technology .Accordingly, due to the lack of such studies in Iran, the present research attempts to examine the impact of different levels of technology on learning in Iran's manufacturing industries. For this purpose, the Log-Linear model and the Cobb Douglas cost function are combined and the OECD definition of industries classification in terms of technology levels is used. The findings indicate that the highest level of learning belongs to the High-Tech industries and from policy- making point of view, attending to these industries is necessary. Furthermore, the higher learning rates in the mentioned industries are able to cover some of their initial costs. In conclusion, attending to learning is required for industrial development policy- making.

In this study the effects of Structural factors such as concentration, entry Barriers, product differentiation and economies of scale on profitability and performance of banking industry will be examined.For this purpose, a system of simultaneous equation containing three behavioral,functional and structural equations were estimated.Using 3SLS Method. The Results indicate that there is an inverse (U) shape relation between concentration and advertisement. In other words, intermediate and high level of concentration the advertisement intensity is low,high an low respectively. Considering estimated structural equation, we find that the economies of scale have a positive and significant effect on the degree of concentration in Iran's banking industry.Also, advertisement can increase the concentration. Unexpectedly, more profitability can not be led to more concentration in Iran’s banking industry. Findings show that economies of scale, Product differentiation and entry barriers have positive effects on profitability of Iran’s banking systems and despite in spiel of the theoretical expectations ,result also shown that concentration has negative effect on profitability

In this study, by employing a flexible cost function we calculate the technological change measure and total factor productivity and examine the impact of technology on the combination of input and scale of production in Iranian manufacturing industries. According to the results of technological change at the average data level, total production cost of industry has decreased by an amount of 0.49 percent during the period 1996-2009. All 23 studied industries have deviation from input technology. In addition, technological change has led to saving in raw materials and to an increase in the use of three inputs of labor, capital and energy. The technological change is non-neutral and has led to changes in production scale and based on the technology scale bias, technological change has led to a decrease in optimal production scale.

The central purpose of the present study is investigation of the relationship between market structure and technology factor for Iran’s manufacturing industries. In this paper, we have used the collected data by the statistical centre of Iran for the manufacturing industries (in the four-digit ISIC code level) during the period 1374 to 1389. The model of this paper is based on regression models of Levin - Reiss and Dasgupta - Stiglitz due to the market structural variables consist of: economies of scale, Herfindal Index concentration index, the ratio of R & D to sales and imported capital goods. Research findings indicate that the lowest coefficient of technology among Iranian manufacturing industries related to waste recycling industry. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between the concentration and coefficient of technology. This means that monopoly industries have low coefficient of technology. In other words Schumpeterian view is violated for the Iran’s industrial markets. Hence, restructuring of Iran’s monopoly markets is required for developing of the technology coefficient. In the most of Iranian manufacturing industries not be utilized of economies of scale due to the small size and activity level of organization of production.

In all countries, banks have been played a major role in financing and providing financial services in the economy by granting loans and accepting deposits . Therefore the bank’s efficiency is one of the most important issues in an economy that interests much attention. In some cases , mergers are common methods to increase the efficiency financial institutions and it is one of the ways of restructuring banking and financial institutions as well. The purpose of this paper is to investigate economies of scale after taking place of the merger in Iran. For this purpose, by using data sheets, bank merger of Melat Bank and Tejarat Bank that have the most assets between the Iranian banks has been simulated in duration 1382-1391.By using the Tranclog cost function and SUR method, effect of the economies of scale and closing branches were investigated on reducing costs of banks that were merged hypothetically. The results show that the economies of scale is an important reason of reducing the cost after taking place of the merger but closing branches of target bank post merger will not lead to reduction in costs.

Market structure is one of the most important characteristics of every industry. Although, there exist different indices such as concentration, economies of scale, entry of firms, product differentiation, etc. for the evaluation of market structure, but most of the studies in the subject have used only one of these indices (usually concentration). In this study, by application of fuzzy inference approach, a comprehensive index is constructed by combination of concentration, economies of scale and the number of entering firms’ indices. The constructed comprehensive index is used for the evaluation of market structure of Iranian 4-digit ISIC manufacturing industries in 2007. The results indicate that in the most of the industrial sub-sections, the calculated comprehensive index is low, which is mostly due to low values of economies of scale in such industries. Also, based on the results of calculated comprehensive index, the industries of manufacture of bricks and manufacture of jewellery and related articles are the most competitive and the most monopolistic industries, respectively.

The main purpose of this paper is examination of elasticity partial replacement and price elasticity, also investigation Economies of Scale and Return to Scale in Markazi province water and Wastewater Company. This is the reason translog cost function is used to estimate the cost function of the water supply in this company. The framework of analysis is in accordance to the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) technique. To estimate the parameters of the cost function we have used the panel data for the period of 2006-2011 has been used. The results of the study show that labor force and capital are replaced. Elasticity of demand for labor force input is greater than elasticity of demand capital input. In addition, non-household water distribution in other industrial towns has economy of scale in Markazi province, in the other towns (non-industrial), there is no economy of scale to distribute non-household water.

The main objectives of this research are the estimation of input demand equations and the investigation of economies of scale and technical change in Iran’s thermal power (electricity) generation industry during 1350-1386. Input demand equations are derived from a translog variable cost function using Shephard’s lemma. Data used in this study are for thermal electricity generation industry and they are of aggregate time series type. Estimation of input demand equations along with translog cost function is done with the method of Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR). Results show the existence of a well-behaved translog cost function and economies of scale in Iran’s electricity generation industry. They also indicate the existence of bias in technical change over the stated time period. It is found that the rate of technical improvement was increasing in the earlier parts of the period and decreasing in the later parts of the same period. In addition, estimates of Allen-Uzawaelasticities of substitution, own- and cross price elasticities of demand, and Morishimaelasticities of substitution for inputs are presented in the article.