جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « green tax » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Iran is among the countries with a high per capita consumption of energy. Despite the positive aspects of energy consumption, the negative side effects cannot be ignored. The environmental pollution is considered to be the most important environmental risk to health globally. Therefore, it is essential to receive green tax in order to reduce the threats to the environment and the people’s health. This study uses a general equilibrium model to consider the effects of different sectors of the economy, energy, environment and health sectors on simulating the effect of green tax on emission of pollutants, health indicators and welfare in Iran's economy. The model is calibrated with the data from the Social Accounting Matrix of 2011 in Iran and the endogenous variables of the model are calculated using the MCP technique and using the GAMS software. The results of the study showed that by applying the green tax policy, the spread of all pollutants in various degrees is always reduced. However, due to increasing the welfare of whole community, considering the effects of applying this policy on the health sector, green tax on energy inputs are proposed to prevent the increase in health costs caused by air pollution.

In recent decades, the relationship between environmental quality, the development level of societies, and health has been of great importance in most countries, and thus environmental management and movement toward its preservation and promotion have changed into an international concern. Therefore, any strategy and tool that can help countries in this regard can be considered as a general strategy. The green tax is one of the most efficient and least costly policies for achieving a green economy and transition from the current situation. This policy tool has significant advantages that, if properly used, can achieve both environmental economic and social goals. Accordingly, this study focused on evaluating the effect of green tax on pollutant emission (air pollution) and health index (life expectancy) during 1966-2018 in Iran using three-stage least squares econometrics and a simultaneous equation system. The results of the model estimate indicated that the imposition of a green tax reduces air pollution emissions while simultaneously increasing the health index

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of green tax policy implementation on co2 emissions with emphasis on renewable energy usage development by using the GMM method, and during 2002 to 2017 period in Iran. One of the major challenges facing governments in 21st century is environmental crises, and this challenge is one of the major problems in Iran’s future because of its technological and ecological situation. The macroeconomic policies can make changes in environmental performance of the system and fiscal policies including taxes are one of the major macroeconomic policies. The green tax in the new tax terminology and it is considered as an effective and efficient foundation for pollution control. This type of tax is based on cost, reduced pollution and promote efficiency in economy. Another important strategy for controlling and reducing pollution is the use of renewable energy sources.  

In this research, to study the subject, we use the Central Bank, Statistic Center of Iran and energy balance sheet data bases during the period 2002 to 2017, and also panel data model and generalized method of movement (GMM) have been used. This method is a powerful estimator that, unlike the maximum likelihood method, does not require accurate information on the distribution of error terms and also, this method, which is used in dynamic aggregate data, is based on the assumption that equation error terms are uncorrelated with a set of instrumental variables.  

According to the research findings, the relationship between green taxes and emissions is negative for the studied provinces. Also, the production and consumption of renewable energy has the reverse effect on the emission of pollutants. In other words, the use of these energies reduces the emission of pollutants. In addition, with increasing fossil energy consumption and human development, the amount of CO2 emissions increases. Finally, the inverse relationship between the degree of industrialization and the emission of pollutants indicates that a major part of the pollution is caused by the transport and services sector and in fact, the presence of old technologies in this sector has led to an increase in the daily emission of pollutants.

The results indicate that the implementation of green tax policy has an effect on reducing the emission of environmental pollutants. Due to the increasing number of environmental pollutants, it is very important to pay attention to the definition and implementation of tax policies in the form of green taxes. Therefore, the central government and local governments in the provinces should make efforts to implement these policies. Also, the production and consumption of renewable energy has the opposite effect on the emission of environmental pollutants. In other words, developing and replacing the consumption of these energies with fossil fuels can reduce the emission of pollutants.

In recent years, fossil energy consumption has increased because of economic growth and this has led to carbon dioxide emissions and environmental crises.  Governments struggle to solve this problem by appropriate policies such as green or environmental tax policies. This policy is based on costs and can control pollution and increase renewable energy consumption as a substitute for fossil energies.  The main aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of green taxes on renewable energy consumption and CO2 emission for D8 group countries by applying the GMM method to 2000-2017 data. 

Among all kinds of government resources, taxes, as a permanent and predictable source, have always been the focus of government officials. Economists are always trying to introduce new tax bases that create the least inefficiency in the economic system, among which the "green tax" that is applied on a cost basis has such a feature. This type of tax will be able to successfully increase the quality of the environment; But whether it can replace other taxes, is a double benefit hypothesis that must be considered separately. In this research, environmental taxes and the effect of this type of tax on income distribution, are studied in 35 selected countries of OECD  in the period of 1980-2015. The results of the panel model show that the application of green tax has no effect on improving the income distribution.

In this study the effects levying various green taxes (base, 5%, 10% and 20%) on Iran’s fossil energy consumption (oil gas (OG), natural gas (NG) and gasoline (GA)), pollutant gas emission and social welfare was studied using a Recursive Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (RDCGE) model. In order to RDCGE calibration, the Iran’s social accounting matrix (SAM)) and base scenario was used. Required data was gathered from central bank of Iran (CBI), Iran’s statistic center and ministry of energy during 2008-2016 seasonality. Also, data analyzing Matlab software was applied. Results indicate that in while increasing green tax, a positive shock of economic growth (1%), reduces the increasing trend of GO, NG and GA. Also, levying 0% and 5% green tax couldn’t make the consumption of mentioned energies efficient, levyeing 10% green tax makes the consumption of NG and GA efficient and levying 20% green tax makes the consumption of mentioned energies efficient. In addition, while increasing green tax, a positive shock of economic growth (1%), reduces the increasing trend of gas pullotants emission and in orther to decreasing gas pollutants emission during economic growth, 10% green tax should be levy. Finally, while increasing green tax from 0% to 5%, 10% and 20%, a positive shock of economic growth (1%), increases the social welfare, less than 1%, more than 1% and less than 1%, respectively. Therefore, between studied scenarios, levying 10% green tax is the best for increasing social welfare.

In this study the effects levying various green taxes (base, 5%, 10% and 20%) on Iran’s fossil energy consumption (oil gas (OG), natural gas (NG) and gasoline (GA)), pollutant gas emission and social welfare was studied using a Recursive Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (RDCGE) model. In order to RDCGE calibration, the Iran’s social accounting matrix (SAM)) and base scenario was used. Required data was gathered during 2008-2016 seasonality. Also, data analyzing Matlab software was applied. Results indicate that in while increasing green tax, a positive shock of economic growth (1%), reduces the increasing trend of GO, NG and GA. Also, levying 0% and 5% green tax couldn’t make the consumption of mentioned energies efficient, levyeing 10% green tax makes the consumption of NG and GA efficient and levying 20% green tax makes the consumption of mentioned energies efficient. In addition, while increasing green tax, a positive shock of economic growth (1%), reduces the increasing trend of gas pullotants emission and in orther to decreasing gas pollutants emission during economic growth, 10% green tax should be levy. Finally, while increasing green tax from 0% to 5%, 10% and 20%, a positive shock of economic growth (1%), increases the social welfare, less than 1%, more than 1% and less than 1%, respectively. Therefore, between studied scenarios, levying 10% green tax is the best for increasing social welfare.

Taxation as one of the safest ways of government financing has always been one of the financial tools of the government along with public sector expenses to achieve government objectives, and since the world's largest environmental damage is due to energy consumption, imposing environmental taxes on energy consumption can reduce the amount of environmental damage. Therefore, considering the importance of energy consumption in economic growth and environmental quality in Iran, the impact of green taxation as an environmental policy on energy consumption and intensity has been studied. The model for this research is evaluated and simulated using Genetic Algorithm for Iran's economy. Different aspects of green tax effects on energy consumption and intensity have been analyzed to study all different aspects of the issue. The simulation results from the genetic algorithm showed that increasing green taxes reduces energy consumption and therefore reduces production. Also, if the ratio of energy consumption to production is defined as the intensity of energy, as a result, increase in green taxes leads to a decrease in energy intensity. Therefore, the results indicate that green taxes will reduce energy consumption and intensity in Iran.

The purpose of this paper is to consider the effects of green taxes on health costs in Iran. Accordingly, to achieve this goal, a computable general equilibrium model was used taking into account the interactions between energy, economy, environment and health sectors simultaneously. The model was calibrated with data from the Social Accounting Matrix of 2011 and the endogenous variables of the model were calculated using the GAMS software using MCP technique. The results showed that by increasing the green tax rates, the health costs caused by the reduction of air pollution would be significantly reduced. Also, the financial impact on health indicators included mortality, morbidity and non-health effects of air pollution were estimated 62, 26.4 and 11.6 percent, respectively. Based on the results, implementation of green taxes can be reduced the health costs of air pollution.

Environmental challenges caused by industrial activities has lead to increased concerns on adopting necessary approaches to internalize their damages. In this regard, the government can take advantage of various tools, such as taxation, as one of the best ways to overcome market failures caused by external effects of polluter units. Given the low energy efficiency of the industrial sector, which is derived from the incorrect signaling of the energy carriers prices, and the significant contribution of the sector to the total energy consumption of the country, the industrial sector can be one of the main priorities of policymakers for applying environmental taxes. In the present study, after determining the most energy intensive industrial subsector, the possibility of applying green tax on its energy consumption has been surveyed. Based on emission levels and environmental-friendly characteristics, energy carriers, in this regard, are considered in three categories of electricity, natural gas and oil products. By estimating the direct and cross-price elasticities of energy demand equations, the capacity of applying green tax on these energy carriers has been assessed. To determine these coefficients, the time series data during the period of 1995-2013 were used, and a CVAR model was applied, as such the long-run relationships between the variables were extracted. The results show that the application of green tax on oil products for the sub-sector of “production of other non-metallic mineral products”, which is determined as the most energy intensive industrial sub-sector, can fulfill the environmental objectives of this type of tax. The application of this tax on natural gas, however, may lead to reversible results. Similarly, if policymakers aims to replace these two categories of energy with a clean energy as electricity, the application of green taxes on them can not achieve this environmental goal.

The purpose of this paper is investigating the impact green taxes on economic growth and welfare for Iran's economy using New Keynesian small open dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model (DSGE). For this purpose, a DSGE model with different sectors of households, firms, government and foreign sectors of the Iranian economy is calibrated and simulated. According to the draft of sixth five development plan, four scenarios (0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%) are considered for green tax rate. The results of simulation and analysis of impulse response functions of the model show that applying green tax affects on economic growth in the short and long term and also increases welfare in economy of Iran. Assuming different results of impact green taxes on economic growth and welfare determine that If the government's approach is attending to increasing the quality of the environment, emission reduction and accordingly sustainable development and welfare increasing thus it should accept economic output reduction. The results of all four scenarios show that economic output reduction and welfare increasing are very low.

One of the most important challenges faced by governments in the 21st century is the environmental crises. For this reason, governments try to overcome the difficulties by adopting various policies and programs. Increasing the excessive use of fossil fuels is not only a threat to their future consumption, but its negative environmental impacts are also considered by governments as an important issues. Accordingly, in the study, welfare and environmental effects of green taxation policy is investigated by using computable general equilibrium method. Also, the changes in welfare, production rate and carbon dioxide emissions in 2015 in Iran have been evaluated through eight tax scenarios for the sectors of coal, oil, gas and oil products. The results show that by applying the tax on pollutants, in all scenarios, the changes in welfare are positive in terms of the positive effect of reducing pollution and its rate increases with the increase of the tax rate; however, the production rate is reduced in all of the scenarios. As a result, there is no double dividend in applying green taxes in Iran, also, the highest rate of the welfare growth is based on a 4 percent tax rate (fourth scenario), which is considered as an optimal rate.

The increased Energy consumption and pollutants emission caused that the environmental crisis be recognized as one of the most important challenges at the twenty-first century. Therefore, governments strived to overcome environmental problems by different policies and programs. One of the most common types of these policies is the green tax. These taxes are applied on the basis of cost and cause lower inefficiency in the Iran's Economy. Accordingly, this study tries to survey the green tax effects on the level of employment in the Iran's economic sectors. These investigations are done by the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and the social accounting matrix (SAM) in the 2006 year. The results indicate that this policy sharply has fallen employment. Also, this criterion is highly influenced in case of sudden shocks and more than 15% and affected less with the gradual shocks less than 15%.

This research is trying to analyse and recognize the variables effecting OECD countries environment.As an index for measuring the environment pollution, weuse CO1emission, than using a panel data econometrics model to analyse the effects of economics growth and Good Governance on CO1emission. The results show no considerable effects from these variables.Considering the history of using Green Tax in thesecountries, we used an econometrics model to see the effect of Green Tax on CO1emission in OECD countries. The outcome supports the strong effect of Green Tax on CO1emission in OECD countries.

Environmental taxes, so called Pigouian or Green tax, are considered as a policy instrument to control pollution. Green taxes are a sort of levies on expenditure and used by government as a fiscal policy tool to prevent pollution activities of any economic agents .in contrast to direct and indirect taxes, Green tax has more advantages, for it can provide revenue for government and also can mitigate the negative effect of externalities. As such it renders a two-sided effect on efficiency ground.Towards this ends, the Rotterdam demand system was applied to this study. The findings of this paper indicate that the adoption of green tax policy would encourage the household to substitute other sources of clean energy for fuels use (oil and gas) and hence contribute to environment protection