جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « iran's provinces » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The purpose of this article is to estimate the short-run and long-run income inequality effects on the industrial total factor productivity in the provinces of Iran. For this purpose, panel data of 31 provinces of Iran are used for the period of 2011-2019. First, Malmquist’s total productivity index was estimated by data envelopment analysis. Then, the long-run and short-run effects of income inequality on TFP were evaluated by static and dynamic spatial econometric models. The findings show that the negative effect of income inequality on total productivity is locally confirmed in the long-run, but its spatial spillover effects are not sustainable. According to the results of the long-run total effect, inequality has a negative and significant effect on the industrial total productivity in the long-run. In the short-run, in the spatial lagged model (SAR), the inequality local effects on TFP are negative and significant, but in the spatial durbin model (SDM), this effect is negative and insignificant. The short-run spatial spillover and total effects of income inequality on industrial total productivity are negative and significant in the spatial lagged model, but positive and insignificant in the spatial durbin model. In sum, according to the short-run and long-run results, the increase in income inequality in Iran’s provinces has a negative and significant effect on TFP in the long-run.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting income distribution in urban areas of 30 provinces of Iran during the period 2006-2020. To determine the income distribution index, we use three indices of the Gini coefficient, generalized Gini coefficient with emphasis on the role of the poor, and generalized Gini coefficient with emphasis on the role of the rich. Also, two models have been considered to investigate the factors affecting income distribution. In the first model, the effect of tax rates, government expenditures, GDP per capita, its square and financial development index on income distribution are examined. In the second model, along with other variables, the effect of the ratio of direct and indirect taxes to tax revenues and the ratio of current and development payment to GDP on income distribution are s examined. The distinctive feature of this work, along with a comprehensive study of the factors affecting income distribution, is the use of different indicators of the income distribution. This issue is helped policymakers set of income distribution policies to their goals and priorities for the rich and the poor. The results of this study show that increasing the tax to GDP ratio by emphasizing indirect taxes in urban areas of the provinces has improved income distribution and increasing the ratio of current government expenditures to GDP has worsened income distribution in urban areas. Iranians, especially among the rich. In addition, the separation of the effects of government current and development expenditures shows that despite the adverse effect of current expenditures on income distribution in urban areas, construction expenditures help to improve income distribution in most income distribution deciles. Finally, the results of the present study, while not confirming the Kuznets hypothesis in urban areas of Iran, indicate the positive effect of increasing per capita income on proper income distribution and improving the desired distribution with financial development if there is a relative situation of income distribution.

Religious cultural industries such as religious tourism, the implementation of traditional religious ceremonies can have beneficial effects directly and indirectly on economic growth. Due to the high cultural and religious potential of Iran, Iran has many important features and capabilities. In this article, the effect of religious cultural industries on economic growth in selected provinces of Iran will be examined. In the framework of dynamic integration regression (GMM) during the period of 1379-1397, attention was paid to the data published in 1397 directly and indirectly from the channel Human capital is estimated. This model follows the study of Levine and Renelt using the principle of simplification based on the sample. Also, the results of the estimation are based on panel data regression. During the studied period, the effect of relative enhancement of religious cultural variables on economic growth is positive and significant. Also, the results of model estimation show that this indicator from the human capital can also affect the economic growth of the province.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of human capital and business environment on the economic growth of thirty provinces of Iran by Generalized Method of Moments using panel data during 2010-2016. The results showed that human capital and business environment had a positive and significant effect on the economic growth of the provinces of the country, but human capital had more effect on the economic growth of the provinces than other variables. Based on the results, it is suggested that economic planners and policymakers strengthen the quality level of human capital and business competition environment.

The main keys that influence crime rates are examined from two economic and sociological points of view. Preventing crime is one of the requirements of any healthy society. Economic inequalities and unfair distribution can be the main reasons of crimes. The complexity of the relationship between justice and fairness on the one hand and the indicators of the distribution of economic benefits from the other hand admit the essentiality of the examining relationship between income inequality and crime rates. Recent researches have shown that income inequalities and economic discrimination are among the top priority factors that affect social crimes. This research studies the effect of various economic justice indicators on crime rates in the provinces of Iran.

Theoretical frame work:

Studies show that the economic situation has significant effects on individual activities, including crime. In addition, the feeling of being deprived of success and exacerbating this feeling in relation to successful people (the existence of inequality) can be a source of criminal behavior (Stolzenberg et al., 2006).People who are frustrated by their failures in their community become more annoying when confronted with successful people around them. According to this theory, poor people in a situation of high inequality are more likely to commit criminal acts (Enamorado, et al., 2016).The sense of deprivation can be due to various factors such as belonging to an ethnic minority, Ethnic heterogeneity, or income inequality. Runciman& Runciman, (1966) argues in the theory of relative deprivation that income inequality has created a sense of expropriation in one person and increases injustice, thereby increasing the amount of crime committed by increasing inequality of income (Rufrancos et al., 2013). Economic and social inequalities increase the crime rate by weakening social integration and increasing the social class gap (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2010).

Choe (2008) shows that the amount of crime in the past period has a great effect on the crimes of the current period. Therefore, to test the hypotheses, the GMM Arellano and Bond (1991) method is used to estimate the model. The following models are estimated for 28 provinces of Iran during the period 2000-2015.Where  is the number of crimes divided by province population,  represents the Gini coefficient,  is discrimination indicator from a capacity viewpoint,  is discrimination indicator from a need viewpoint and  is the average of  and .Economic discrimination index is the province's current and capital government budget divided by the capacity share (population, value-added, and area), and share of needs (unemployment rate, illiteracy rate, and life expectancy) of each province[1].  expresses the unemployment rate,  is per capita GDP,  is government size (division of provincial government expenditures on provincial GDP)  and  is the urbanization rate (urban population divided by the total population).
 

The results of the estimation of regression models are presented in Table 1.The results indicated in Table 1 show that the effect of all indicators of economic inequality on crime is positive and significant. The effect of the unemployment rate and GDP per capita on crime is positive and significant in all four estimated models. The effect of government size on the crime rate is negative and significant in models 2-4. That means government spending has been increasing welfare and reducing inequality. The impact of urbanization rates on crime in all models is positive and significant. Results show that the impact of migrations to cities and the marginalization of households increase crime. The causality test also shows that all indicators of economic inequality are the statistical cause of crime, but there is no inverse relationship.
 

Conclusions and Suggestions:

The results show that there is a statistically significant relationship between crime and economic inequalities. Also, causality shows that in addition to statistical relationship, causality relationship also exists. Hence, reducing income inequality and economic discrimination is needed to reduce crime. Economic discrimination of government spending can also increase the rate of crime in the provinces. Therefore, governments should realize that the discriminatory spending of governments, in needs and talents viewpoint, can in addition to slow down economic progress, lead to social harms.The results show that government size had a negative impact on the crime rate. The relationship between unemployment and crime also indicates the importance of reducing unemployment in reducing crime rates. It seems that the positive relationship between economic growth and the crime rate was due to an increase in crime benefits because of rising incomes, and because the wealthy regions are due to the opportunities available for theft (which constitute a large amount of total crime) will attract more criminals (Khan et al., 2015). Finally, increasing the urbanization rate increases the crime rate. Immigration and marginalization of cities seem to have a damaging effect on the health of the community.

The factors ‘shares are constant in Solow growth accounting approach. The purposes of this paper are evaluating the effect of capital income share change on economic growth, implementing the growth accounting approach to calculate total factor productivity (TFP) considering that capital income share to be changed; and finally, estimating the effect of capital income share and it’s variation on TFP growth.   For this reason, the data of value added, capital stock, and labor compensation with constant values at 2011 as well as labor forces data of manufacturing industries in 31 Iran’s provinces during 2000-2014 have been collected. Findings show that the capital income share variation had positive effect on income per capita in provinces ‘manufacturing industries with value 11.5 thousand Rials. The growth accounting results indicate that classic factors contribution (labor and capital stock) of economic growth was 11.4 and 200 percent, respectively. Moreover, capital income share variation and Zuleta TFP contribution of manufacturing industries economic growth are 30 and -141 percent, respectively. Finally, outcomes of panel least squares (PLS) estimation show that capital income share variation has significant and positive effect on TFP growth, but income share level doesn’t significant effect during the considered period. In fact, a one percent increase in capital income share will increase the TFP growth by approximately 2.6 percent; which these are due to variation of factor abundant ratio and biased technological change in provinces ‘manufacturing industries of Iran.

Different cultural factors and indicators affecting economic growth should be identified and taken into consideration. Using their creative talents and cultural heritage, countries can support and improve economic growth and ultimately attain the welfare and prosperity of society. Cultural indicators can measure cultural status. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the cultural index affects economic growth in Iran's provinces. This index is calculated with regard to theoretical basics of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). In this paper, based on regional accounts of 31 provinces, first the cultural index of provinces is computed and the its situation is compared among provinces. Then, the impact of the cultural indices’ advantage on Iran's economic growth is estimated using a dynamic panel data model and generalized method of moments (GMM) during 2000-2016. The statistical population consists of Iran’s provinces.  The estimation results show that the effect of the comparative advantage of the value added of cultural variables on economic growth is positive and significant. In addition, the cultural index can increase the economic growth of the provinces if it increases human capital

Sustainable development is a very broad concept, and achieving it, is a guarantee of the sustainable welfare of societies. On the other hand, income distribution affects many of sustainable development indicators. As a result, investigating the relationship between the two is essential. Based on this importance, the relationship between these two variables was the goal of this study. The Gini coefficient is selected as the independent variable and the composite index of sustainable development (combination of sustainability of human, physical and environmental capital) as the dependent variable of the research. In order to answer the research question, a panel data regression model for the Iran's provinces during 2008-2014 and using FGLS method have been used. The results show that the relationship between income inequality and composite index of sustainable development is negative and significant. The results also show that the effect of GDP growth rate and energy intensity on the dependent variable of the model was positive and negative and statistically significant respectively. While the impact of industry structure and urbanization rate is not statistically significant. Regarding the results of the regression model, we can reduce the inequality in order to attain sustainable development.

The present study is done to consider convergence in income distribution in Iranian provinces from 1996 to 2014 using convergence methods of Nahar and Inder and checking convergence of each province compared to the country's average Gini coefficient. The results show that convergence or divergence for Gini coefficient vary from province to province and in more than half of provinces there is no Gini coefficient convergence towards the average. Among the provinces that converge to average, Bushehr has the highest rate of convergence and Golestan province also has the lowest rate of convergence to the average Gini coefficient. In order to achieve the convergence of income distribution among the provinces of the country, politicians are recommended to put in place price adjustment and efficient use of capital on the agenda for divergent provinces.

The main objective of this study is investigating the effect of economic and social infrastructure on economic growth gap within the framework of panel data method among Iran's provinces during the period (2006-2012). In this context, conditional and non-conditional convergency hypothesis related to province's economic growth has tested. The results show endorsement of both types of convergency of economic growth in the provinces of Iran. Economic infrastructure including communications and energy has a significant positive influence on economic growth. By entering the economic infrastructure variables in the equation of convergency the economic growth gap in the regions is reduced. Combined index of social infrastructure has the significant negative impact on economic growth in provinces. So that there are significant positive effect of health expenditure and the significant negative impact of education expenditure on economic growth in provinces.Therefore in order to reduce the gap in economic growth in the country's provinces, paying more attention to economic infrastructure and health sector and to review the allocation of resources in the educational sector is recommended.

This paper aims at the convergence of economic welfare in the provinces of Iran. To achieve economic and social cohesion in this regard, the process of decision-making and providing a mechanism is of particular importance. In addition, since long, the government has sought to reduce income and consumption inequality across the provinces of Iran. This study adopts the per capita consumption convergence hypothesis to deal with the issue in all the provinces of Iran. The study is done using various methods such as unit root test, convergence club and Tile-statistics. Also, a new mechanism is used for economic modeling and analysis i.e. cluster analysis. Since Iran's provinces have different levels of productivity and economic growth, this analysis is of great importance. The results confirm the divergence in terms of average per capita consumption of households. It is to say that divergence in average household consumption may be a sign of significant differences in per capita growth in all the provinces.

Investment spillover effects include regional growth factors around the developed centers, which this study aimed investigate effects of industrial investment spillover in provinces of Iran and the quantifying of these effects. Accordingly, it uses the spatial econometrics to explore the indirect effects or industrial investment spillover. The results indicate that provinces with a higher gravity index, which are respectively Tehran, Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, Khuzestan and Fars with a coefficient of 0.152, 0.090, 0.085, 0.083 and 0.077 respectively, have more industrial investment spillover than other provinces. In contrast, provinces with more great geographical distance from developed provinces such as Ardabil, Sistan and Baluchestan, northern Khorasan and Ilam, respectively with coefficients of 0.029, 0.031, 0.037 and 0.038, have less benefit of industrial investment spillover Compared to other regions. Also, industrial investment spillover effects for different regions, very different from each other. As for some provinces, the indirect effects are much less than direct effects and for some provinces, the indirect effects are close to direct effects. This can be due to geographical location, politics, government regulation and exposure to developed provinces.

Among the important factors that inevitable causes differences in energy intensity between countries and between regions in a country is their geographical location. In inter-provincial and cross-country empirical studies, modeling of energy intensity only in the presence of the space and eliminating the bias estimation will get correct statistical inference. Among provinces of Iran factors such as climate, area and centralization policies (and industry pools) causing spatial autocorolation of energy intensity and modeling energy intensity of provinces must be done in the presence of space dimention. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting energy intensity index in provinces of Iran and estimateing of spatial autocorolation over the period 2000-2013. For this purpose, the emprical model stipulated in the framework of panel data and coefficients were estimated by spatial panel econometric techniques and quasi-maximum likelihood (QMLE) method. Acoording to results, regional spatial elasticity of energy intensity was estimated 0.55 percent. Therefore, to reduce energy intensity among provinces should be act regionaly. The most important policy recommendations of this study for scholars and policymakers were discussed.

The problem of employment and overall staffing has a special place in the economy. The economy, employment is the major economic policy.Analysis of employment trends in various regions of the country and it requires a detailed knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to determine the employment status using a spatial resolution. The results indicate that the agricultural sector in urban areas have the highest proportion. In the rural sector, which is the lowest number in 13 provinces.

Social capital and its role in economic practice have remarkably attracted economists all around the world. Despite of lots of studies around the topic, this field of study did not find a synthesis over the concept of social capital. However, this is the correlation of social capital with economic growth which is in the focus of attention in this research paper. What is the concept of social capital and how does it affects economic growth are two questions which this research paper is intended to find answers for them. Therefore, two types of social capital are considered here; bonding and bridging social capital. Based on models of economic growth and applying data related to Iranian values, attitudes and Iran's cultural behaviors, the impact of these two variables on economic growth of 28 provinces of Iran through 2000 – 2003 has been evaluated. Applying OLS in this research, it shows that there is an inverse relationship between bonding and bridging social capital. While bridging social capital has found positive and remarkable effect on economic growth, bonding social capital meet supposed indices with both positive and negative effect on economic growth.