جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "structural decomposition analysis" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد"

International trade is usually associated with competition. During this competition, successful producers have lower production costs. Reducing the cost of production requires the use of different ways. One of these ways is the better use of primary production factors such as labor force. Thus, this paper attempts to investigate the effect of changes in foreign trade along with other effective factors on changes in labor force usage in Iran.

 
There are several methods to study the quality of labor force usage. The labor force productivity is considered as a criterion that is used in many researches. To this end, this study investigates the effects of foreign trade on labor force productivity changes in different production sectors. The data required for this research are provided from the input-output tables of 2011 and 2016, the national accounts and the results of the population and housing census for the years 2011 and 2016. For this purpose, first, symmetric tables of the sample years have been made with the assumption of sector technology, using consumption and supply tables of these years. Then, in order to calculate productivity and compare them in the sample years, the dimensions of the created tables have been standardized. Finally, using the Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) approach, the effects of changes in trade balance, along with export and import ratio to trade balance, export and import structure, self-sufficiency, production technology and employment on changes in labor force productivity are determined.
At the sectoral level, the value of the production of the industrial sector in 2016 compared to the corresponding value in 2011 (at the price of 2016) has decreased due to the recession prevailing in this sector. The value of products at fixed prices in trade and repair and mining sectors, including crude oil and natural gas, has decreased due to reasons such as sanctions and low economic growth in these periods. In contrast, the value of production shows an increase at a fixed price in the public affairs, defense and social security /real estate and real estate services/transportation and agriculture sectors.

The total value of production in 2016 compared to 2011 has increased nearly 2006.70 million Rials at the price of 2016. The number of employed people in the country has increased by 2,113,120 people during this period. Because of these changes, the productivity of the country's labor force has reached from 1038.12 million Rials in 2011 (at the price of 2016) to 1029.84 million Rials in 2016, which shows a decrease of 8.28 million Rials.
At the sectoral level, the value of the production of the industry sector in 2016 compared to the corresponding value in 2011 (at the price of 2016) has decreased due to the recession prevailing in this sector. The value of products at fixed prices in trade and repair/ and mining sectors, including crude oil and natural gas, has decreased in these years due to reasons such as sanctions and low economic growth. In contrast, the value of production shows an increase at a fixed price in the public affairs, defense and social security/real estate and real estate services/, transportation/ and agricultural sectors.  In view of employment, the agricultural sector has faced a decrease in employment during the study period. In contrast, the industrial/, and trade and repair/ sectors have faced an increase in employment. Because of these changes, the industry/, trade and repair/ sectors have faced a decrease in labor productivity. Whereas the agriculture sector/, transportation/, public affairs administration, defense and social security/ and the activities of real estate and real estate service companies/ have faced an increase in labor productivity.
From the point of view of foreign trade, the industry sector has seen the largest increase in exports, while the electricity sector has faced the largest decrease in exports. In terms of imports, the industry sector has experienced the largest increase, while the education sector has experienced the largest decrease. The correlation coefficient between the exports of the sectors and the productivity of their labor force has been positive. While the correlation coefficient of the different sectors with the productivity of their labor force has been negative. However, the value of these correlation coefficients shows a decrease in 2016 compared to 2011.

The results of research show that foreign trade has improved labor productivity in the country. In addition, the exports of sectors have relatively similar relationship with the productivity of their labor force, in contrast, the import of goods has an inverse relationship with the productivity of their producing sectors. However, this issue has received less attention in 2016 compared to 2011, which has led to changes in the structure of exports and imports to reduce labor force productivity.

This paper investigates the situation of foreign trade to compensate for water shortage problems in Iran. Using input-output tables of 2011 and 2016 tables, the changes in virtual water trade balance in this period were investigated. Results indicate that in spite of the positive trade balance in these years, international trade caused virtual water to enter the country. However, both the value of the trade balance of products and the trade balance of virtual water in 2016 decreased compared to 2011. Overall, despite the increase in the import of virtual water due to the decrease in the total backward linkage of final products and the change in the share of exports and imports in the foreign trade balance; changes in the trade balance, the intensity of direct water consumption, the structure of production, and the structure of traded goods, respectively, contributed the most to the reduction of virtual water imports.

The high exchange intensity of economic sectors is not desirable in specific conditions such as embargo, economic wars, and dependence of the economy on oil. In Iran, production depends on the currency obtained from oil. This problem may cause Dutch disease in the country's economy and various activities to cope with the recession.In addition, the importation of intermediate goods constitutes more than 60% of the imports of Iran. With this level of dependence, the vulnerability of Iran's economy to currency wars and commercial and financial sanctions is significant. Therefore, imports in Iran's economy need to be managed and optimized. Hence, in this article, the factors affecting the exchange intensity changes of Iran's economic sectors are calculated in order to provide the possibility of optimizing intermediate imports.

The methodology of this research consists of two parts. First, a table is prepared for the desired output, and then it is used for analysis. In order to use the symmetric input-output table of activities, first, some tables are extracted from the consumption and supply values in recent years. Since the exchange rate in production sectors depends on the imports of intermediate goods and services, it is measured by intermediate imports and their changes. To eliminate the effects of the price changes in the 2011-2016 period, the fixed price analysis is performed. The second step of the work is the use of Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) method to examine the factors affecting the change of the exchange rate in Iran's manufacturing sectors from 2011 to 2016. The required data are provided from the input-output tables of the Central Bank of Islamic Republic of Iran, the Statistical Center of Iran and the customs import statistics of the Islamic Republic of Iran in these years.

Symmetric input-output tables of Iran have been prepared for 87 activities from 2011 to 2016. These tables were the basis of research calculations. To compare the tables of each, the selected tables have been harmonized according to the International Standard of Industry Classification (ISIC). Finally, through  the Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA), the effect of each of the factors of the import structure of activities (R), the share of imports in the production of activities (), the structure of production (L), the degree of mobility of activities in the economy (Z), the structure of final product components (S), final product composition (T), and total final product (O) have been calculated based on the changes in the valuation of activities from 2011 to 2016. The total production of the country in 2011 was 21920 trillion Rials at the price of 2016. This figure reached 23262 trillion Rials in 2016, with a growth of 6%.The calculation results show that, among the factors of the study, the effect of the change in the structure and the effect on the change in the desire for the activities from 2011 to 2016 were very insignificant. However, the changes in the production of three productive factors, the degree of mobilizing activities in the economy, and the composition of the final product have reduced the economic value of the economy. On the contrary, the changes of the contribution factors in the production of activities, the structure of the final product, and the sum of the final products have increased the desire of the production activities. In the meantime, the change in the production structure is the most important factor in reducing the exchange rate, and the change in the share of production in the activities has been the main factor in the enhancement of Iran's production activities. Also, the findings of the research show that the increase of final products production from 2011 to 2016 has led to an increase in the value of all economic activities.

Conclusion and Policy Implications:

 According to the findings of the research, the exchange rate for the supply of intermediate goods has increased by 231.7 trillion Rials. In the meantime, the final products have the greatest role in increasing the exchange rate. In contrast to the share of imports in the production of the sectors, it has the greatest role in reducing the exchange rate of the production sectors. At the level of production sectors, the "Public Affairs Administration" sector, with 1.51 trillion Rials of exchange rate decrease, has had the largest decrease among 78 production sectors of Iran. Moreover, the "animal breeding" sector, with an increase of 2.54 trillion Rials, has had the largest increase in the exchange rate of 78 economic sectors of the country.

According to the regional economic literature, interregional communication can play an important role in production, followed by production-related variables such as employment. For this reason, changing (strengthening or weakening) inter-regional communication can lead to changes in production and employment in the regions. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the change of regional spillovers and feedback coefficients on changes of regional employment in Sistan and Baluchestan province using a two-regional input-output model and structural decomposition analysis. Two-regional input-output tables including Sistan and Baluchestan province and other regions of the country in the years 2006 and 2011 were used as database of this study. The results of the model showed that the effect of changing spillovers and feedback coefficients on the total employment of the province is positive and caused to increase in total employment. The increase of total employment of the provincechr('39')s economy due to changes of these factors was 21,852 and 197, respectively. The effect of changes of these two factors on sectoral employment in the province has also shown that “Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fisheries” have had the most positive effect from the change of both factors.

Energy has a crucial role as an input of production or final good to achieve the economic growth and development. Meanwhile, the energy intensity index is the main index for measurement of the efficiency and productivity of energy consumption. Energy intensity index in Iran is higher than other countries, and romoval of energy subsidies has not been affected yet to decline the rate of energy intensity. The importance of non-price energy policies in the process of reducing energy intensity has led to the analysis of energy intensity decomposition as a solution to identify factors affecting energy consumption reduction. In this study, the energy intensity index for 2001-2011 via structural decomposition analysis is decomposed into five components as energy intensity effect, technology effect, demand structure effect, consumption pattern effect and scale effect. The results show that the main effect of increasing the energy intensity is the scale effect and the lowest one is the effect of consumption pattern. Furthermore, industrial sectors reveal a higher energy intensity effect.

Increasing final demand in the economy is one of the variables affecting production and value-added growth. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of final demand components on changes of value-added with emphasis on the role of exports between 2011 and 2016 using the Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) approach in the input-output model. The statistical bases of this study are two input-output tables of 2011 and 2016. The results of the model showed that the change in the structure of exports (with the volume of exports being constant) between the two years under study has increased the value added of the whole economy by 73662.31 billion Rials. The decrease in the volume of exports between the two years has also reduced the added value of the whole economy by 12443.2 billion Rials. The most positive effect of restructuring belonged to the three sectors of "transportation and communications", "wholesale and retail" and "water, electricity and gas". The value- added of these three sectors due to this factor has increased 92481.94, 88672.52 and 45720.77 billion Rials, respectively. On the other hand, the value-added of the two sectors "crude oil and natural gas" and "chemical, rubber and plastics" have the greatest negative effect of the restructuring of exports. The value- added of these sectors due to this factor has decreased by 260550.29 and 12312.67 billion Rials, respectively.

Export is one of the important factors affecting the production of various sectors of the economy. Therefore, this study examines the effect of export change on the production of sectors in Iran during 2006-2011 using input-output analysis. In order to achieve this goal, the country's input-output tables have been used in the years 2006 and 2011 and the structural decomposition analysis (SDA) technique has been used. Based on this technique, the total change in the country's exports is divided into two factors: the change in the total volume of exports (with a constant export structure) and the changes in structure of exports (with a constant volume of exports). The results show that the change in the structure of exports (with the constant amount of exports) increased the production of the economy by 51947.51 billion Rials. Also, changes in the volume of exports (with a constant export structure) has led to 1270999.65 billion Rials increase in the total output of economy. The total change in exports (summation of volume change and structure change effect) has also led to an increase 1322947.16 billion Rials in total output of the economy.

As far as Environmentally Extended Input‐Output (EEIO) and CO2 emissions reduction are concerned, the question is: what are the impacts of final demand structure and technology on CO2 emissions in Iran? In order to answer this question, the current research adopts a two-step approach:(1) first, CO2 emissions are estimated for 29 economic sectors; (2) then, using Structural Decomposition Analysis(SDA), driving forces of emission growth during 1999-2011 are examined. The results show that power plants play a major role in CO2 emissions in Iran. According to this technique, final demand structure (with contribution of 187%) and technology (with contribution of -87%) which increased and decreased CO2 emissions, respectively, during the study period in Iran, brought about changes in emissions. Also, the results suggest that, among the final demand components, household consumption expenditures had the largest share in CO2 emissions. Thus, it is recommended to increase the efficiency of combustion systems at power plants, develop clean and inexpensive technologies, propose policies to enhance energy efficiency in the household sector, and promote public awareness to optimize energy consumption

In this paper is tried to analyze emission decomposition of to three effects include Leontief Structure (), Final Demand Effect () and Emission Intensity Effect () by using of structural decomposition analysis ().Then, we compare three such methods analytically and empirically through decomposing changes in Iran’s emissions. ’s method is consisted of Lasppeyres and Divisa family. this paper is used of 1986-1991 and 2001-2006 tables for estimating methods. this study is also used RAS method for gaining inside-sector exchanges matrix, to assimilate 2001-2006 tables. The results show that three above effects in-group participate increasing emission (in both comparison of 1986-1991 and 2001-2006). Whereas the sub-categories results for three methods (MRCI, LMDI-I and LMDI-II) are close to each other in 1986-1991. But above results are not true for 2001-2006.