جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Energy efficiency » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Today, the issue of protecting the environment and preventing its destruction is considered as one of the most important issues of global society. In neoclassical economics, capital and labor were considered as the engine of economic growth, but in recent decades, energy has become one of the main elements of economic growth. In a way, the economic growth of any country depends on the growth of its energy input (Zheng and Walsh, 2019). Along with energy use, greenhouse gas emission is also a term that is often used and the two are interconnected (Achampeng, 2018; Bacon et al., 2019; Gross and Aydin, 2019 and Reza et al., 2019). According to a report from the International Energy Agency, about 67% of the total carbon dioxide emissions are caused by the energy sector, and it shows that reducing air pollution can be achieved by controlling energy consumption. In an effort to respond to the dangers of climate change, studies suggest ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including; a) use of renewable energies; and b) the efficiency of using energy resources (Chang et al., 2018). Studies such as Alvarez-Hranz et al. (2017); Yuan et al. (2018); Lin and Zhou (2019) and Chen et al. (2019) proposed the use of renewable energy technology to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energy consumption. However, the best and most cost-effective way to reduce air pollution and climate change caused by energy consumption is the optimal use of energy (Lopez-Pena et al., 2012). Triani et al. (2016) claim that strengthening energy efficiency in the industrial sector is the best tool in terms of cost efficiency to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energy sources. Therefore, energy efficiency is considered as one of the main strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Considering the importance of environmental quality and the role of energy efficiency in its realization, in this article we try to examine the impact of good governance indicators on energy efficiency and its spatial effects. Therefore, in the field of energy efficiency, one of the goals of this research is to empirically examine the issue of whether the institutional arrangements of neighboring countries affect the institutional quality of the country itself and, as a result, whether energy efficiency is affected in this way. Therefore, we seek to answer these questions, is there a spatial spillover effect of institutional quality? If such spatial spillover exists, how much can it explain a country's level of energy efficiency? Also, the lack of agreement between the experimental studies in the obtained results and the reporting of different results in them is another factor of investigating the issue in the present research. Spatial studies use spatial econometrics instead of common econometrics. Researchers in business, commercial and demographic studies that deal with spatial data and observations and can replace common econometrics with spatial econometrics. The most important differences between spatial econometrics and conventional econometrics are issues such as spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity, while the aforementioned issues are not discussed in conventional econometrics and it is ignored that not considering this issue causes a violation of the Gauss-Markov assumptions in this research with a random border approach and patterns Spatial econometrics examines the spatial impact of institutional quality on energy efficiency for a country group consisting of 89 countries and for the period 2002-2020. First, in order to avoid false regression, unit root tests are performed and their results are reported accordingly. The reported results indicate that the variables of logarithm of energy efficiency, logarithm of gross domestic product, logarithm of added value of industry sector, logarithm of added value of service sector, logarithm of urbanization population and logarithm of governance quality index are all at the same level. To estimate and analyze the model, the population spatial weight matrix and the gravity model were used, which were standardized using the row standardization method of the elements of this matrix. The considered model in relation (9) was estimated by SAR, SEM, SAC and SDM methods, and the best estimation method is decided by using the relevant tests. Studies have been conducted on the effect of institutional quality and governance on energy efficiency; But the understanding of the relationship and influence of government institutions on energy efficiency is still limited due to few studies, especially in the era of globalization, where countries interact more with each other and their policies and executive actions are affected by each other. Therefore, in this study, with the aim of investigating and analyzing the effects of institutional quality and governance and their spillover effects on energy efficiency, data from 89 countries were used in the period of 2002-2018. In this study, energy efficiency is estimated using the stochastic frontier analysis model and the spillover effects of institutional quality and governance are investigated with spatial panel patterns. In general, the experimental results show that energy efficiency has spatial correlation in the studied countries, and more importantly, the experimental results support the existence of spillover effects of governance quality on energy efficiency. In the current study, the direct effect of governance quality on energy efficiency was positive, although this effect was not statistically significant, but the spillover effects of this variable on energy efficiency had a positive and significant effect. Therefore, the level of energy efficiency of a country can not only be affected by the economic structure of each country, but in addition to the quality of institutions and executive policies of the country itself, it can also depend on the quality of institutions and governance of neighboring countries. This result shows that the country being surrounded by countries with good governance and institutional framework can affect the performance of efficiency and quality.

Due to increasing concerns about high energy consumption and global warming, the energy and environmental efficiency have gained considerable attention of researchers and policymakers. The purpose of this research is to measure economic, energy and environmental efficiency with a modified approach based on data envelopment analysis and Nash Bargaining Game (NBG-DEA) in member countries of the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation (OECD) in the period from 2017 to It is 2020. The results show that, in general, the countries of America, Switzerland, and Greece are among the top countries in terms of economic efficiency and energy, but they do not have favorable conditions in the field of environment. The average environmental efficiency is very low among all countries, but among them, the United States of America is the worst with a score of 0.0004 and Iceland is the best with a score of 0.348. In addition, based on the results of data envelopment analysis model - Nash bargaining game, Iceland, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Slovenia, Ireland and Denmark have better conditions than others in all areas of economy, energy and environment.

This study aims to predict the technical, energy, economic and environmental efficiency of wheat production based on dispersion. Agricultural lands were studied. The study area in this study was all lands under wheat cultivation in the crop year 1399-1400 in Khoy city. They were divided from 5 hectares. Finally, 720 plots of land with a cultivated area of ​​less than 5 hectares were identified and 245 wheat farmers were selected as a sample by random sampling. Technical, economic, energy and environmental efficiency were estimated using the Coating Analysis (DEA) method using DEAP software. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation test and structural equation test were used to predict the effects of scattering on performance. According to the results, in terms of technical efficiency, low-scale arable lands are higher than larger-scale arable lands, but economic, energy and environmental efficiency is more desirable in fields with a higher scale per hectare. there is a significant negative relationship between land dispersion with economic, energy and environmental efficiency, in which there is the most negative relationship between economic efficiency, then environmental efficiency and finally energy efficiency with land dispersion, but between land dispersion with efficiency There is a significant technical positive relationship. Therefore, it can be concluded that the implementation of the agricultural land integration plan can be effective in improving the energy, economic and environmental efficiency of wheat production

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of economic indicators, institutional quality and energy efficiency on the ecological footprint (as an indicator to evaluate the degree of environmental degradation). For this purpose, the annual data of 15 MENA countries (Middle East and North Africa) for the period from 1990 to 2021 have been used with the quantile panel approach. The quantile panel model provides the possibility of investigating the effect of research variables on the ecological footprint during different quantiles. The findings indicate the effect of the coefficients of the variables on the ecological footprint in accordance with the expected theoretical foundations; In such a way that the gross domestic product per capita, the ratio of foreign direct investment, and the degree of urbanization and political instability have a positive and significant effect on the ecological footprint, while the index of trade openness, corruption control, the index of democracy, and energy efficiency have a negative and significant effect on the ecological footprint. This effect has not been constant in different quantiles; In such a way that the effect of the variables of GDP per capita, energy efficiency, foreign direct investment ratio, degree of urbanization, and political instability in the high quantiles is far more than the low quantiles, and the effect of the variables of trade openness index, control Corruption and democracy index in low quantiles are more than in high quantiles.

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of transportation infrastructure on the energy efficiency of the industry in the provinces of Iran. The rapid growth of industries in the world during the last few years has led to an increase in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Energy efficiency contribute to economic growth, energy security, reduction of greenhouse gases, and energy sustainability. One of the factors affecting energy efficiency is transportation infrastructure, which, as the main capital of social development, can affect energy efficiency through various mechanisms. These infrastructures can have different effects on energy efficiency from the channels of the economy of scale, the effect of technology spillover and other external factors, and the effect of competition between production enterprises. We apply a panel threshold model to approximate the threshold effect of transportation infrastructure on industrial energy efficiency using data of 31 provinces of Iran from 2006 to 2019. The results showed that the transportation infrastructures have a non-linear effect on energy efficiency so that when the logarithm of real GDP is higher than the second threshold (15/66), transportation infrastructures significantly improve energy efficiency, and when the logarithm of GDP is lower than the first threshold (14/64), the expansion of this type of infrastructure reduces the energy efficiency of the industry, and between the two thresholds of transportation infrastructure, it does not affect the energy efficiency of the industry. In addition, technological progress and energy prices also have a positive and, significant effect on industrial energy efficiency.

The study of Iran's position in the international trade network of natural gas shows that although Iran is the second country with natural gas resources in the world and has a special position in the transit of natural gas, it is not an important player in the international trade network of natural gas. One of the most important issues for the development of international gas trade is to examine the possibility of exporting Iran's natural gas in the near future. The present study tries to estimate and simulate an econometric model including macroeconomic and energy variables, analyze the outlook of domestic demand and balance of natural gas in different conditions of Iran's macroeconomics, and assess the feasibility of exporting natural gas. The simulation of different scenarios for the period 2022-2032 shows three findings. Firstly, continuing the current policies result in the undesirable trend of the TFP at the macroeconomic level and economic inefficiency in the energy sector. Secondly, macroeconomic policy reforms in order to raise economic growth result in a negative natural gas balance. Thirdly, for the reduction of energy intensity, the energy price reform is not a sufficient policy, and emphasizing the non-price factors towards technical progress in order to rise energy efficiency is important. In addition, making an investment decision for infrastructure development of potential natural gas supply is important as a necessary condition.

The growing trend of energy consumption on the one hand and the scarcity of this factor on the other hand has led to the study of factors affecting the efficiency of energy consumption is of great importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of increases and decreases in real energy prices on energy efficiency in Iran. For this purpose, first, the real energy price index was being calculated at the level of the whole economy and the three sectors of household, commercial and industry. Then, by using an autoregressive approach with nonlinear (asymmetric) distributive interruptions, a basic model based on the whole economy and three sectors models based on the three mentioned partial were estimated. The results show that in the long run, increases and decreases in energy prices had a direct effect on energy efficiency at the level of the whole economy. In the household and industry sectors, decreases in energy prices had a direct effect on energy efficiency, but there was no significant effect of increases in energy prices on energy efficiency in the two sectors. In the commercial sector, there was no significant effect of increases and decreases in energy prices on energy efficiency. Also, the effect was asymmetric confirmed at the level of the whole economy and in the mentioned sectors. The growing trend of energy consumption on the one hand and the scarcity of this factor on the other hand has led to the study of factors affecting the efficiency of energy consumption is of great importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of increases and decreases in real energy prices on energy efficiency in Iran. For this purpose, first, the real energy price index was being calculated at the level of the whole economy and the three sectors of household, commercial and industry. Then, by using an autoregressive approach with nonlinear (asymmetric) distributive interruptions, a basic model based on the whole economy and three sectors models based on the three mentioned partial were estimated. The results show that in the long run, increases and decreases in energy prices had a direct effect on energy efficiency at the level of the whole economy. In the household and industry sectors, decreases in energy prices had a direct effect on energy efficiency, but there was no significant effect of increases in energy prices on energy efficiency in the two sectors. In the commercial sector, there was no significant effect of increases and decreases in energy prices on energy efficiency. Also, the effect was asymmetric confirmed at the level of the whole economy and in the mentioned sectors.

to purchase new machinery and equipment and replacing worn-out machines have great importance. Regarding the capital constraint in the mining sector, not using it indicates the weakness of management and the level of actual production is less than the potential level. Accordingly, the present study intends to investigate the factors affecting the average productivity of capital in the mining sector of Iran over the period 1983-2017. Capital in this sector is in the form of equipment and machinery as well as financial capital. Based on the results, the average productivity of capital has been accompanied by many changes, and its lowest amount is observed in the years of the imposed war. Estimation of the econometric model showed that the inverse per capita capital, mineral price index, energy efficiency, and private sector share in ownership have a significant effect on capital productivity at the level of 5%. Therefore, an increase in energy efficiency and  a decrease in per capita capital increase average capital productivity. On the other hand, increasing the price of minerals increases capital productivity.

Saving electricity consumption, especially in the household sector, is essential given the growth of electricity consumption in this sector. One of the most important ways to save electricity is to improve the efficiency of electricity consuming devices, but there is a close relationship between improving the efficiency of electricity consumption and the rebound effect, which if ignored, will have adverse effects. In the present paper, using the ordinary least squares method, the size of the direct rebound effect related to electricity consumption in the household sector of Iran has been estimated in terms of asymmetry in electricity prices. For this purpose, and considering the separation of electricity prices based on the Gately study, annual data for the period 1347-1398 and estimating the elasticity of electricity demand have been used. The results show that, firstly, improving the efficiency of household electricity consumption has a rebound effect. Secondly, the rebound effect in the household sector is 43%. With a 10% upgrade of household appliances technology, 4.3% of the expected reserve due to the improvement of electricity consumption efficiency does not occur and appears in the form of a rebound effect, and only 5.7% of the expected reserve in electricity consumption is realized.

Industry is one of the sectors that plays a significant role in economic growth and, on the other hand, has high energy consumption. From the environmental point of view, high economic growth along with optimal life quality is a main objective for economy. Any disagreement among economic objectives may impose heavy costs on the economy. Development of the industry sector, due to its importance in economic growth, plays a crucial role in economic development and the level of energy consumption in that sector, which is more than that in the other sectors of the economy. In this regard, improvement of energy efficiency in the industry sector is an important policy for the reduction of negative effects of economic growth.

To estimate the effect of industrial concentration on energy efficiency at the provincial level during 2004 to2014, the following equation was used.   In this equation, eff denotes the calculated efficiency of energy by Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) in I provinces and t time, conc shows Alison Glassier industrial concentration index, r&d is the research and development expenses, com is the cost of communication and computer, and w is the standardized spatial matrix. To measure the efficiency of the consumed energy, SFA was used. Also, to estimate the energy efficiency from point of view of production, the Shephard Di The Alison Glassier Index was employed to calculate the industrial concentration index (y) as follows:  

The results obtained from the calculation of Alison Glassier Index for each province in the period of 2004-2014 shows that the highest industrial concentration of 0/593 for Booshehr and the lowest for Markazi Province which is 0/028. One of the main reasons for the high index in Booshehr is the industrial structure of this place. In fact the share of this province in the production of chemical products was 40 percent of the total products of the country in 2014. In fact, Markazi Province has simultaneous roles in most industries and, thus, had the least industrial concentration in 2014.  The result obtained for the other provinces indicates that East Azarbayjan and Qhazwin by 0/03 are among the provinces with low industrial concentration. Ilam, Kerman, Hormozgan, Sistan and Balouchestan are among the places with high industrial concentration. Based on the data of 2014, the share of Hormozgan in the total production of the country in most industries is almost zero. A survey of the changes in the concentration index of all the provinces shows that, on average, concentration reduced from 0/132 in 2004 to 0/115 in 2006, and then it increased to 0/191 in 2013. The results obtained by SFA also reveal that Booshehr had the highest energy efficiency of 0/93 while North Khorasan with the efficiency of 0/134 had the lowest amount of energy efficiency. The result also shows that six provinces with energy efficiency of higher than average had a concentration higher than average. Also, 11 provinces with efficiency rates lower than average had the lower-than-average industrial concentration. Therefore, in 17 provinces, the rates of efficiency and concentration were the same. In fact, the provinces with higher or lower energy efficiency were those with high or low industrial concentration. Only in 13 provinces, the rates of energy efficiency and concentration were in opposite directions. The study of the changes in the energy efficiency of all the provinces shows that, on average, the amount of efficiency increased significantly from 0/398 in 2004 to 0/525 in 2014. The results from the estimation of SDF also show that the level of Gamma was almost zero and, thus, variation in the energy efficiency was insignificant. Energy efficiency increased from 0/4 in 2004 to 0/53 in 2014. The analysis by the Granger causality method shows that there is a relationship between industrial concentration and energy efficiency. Its positive or negative effect on energy efficiency can be known by the other models of econometrics such as spatial econometrics. There are three steps for the estimation by the spatial model of Elhorst used in this paper. Firstly, Moran statistics are used to investigate the existence of spatial effects in the variable of energy efficiency and the residuals of factors effecting energy efficiency. Then, by the statistics of Lagrange coefficient, all types of spatial effects (spatial errors or spatial lag) are evaluated. Thirdly, by the use of the maximum likelihood test, the fixed effects of space and time are studied, and ultimately Hassman Spatial Test reveals the type of the estimated model. In general, to survey the effective factors in the energy efficiency of manufacturing sectors, the spatial model of econometrics is used through the method of random effect and by considering the spatial heterogeneous effects along with two spatial lags and spatial error. The result reveals that, whatever the level of industrial concentration increases, the level of energy efficiency reduces at the error level of 0/05. Thus, a one-percent increase at the level of industrial concentration will reduce the level of energy efficiency by 0/056.

Kaldor (1966) believes that industrial sector is the growth engine for the economic development of a country, and evidence shows that the amount of energy consumption in this sector is more than in the other sectors of the economy. Thus, the present study tries to determine the efficiency of energy consumption and the effect of concentration of industry on energy efficiency by using the data of manufacturing industries in the Iranian provinces from 2004 to 2014. The results of the estimation of the spatial econometrics model show that the effect of industrial concentration on energy efficiency is negative and statistically significant at the error level of 5%. Therefore, an increase in industrial concentration reduces the energy efficiency. In addition, the effect of research and development on energy efficiency is positive and significant, but the effect of computer and communication on energy efficiency is negative and significant. Therefore, improvement of research and development expenditure can increase energy efficiency and environment quality. Also, diversification of industrial activities in regions on the bases of their potentials can be an optimal policy to increase energy efficiency.

Given the importance of optimizing and improving energy efficiency in society and the need for policymakers to consider this issue in different dimensions, this study aimed to identify and analyze the role of economic, cultural, social, technical, climate and demand side management in improving efficiency. Electricity consumption has been done in the domestic sector of Fars Regional Electricity Company. The statistical population of this study included 1951 experts, deputies and managers working in the field covered by Fars Regional Electricity Company. This research lasted from March 2017 to the end of January 2017. The statistical sample of this study was selected by simple random sampling method. Questionnaire was used for data collection. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by content validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The data analysis method used in this study is structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach. The results show that the components of technical, cultural, social, demand, economic and climatic factors have the greatest impact on improving the efficiency of electricity consumption in the household sector, respectively

Increasing energy efficiency is an effective policy to reduce the negative externality of economic development. The study estimates and evaluates the factors affecting energy efficiency by using the data at the provincial level in Iran over a period from 2006 to 2015. The results of the stochastic frontier approach show that Bushehr and Ilam provinces have the highest and the lowest rate of efficiency equal to 0.41 and 0.16 respectively. The results of the spatial econometrics show that there is a positive spillover effect among the provinces in terms of energy efficiency. Also, the direct effects of industrialization and population density on energy efficiency are positive, but its spillover effect is negative. As another finding, the direct effects of urbanization and per capita income are negative, but the spillover effect of urbanization is positive and significant.

Issues related to environment are one of the most important issues that confront communities in recent decades.   Resource scarcity and the necessity of development for Iran and other similar countries requires us to deal with carbon dioxide emissions as a manifestation of environmental crisis. In this study, we assess the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions as a dependent variable with population, gross domestic product, electrical energy productivity, electrical energy structure, and household consumption as independent variables, using panel data.  We first develop a model with a spatial lag of both the explanatory and dependent variables, which is called the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM). In this study, we modeled the  carbon dioxide  flow over the period 2005 to 2014 for thermal power plants using a dynamic spatial regression model and a spatial Hausmann test. This test highlights the strong preference for the fixed effect model.  We modified the Wald test for group wise hetero skedasticity in the fixed effect regression model and the Durbin-Watson test for the residual autocorrelation detection results.   Effects of the Spatial Durbin Models (SDM) confirm the assumption of the effectiveness of spatial effects. We estimate the elasticity of the overflow effects through positive and significant proximity.  Our research findings indicate that an increase in  gross domestic product of adjacent provinces increases carbon dioxide emissions the concerned province and neighboring provinces. We also observe that increased electrical energy productivity, electrical energy structure and increased share of electricity consumption by households reduces carbon dioxide emissions in the concerned province and neighboring provinces.

One of the key issues in the development of the industrial sector is to increase energy efficiency to improve the quality of the environment. On this issue, the study uses industrial sector data of two-digit ISIC codes for the period of 2007-2015 to estimate energy efficiency of sub-sectors of industry and evaluates the effect of industrial concentration on it. The results show that recycling has lowest energy efficiency equals to 0.01 and Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products has highest energy efficiency which is equal to 0.78. Also, the Manufacture of fabricated metal products, Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products and Manufacture of food products and beverages have lowest spatial concentration index equal to 0.031 and Manufacture of office, accounting and computing machinery in highest level is 0.394. The results of the Tobit estimation show that industrial concentration has negative effect on energy efficiency, and R&D expenditure, energy prices and human capital have a positive and effect on energy efficiency. The allocations of R&D expenditures to identify novel production processes, improve the quality of human capital and distributing industrial activities in provinces basic on relative advantages are effective policies to increase energy efficiency.

Iran is one of the countries with high energy consumption per capita in the world. One solution to reduce energy consumption while increasing economic growth is to improve energy efficiency in various economic activities because increasing in energy savings is one of the eligible effects of the policy of efficiency increase. Improving energy efficiency in the economic activity is a way to reduce energy consumption and enhance economic growth, but the desired effects of the policy are limited due to rebound effects. One of the challenges is decomposition direct and indirect rebound effect and economy-wide rebound effect. The purpose of this article is to provide a theoretical model for the analysis of rebound effects and its calculation in various activities using a general equilibrium model. Based on the results of the modeling, which uses the data of the Social Accounting Matrix of 1390 in Islamic Parliament Research Center , the total direct and indirect rebound effect of increasing one percent of efficiency of electricity and fossil fuels are 90.1% and 72.8%, respectively. The economy-wide rebound effect are also not significantly different from the direct and indirect rebound effects, as households do not respond very well because of the low contribution of energy costs from household expenditures, and so economy-wide rebound effect are 89.9 and 72.5. The high rebound effects observed in the Iranian economy will limit the effectiveness of the efficiency-enhancing policy on reducing energy consumption, so pricing policies along with the efficiency-enhancing policy are recommended.

This study is carried out to measure the technical and environmental efficiencies of reverse osmosis desalination plant by Data Envelopment Analysis (DAE) approach in the South Pars Special Economic Zone during the nine years from 2007 to 2016. The energy efficiency is estimated by Total Factor Energy Efficiency Index. The results reveal that the technical efficiency of the plant throughout the years in operation averaged out at 90.8% and 98.4%, based upon the assumption of constant and variable returns to scale, respectively. Scale inefficiency proved to be the most decisive factor leading to technical efficiency under the assumption of CRS, implying the relative neglect of scale efficient production in this unit. Eco-efficiency is assessed by adding undesirable outputs to this model. The highest level of eco-efficiency (99.9%) was observed in the year 2008, while the year 2016 demonstrated the lowest figure in this regard, i.e., 76.8%. The average eco-efficiency of the desalination plant in question during the whole years in operation amounted to 90%. Finally, using the Total Factor Energy Efficiency Index the average of energy efficiency of the desalination plant is estimated at 91%. The results showed that the temperature is the most important factor in energy efficiency, whose increase would result in significant energy efficiency decrease.

Modern agriculture more than ever is dependent on energy, especially fossil fuels. Considering the importance of agricultural products in Iran, the present study aims to investigate the energy consumption and energy indices during the tea production in Lahijan County. Required data were collected through questionnaire. Results show that the average input energy and output energy is 11755. 8 Mj. ha-1 and 6064. 87 Mj. ha-1 for the tea product in the said region, respectively. The average energy efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and added energy related to tea production were calculated as 0. 86, 1. 079, 1. 81 and 5711, respectively. In addition, the comparison of the effect of renewable and non-renewable energy sources show that the energy effect of non-renewable energies on yield is more than the energy effect of renewable inputs. We have also demonstrated that the energy efficiency in the tea farms under the study is low, implying that for these farms the increase in inputs has exceeded the yield increase. Therefore, it causes a reduction in energy consumption efficiency in intended farms.

One of the major challenges governments are facing in the 21st century are environmental crises. Detection of destructive factors, measuring the costs degrading the environment and managing their deteriorating factors play an important role in maintaining this unique wealth. The main objective of this study is to measure the energy efficiency and final cost of reducing carbon dioxide in urban areas of Iran's provinces. This study was carried out using time series data gathered between 2006 to 2016. According to the Ministry of the Interior of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s classification, each province of the country fits into exactly one of the five specified regions. Regions defined based on neighboring factors, geographic location, and commonality. This research has been done using mathematical modeling programing.
The results of this research illustrate that the average energy efficiencies of regions 3, 2, and 5 are above the average energy efficiency of the total regions of the country and regions 1 and 4 average energy efficiencies are below that. The 3rd region with the efficiency of 0.93 has the
highest, region 4 with a score of 0.61 has the lowest energy efficiency and region 1 has the highest carbon dioxide emission in the regions. The 3rd with the highest energy efficiency has the lowest carbon dioxide emission.
The average relative price of carbon dioxide emission in all regions is 21.5 ten thousand Rials per ton. The average shadow value of the pollution in all regions based on the desired product is 194.4 ten thousand Rials per ton

Improving energy efficiency as one of the most important tools for managing energy demand leads to a phenomenon called Rebound Effect, which causes the energy savings achieved by improving energy efficiency not equal to the expected level. In this study, with employing Input-Output approach and the structural decomposition analysis, we quantify the changes of electricity, natural gas and oil products consumption according to the final demand variations and technological progress in terms of changes in energy efficiency and intermediate demand during the period of 2001-2011. After examination of the economic sectors in which they experience improving energy efficiency, the rebound effect of the energy consumption for each energy carriers has been measured. The results of this study show that electricity, natural gas and oil products from 24 economic sectors in 11, 4, and 20 economic sectors have experienced improvements in energy efficiency due to technological advances. "Construction of basic metals", "Electricity" and "Manufacturing of non-metallic mineral products" have the highest reduction in energy consumption associated with these carriers respectively, and the "postal and support services" 62.83%, "Construction of coke and products from oil refining and nuclear fuel" with 147.72%, "Construction of chemical and chemical products" with 86.33%  have the highest efficiency in electricity consumption, Natural gas and oil products. Considering inter-sectional and intra-intermediate interchanges, the rebound effects is increased in all sectors.