جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « economics » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Proving the reality and its characteristics and the possibility of knowledge about it are two necessary preliminary discussions to enter into the main topics of epistemology such as the nature, characteristics, types, limits, tools and sources of knowledge, etc. In this article, we first examine these preliminary issues in Western philosophy and then trace its extension in the philosophy of conventional economics. After that, we explain the viewpoint of Muslim philosophers and also the Qur'anic viewpoint and analyze its results in the knowledge of Islamic economics. Studies show that in the philosophy of conventional economics, the existence of economic reality outside the mind is certain and happens, and in the mainstream of economics, economic reality is considered to be material and the same as natural realities. But the views about the possibility of knowledge have evolved from the possibility of knowledge in a dogmatic way to the possibility of knowledge in a non-dogmatic way and finally to the impossibility of knowledge. From the point of view of Muslim philosophers as well as the Holy Quran, the existence of reality outside the mind and the possibility of knowing it is certain, and according to this, economic reality exists outside the mind in the four fields of religion, system, systematization, and economics, and knowledge of it is also possible. Is. Fateful realities have material and abstract dimensions and are different from natural realities. Economic realities are surrounded by rational and religious social values and mental aspects and they occur within the framework of divine traditions which are the laws of natural development. Activists are involved in the construction of economic reality and have an independent truth from social science researchers.

Among the important and effective factors in the conventional economy, "rationality" has a privileged position. Although the economists of the capitalist system usually refrain from presenting a discussion in this regard in a direct and responsible manner, they consider "instrumental rationality" which is responsible for providing utility, benefit and personal pleasure and maximizing it, as a fundamental premise and an irreplaceable parameter in the infrastructure..Now the question is whether rationality, a common tool in neoclassical economics, as one of the aspects of rationality, can fulfill its expected mission? Herbert Simon's "bounded rationality" is a relatively new approach that answers this question in the negative and presents itself as a suitable alternative. Has this new approach forgotten the challenges of rationality in the capitalist system? Or is the foundation of rationality in secular thinking seriously damaged? The author's hypothesis is that both approaches (full rationality and limited rationality) face a crisis in their infrastructure. Accurate understanding of the nature of reason and rationality in humans can solve the deficiencies in the aforementioned paradigm. The central point of the hypothesis, in addition to the disastrousness of the one-dimensional view with a specific interpretation of the category of rationality, is that reason and, accordingly, rationality cannot be relied on more than its inherent potential and other limiting factors; In this regard, five types of limitations have been counted for the first time and as a new point of view ("limited rationality with a new approach") and relying on religious and rational foundations, in this article.

The value of recognition is one of the main and important subject matters in epistemology, which directly affects the methodology of knowledge. The key question is how to recognize correct, true and valid cognitions from false, invalid and false ideas? The value of recognition consists of two theories of truth and justification. This article aims to explain and compare the theory of truth and justification in the philosophy of conventional economic knowledge and Islamic economic knowledge and its results and requirements in the methodology of this knowledge. The results of the research show that the main stream of conventional economic knowledge is "empirical compatibilist" in the theory of truth and "empirical fundamentalist" in the theory of justification; ; Although some economic philosophers, following the developments that took place in epistemology in philosophy and philosophy of science in the West, proposed and chose theories such as pragmatism, integrationism, and anarchism as the theory of truth or justification. While the Islamic philosophers are "conformist realist" in the theory of truth and "rationalist fundamentalist" in the theory of justification. Then, based on these two theories in Islamic philosophy, how to evaluate the propositions of Islamic economic knowledge in the four fields of religion, system, system development and Islamic economics has been explained.

Today, the blockchain, Due to its emphasis on security and trust, the demand for blockchain applications in various business sectors has increased. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the economic opportunities and challenges of businesses based on blockchain technology. In this research, the mixed method (qualitative / quantitative) was used. Phenomenology was used in the qualitative part and structural equations were used in the quantitative part. Qualitative participants Twelve technology experts were purposefully selected for in-depth interviews. Data analysis using open and centralized coding. In the quantitative section, 232 IT specialists were selected by simple random sampling. Their opinions were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by variance-based structural equations. The results show that the emphasis of experts on the economic opportunities of businesses includes: digital transformation (transparency, reduction of errors and fraud, elimination of intermediaries and non-elimination and manipulation of data), innovation (startups, smart tracking and business flexibility) And competitive advantage (participation in decision making, building trust and decentralization). Emerging, acceleration, conflict of interest, GDRP privacy, interoperability, extensive changes, disregard for rules and regulations are also the most important challenges of this technology.

Islamic financing system as an alternative to the current financial system by eliminating usury (ribā) offers alternative contracts including benevolent lending (Qardh al-hasan), contracts of exchanging and partnership contracts to solve the problem of financing in different situations. The economic literature also introduces two general categories of partnership-based procedures and debt-based as financing structures and various studies have been presented to justify the optimal debt (optimality of debt) procedure. Exchange contracts are also based on debt structure among Islamic contracts. In this article, while examining the mentioned literature and counting (considering, including) the difference between usury contracts and Islamic literature, a theoretical model based on game theory is presented with the expansion of previous studies, which in terms of the cost of contract can compare different Islamic exchange contracts with each other and with usury. In fact, its purpose is the possibility of detail between different debt creation structures and their comparison. Based on the result of this model, exchange contracts in which the ownership structure is such that the ownership of the underlying asset is at the disposal of the financier at the beginning of the contract and after fulfilling the obligations of the receiver, the property funds are transferred to him and they have priority over usurious contracts and other exchange contracts and are optimal.

Two important presuppositions that deny the existence of “Islamic economics” are discussed in this article and its positive (affirmative) implications are specified; presuppositions about the “ethical” and “functional” dimensions of economics; The first presupposition is that economic research and analysis merely expresses the relationships between economic variables and phenomena and are essentially in the realm of beings (existential affairs). The function of “economics” in society is different from the function of “religion” according to the second presupposition. In this article, an attempt has been made to examine these presuppositions with careful analytical-philosophical theories about the nature of “economics”, but, based on the opinions of some economists and in accordance with the subject documented by teachings and perceptions based on Islamic sources. Finally, in line with the critical issues presented in this paper, the opinion expressed on the nature of “Islamic economics” is presented.

Population aging is a 21st century phenomenon. Decreased fertility, increased life expectancy and life expectancy in old age increase the share of the elderly in the population worldwide. The phenomenon of population aging, which is unprecedented in human history, with large changes in population and capacity, has led to fundamental changes in consumption and savings, economic growth, government spending, the value of assets and the labor market. It has been done. Therefore, there is a need for training and deliberation in the economic field of changes in the age structure of the population. To achieve this goal, the existing experiences regarding the education of geriatric economics in American institutions and universities have been reviewed and collected. Also, in order to localize the experiences and adapt them to the conditions of Iran, using a questionnaire method, a survey on the necessity and method of teaching aging economics in Iran has been conducted by researchers and researchers in the field of aging and economics. In this study, after examining the experience of demographic and aging institutions in the United States and also a survey of researchers in the field of aging and economics in Iranian universities, the lesson plan related to the course of aging economics for education in higher education centers is proposed. The results of this study indicate that it is very necessary to provide 2 or 3 units of geriatric economics courses in the fields of management, economics, insurance and sociology at the undergraduate and graduate levels.

In this research, the economic valuation of Qeytariye Park was carried out using the hedonic method. For this purpose, 19 variables that can be classified into three general categories of physical variables, neighborhood variables, and environmental variables are considered, and 41 residential units are selected as an example in the effective radius around this park and were reviewed according to the variables mentioned. The results obtained from these observations were analyzed in Eviews 10 software and a regression model was estimated using the ordinary least squares or OLS method. 7 variables out of 19 considered variables had a coefficient value under 0.05 or %5: The flat area, the age of the apartment, the total number of units, the existence of parking lots, the distance from amusement park/centers, the distance from the closest grocery stores, and the distance from Qey-tarieh Park. The existence of parking lots among physical variables and the distance from Qeytarieh Park among neighborhood variables had the highest coefficient values of respectively 0.66 and 0.26. Among the purposeful variables, the flat area, the total number of units and the existence of parking lots had a direct relation with the dependent variable; and the age of the apartment, the distance from recreational centers, the distance from the closest grocery stores, and the distance from Qeytarieh Park had an indirect relation with the residential units’ prices. ©2020 Urban Economy. All rights reserved.

The topic of "religious science" has been one of the challenging points in the literature of religious studies in recent decades. Different theories have been put forward by Muslim scholars about its quiddity, its feasibility, its methodology and its realization. “Islamic economics”, as one of the most important examples of human religious science is no exception. Some thinkers have accepted the scientific identity of Islamic economics, while others have sought to deny it. In this paper, we analyze the feasibility of Islamic economics by using an analytical method. According to the research hypothesis, a large number of Islamic economics propositions, in addition to their doctrinal nature, have a scientific identity. These statements constitute the content of Islamic economics. According to the research findings, the feasibility of Islamic economics can be demonstrated by three reasons for the necessity of a positive economics for the realization of Islamic doctrines, the existence of descriptive economics statements in Islamic narrative sources, and the influence of Islamic doctrinal principles and basics on economic behavior.

Most studies believe that using alternative contracts distinguishes between Islamic and conventional financial systems. This study, confirming the importance of this factor, focuses on the role of two other important distinguishing factors: customer preferences and supporting legal and judicial systems, as factors related to institutional environment of the financial system and effective, respectively, on its informal and formal contract enforcement mechanisms. Using game theory approach, assuming customer's different preferences and contract enforcement incompleteness, this paper models explain the role of different contract enforcement regimes and customer endogenous and dynamic preferences on the performance of financial systems. Also, using global game approach, a theoretical explanation for the occurrence of financial crises relying on the borrower runs resulting from the role of judicial system on enforcing contracts and the customer preferences has been presented. This study theoretically helps understanding the institutional roots of differences in the financial systems, specially the complementary role of Islamic educational, legal and judicial systems for the Islamic financial system.

In our changing world, the foundation of industrial economies are shifting from resources to the intellectual capital, and therefore the importance of the knowledge in the economy is increasing. Attention to the knowledge base economy is one of the most important strategies of Iran's economy to achieve the objectives of the resistance economy. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify the most important harms to knowledge base companies and determine their degree of importance and their priorities with respect to each other’s, and finally provide some supporting Priorities. Using Friedman Test, the results show making relationship between Universities and Industries and supporting by tax system, also supporting through reduction of administrative bureaucracy in Iran, supporting by strengthening the intellectual property laws at the national and international levels, supporting through the educating commercialization and marketing to knowledge-based companies managers are the most important policy priorities in supporting knowledge-based companies. Contrary to common belief issues related to financing is in the next degree of importance.

The lag between legislation and technological advances is known as one of the key factors of economic and social crises. Technological advances have sometimes occurred so quickly that it has not been possible to be monitored and legislated and this has led to social conflicts. Because it is impossible to prevent technological advance, legislators need to have a comprehensive understanding of the nature of technological changes and also provide the possibility of innovation as well as preventing abuses. One of these technological advances is related to cryptocurrencies, which are in fact new generation of common currencies. They have helped economic exchanges to be done electronically using peer-to-peer technology, without any central intermediary. These currencies have been in the center of attention due to its many attractive aspects. All the activities such as issuing, processing and verification are done within a network and there is no intermediary or central authority to control it. This characteristic has made the central banks and regulatory institutions unable to monitor these currencies. Legislation in this area requires economic and jurisprudential analysis of these instruments. As financial and monetary markets in Iran are based on Islamic regulation and require jurisprudential approval for their legitimacy, the jurisprudential aspect is important. Findings of this study imply that using cryptocurrencies needs some requirements which included the minimum level of laws to prevent creating money in the process of cryptocurrencies issuance, providing the necessary guarantee for these currencies, developing a mechanism to prevent the price fluctuations, adopting laws for acquisition, transition and receiving cash in exchange for cryptocurrencies to prevent the expanding of shadow economy and also providing the possibility of exchanging them for common currencies.

In current research, the economic aspects of municipal wastes recycling in order to supply the raw materials, compost and energy production have been studied. In this regard, the status of waste management in the world’s progressive industrialized countries as suitable patterns has been studied to use their knowledge and experience as well as the returned economic incomes. To achieve the goal, the complete information was collected about the existent status of collection, separation procedure, recycling and disposal of Arak urban wastes through conducting some meetings and interviews with the authorities of the municipality, environmental protection and municipal wastes of Arak city. Also, field visits from recycling plant and disposal site of Arak municipal wastes were performed. The results of the research show that the best countries in the waste management are located in the west and north of the Europe, which land fill less than 5% of their wastes. Also according to valid international statistics, the highest percentage of recycling of municipal wastes is about 63% in Austria. In the case of Arak urban wastes, despite about 20% of them can be recyclable first and about 70% is converted to compost, due to the lack of proper waste management, it has little economic advantage. At present, the economic revenues of recycled materials at the waste recycling plant including metal containers, plastics and plastic bottles, paper wastes and cartons are insignificant with a low economic income, covering only the current costs of the landfill site.

Every certain type of ontology requires a special methodology. This paper seeks to study the Lawson's view on the nature of socioeconomic reality, the nature of knowing to it, and identifying the methods that are suitable for evaluating the socioeconomic world. According to the presented analysis, based on Lawson's critical realism approach, the nature of social reality is such that it rejects mathematical tools and methods, and instead of the analogy and the inductive method, it uses the retroductive for the suitable economic analysis. The retroductive argument is a motion from the recognition of some existing phenomena at each level of reality towards the recognition of mechanisms at a deeper level than reality. Economics can succeed in explaining social reality by using the retroductive deduction method. The retroductive methodology itself derives from ontology based on critical realism, which, can be used in economic analysis in contrast to the deductive method of the conventional economics. According to the findings, reproductive can be used to formulate the theories of Islamic economics.

Some economists have argued that economics is only based on the idea of ​​ Nominalism and the current form of this thought is a hypothetical-deductive method of explanation. According to this analysis, there is no possibility of the formation of the knowledge of Islamic economics and the use of the hypothetical- deductive method of explanation in the Islamic intellectual space, which is based on the essence. The paper examines this claim using an analytical method.
This claim for the mere focus of Plato’s essentialism which postulates the existence of the object for generality has gone wrong in the definition and efficiency of essentialism.
This statement holds while general concepts used in economics, are abstract and contractual. Based on this, the argument between essentialism and nominalism, doesn’t create a problem and rift for economics as a science. Moreover, since ontological essentialism doesn’t contradict methodological nominalism, the method of hypothetical inferential reasoning in Islamic Economics can be used based on essentialism.

Is there a connection between ethics and economics? If there is, the connection to be drawn? The best way to answer these questions, it is reasonable to be based on the achievement of the association shall be investigated. This paper is based on the relationship between beings and must be logic to extract. The most important result of this study is to learn the logic of the relationship between ethics and economics, there are four levels. These levels are: Philosophical Foundations of Economics and meta-ethics, philosophy, economics and the first part of normative ethics, economics and the second part of normative ethics, applied ethics, economic and moral structure. The fifth connection can be made that the change in the economic structure and can be referred to the system and moral education.