گزارشگری پایداری

The importance of sustainability and the need for transparent, comparable performance reports have grown significantly. Companies are increasingly recognizing the necessity of sustainability reporting to offer valuable insights into their economic, social, and environmental impact. Sustainability reporting is also essential for building trust with stakeholders, including investors, customers, employees, and the broader community. Therefore, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the information presented in sustainability reports has become a fundamental concern for organizations. Sustainability reporting enables companies to identify and address sustainability risks, manage their profits more effectively, improve their international rankings, and foster global interactions. Furthermore, the comparability of accounting information allows stakeholders to discern differences and similarities in financial data, facilitating more informed decision-making processes. These aspects are vital for maintaining continuous profitability in corporations. Consequently, this study aims to provide empirical evidence on the impact of sustainability reporting disclosure and the comparability of accounting information on profit sustainability in companies listed in the Iranian capital market.

The study's statistical population consists of all companies listed on The Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) and Farabourse Securities Market (OTC) i.e. over-the-counter, within the Iranian capital market. After applying the necessary filters, data was gathered quarterly on 96 companies across 12 different industries. The required data was extracted from financial statements, explanatory notes to the financial statements, interpretative reports, and board of directors' reports. Financial data was collected quarterly over four years, from 2019 to 2022, encompassing a total of 1536 company data points. The selected statistical sample accounted for approximately 40% of the total market value. To test the research hypotheses, the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method was employed, providing a robust framework for analyzing the relationship between sustainability reporting and profit sustainability, as well as the comparability of accounting information.

The research findings indicate a significantly positive relationship between sustainability reporting disclosure and profit continuity. This relationship underscores the importance of transparency in sustainability practices and the positive impact it can have on a company's financial stability. The first hypothesis, which posited a significant relationship between sustainability reporting and profit continuity, confirmed. The findings also revealed no significant relationship between the comparability of accounting information and profit continuity, leading to the rejection of the second hypothesis. This suggests that while transparency in sustainability reporting is crucial, the mere comparability of financial statements does not necessarily translate to sustained profits.

The results of this study highlight a significantly positive relationship between the disclosure of sustainability reports and the sustainability of company profits. Firms that transparently publish their sustainability reports are more likely to achieve consistent and sustainable profitability. Addressing sustainability issues can improve a company's performance and contribute to a more sustainable society overall. Conversely, the research results indicate that there is no significant relationship between the comparability of accounting information and profit sustainability. In other words, simply having similar financial statements does not guarantee the sustainability of profits. Profit sustainability may be influenced by a variety of other factors that are not directly related to the comparability of accounting information, such as market conditions, management practices, and external economic factors. These findings underscore the complexity of achieving sustained profitability and the need for a multifaceted approach that includes transparency in sustainability practices.

In recent decades, the concept of sustainable development, which refers to the interrelationship of economic, social and environmental considerations, has attracted a lot of attention. Therefore, present study investigates the impact of sustainability reporting on the firm's investment efficiency. For this purpose, in order to measure the sustainability reporting, the checklist of the Global Reporting Organization is used, and the model of Biddle et al. (2009) is used to measure the investment efficiency. The research hypothesis is investigated using a sample consisting of 117 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2019 to 2023 and multivariable regression model based on the panel data technique. The findings indicate that sustainability reporting has a positive and significant effect on the firm's investment efficiency. The research hypothesis is investigated using a sample consisting of 117 firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2019 to 2023 and multivariable regression model based on the panel data technique. The findings indicate that sustainability reporting has a positive and significant effect on the firm's investment efficiency.

Todays, climate change, lack of natural resources, pollution, social inequalities and human rights violations show that there are still challenges in society. To face these challenges and realize sustainable development, organizations have committed to social and environmental responsibility to report their performance comprehensively and transparently, taking into account environmental, social and economic aspects. Sustainability reporting encourages organizations to provide more and more accurate information to the public and organizations to take more responsibility for improving sustainability. The present study reviewed the progress and challenges of sustainability reporting in Iran. First, the summaries of the articles were reviewed, then irrelevant studies were removed, and finally, the final articles were selected for review-narrative review. The results of recent researches have shown that the disclosure of sustainability reporting has made great progress, in this way, studies have found that there is a positive relationship between management ability, social responsibility, intellectual capital, and the evaluation of the quality of sustainability disclosure and reporting and sustainability performance. The researches proposed in the field of dimensions, indicators and reporting framework of sustainability were able to consider a solution for transparency in affairs to meet the needs of all stakeholders. The relationship between balancing the expectations of the stakeholders and the company's capacities was also resolved. Sustainability reporting guidelines and standards also showed the impact of the publication of sustainability reporting in the insurance industry, which has been increasing, and insurance companies have considered a wide range of stakeholders as the audience of their sustainability reports.

Sustainability reporting is a fundamental process that is related to the financial performance and market value of organizations. In this process, there are problems that hinder the efficiency and capacity of the organization to provide accurate, reliable and coherent non-financial information to the stakeholders. In response to these barriers, internal controls increase operational efficiency and improve compliance levels. They also increase the reliability of the reports that organizations produce and disclose, and help stakeholders to accurately assess and monitor the organization's sustainability. In this regard, the consulting services of internal auditors for proper risk management and their assurance services regarding compliance with sustainability laws and regulations have been considered. For this reason, examining the effect of internal controls and the role of internal auditors in supporting reporting and sustainability strategy is a controversial and important issue. The purpose of this research is to review the literature and achieve a correct understanding of research related to sustainability, internal controls and internal audit. In the form of a written report and using the library method, a comprehensive review of the existing literature is presented. The details of this study are useful for accounting and auditing experts and generally increase readers' understanding of this topic.

In recent years, paying attention to the non-financial performance of companies has attracted the attention of stakeholders, which shows the importance of sustainability reporting even more.Stakeholders demand sustainability reporting in order to evaluate company performance.Among different industries, the oil and gas industry has a special place in the country's economy.Therefore, sustainability reporting is very important in the oil and gas industry.In this regard, companies carry out sustainability reporting in different ways.28of the board of directors activity reports of Iranian oil and gas industry companies5sustainability reports of the biggest oil and gas companies in the world, as well as the disclosures of the sustainability standards board have been reviewed.The mentioned reports have been evaluated using the content analysis method.The results show that the number of five sub-components from governance dimension of sustainability standards have been seen in the reports of Iran and big companies in the world.The greatest overlap among these three sectors has been in the environmental dimension which shows the importance of this dimension in the oil and gas industry.Also the environmental dimension has received the most attention in the sustainability standards board, while in Iranian companies,the environmental dimension has the least attention.On the other hand the number of information disclosure cases of the sustainability standards board is the lowest with29disclosure cases which shows that the disclosure cases of this board are currently not complete.In order to provide a better description of the sustainability activities of Iranian companies it is necessary to provide separate sustainability reporting by Iranian companies.

Given the significance of sustainability reporting, there has been a notable increase in studies in this field. However, due to shortcomings in initial studies, it is not feasible to make decisions based solely on their findings. This research provides a comprehensive examination of the impact of corporate governance structures on sustainability reporting, based on the results of previous studies. Ownership structure, board of directors, management characteristics, corporate governance performance, and the quality of internal controls are identified as influential factors. While the research literature has reached a consensus on the impact of some factors, it has encountered contradictory findings regarding others.

In recent years, the issue of sustainability has garnered global attention, becoming a central focus for many accounting researchers. International organizations have published sustainability reporting standards, and many stock exchanges worldwide now consider sustainability reporting a prerequisite for listing. Companies publish sustainability reports for various reasons, including transparency with stakeholders (Kuo et al., 2016), reputation (De Grosbois & Fennell, 2022), legal compliance (Harjoto et al., 2020), or alignment with emerging trends (Busco et al., 2019). However, due to the voluntary nature of sustainability reporting in many countries, concerns about the quantity and quality of this information persist. Since management often decides whether to publish sustainability reports, when to publish them, the publication platform, and the content and scope of the reports, voluntary disclosure, and impression management strategies provide significant opportunities for managers to obscure poor sustainability performance. Therefore, mechanisms are necessary to ensure that the information provided in sustainability reports is of high quality.
Corporate governance mechanisms, such as ownership structure, ownership concentration, audit quality, and board composition and quality, play a critical role in reducing opportunistic behaviors by controlling and monitoring executive managers. Given the importance of corporate governance mechanisms for sustainability reporting, there has been a recent surge in studies exploring this relationship. However, early studies in this field are often limited by shortcomings such as researcher bias, small sample sizes, differences in legal frameworks, and contradictory findings. These limitations hinder the ability to make reliable decisions based on their results, highlighting the need for more comprehensive research. Accordingly, this study provides a systematic review of the impact of corporate governance structures on sustainability reporting, synthesizing findings from prior research. The main research questions are as follows:

What are the most frequent keywords in the field of sustainability reporting over time? What are the most frequent keywords in the field of the relationship between corporate governance structures and sustainability reporting over time?
which corporate governance mechanisms influence the adoption, quantity, and quality of sustainability reporting?

This study is applied research and follows an interpretive paradigm. Aligned with this paradigm, a qualitative research methodology was chosen, incorporating systematic review and content analysis for data collection, as well as bibliometric analysis to identify trends in sustainability reporting research and leading authors in the field.
The research sample comprises 47 international and 32 national articles published between 2013 and September 2023. Domestic studies were selected through keyword searches on the websites of journals approved by the Ministry of Science, while international studies were sourced from the ScienceDirect database. To enhance search sensitivity and comprehensiveness, various keywords, the "OR" operator, and truncations of selected keywords were employed in ScienceDirect. Both quantitative and qualitative research articles were reviewed. Following the example of other literature reviews (Han & Cohen, 2013:8), books and editorial notes were excluded, with only peer-reviewed articles considered. The latest version of the PRISMA checklist (2020) was used to guide the development of the review protocol.
To identify hot research topics in sustainability reporting, research topics exploring the relationship between corporate governance structures and sustainability reporting, and the most prominent authors in the field, bibliographic analysis, and VOSviewer software were utilized.

Examining the hot topics in sustainability reporting has revealed that corporate governance structures have been among the most significant areas of focus in recent years. Bibliographic analysis indicates that mechanisms such as the board of directors, assurance, and risk management have been key topics of interest for authors.
A review of past studies shows that factors such as ownership structure, board of directors, management characteristics, gender diversity, corporate governance performance, assurance, monitoring and accountability, corporate risk, and internal control quality significantly affect the adoption, quantity, and quality of sustainability reports. For example, ownership structure encompasses institutional ownership, internal ownership, foreign ownership, ownership concentration, the relative power of minority shareholders, shareholder identity similarity, state ownership, capital market acceptance, family ownership, fund ownership, and ownership by other companies. Similar detailed categorizations exist for other factors. Most studies have focused on the influence of corporate governance mechanisms on the adoption of sustainability reporting, while fewer have examined their impact on report quality. There is a consensus among researchers on the impact of certain governance mechanisms, such as board size and independence, sustainability committees, managerial compensation, and gender diversity, on sustainability reporting. However, regarding the influence of other factors, the research literature contains contradictory findings. Additionally, for some factors, such as the number of managers, managers’ religious attitudes, and audit fees, the limited number of studies makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. Information on measurement indicators based on sample studies is also provided, aiding researchers in measurement purposes. Given the widespread impact of corporate governance structures on sustainability reporting, governments, and regulators should implement initiatives to influence board structures and other corporate governance mechanisms. The findings suggest that investors seeking to maximize their returns should invest in companies with strong corporate governance structures. This study enhances the understanding of managers, regulators, and stakeholders regarding the role of corporate governance in sustainability reporting and provides valuable insights for regulators and policymakers concerned about achieving sustainability reporting goals. By summarizing the impact of corporate governance structures on sustainability reporting, this study identifies gaps in the research literature and mechanisms requiring further investigation. Additionally, juxtaposing findings from domestic and international studies, it highlights cultural differences in the effects of corporate governance mechanisms. Analyzing the findings of this study while considering its limitations is crucial. Existing studies in the research sample employed various measures to assess the quality and extent of sustainability reporting. The documentation reviewed as sustainability reports also varies. For instance, some researchers analyzed sustainability reports, while others examined information provided on company websites. Domestic researchers, due to the lack of sustainability reports published by companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, have relied on analyzing board reports and financial statements to assess the extent and quality of sustainability reporting. Since measurement procedures affect the results obtained and, consequently, the findings of this study, these limitations must be considered when interpreting the results.

The analysis of contradictory findings can be explained by considering management motives, organizational maturity levels, organizational structure, and institutional factors affecting the organization, such as industry type, country of operation, and regulations. Therefore, using standardized measures for companies operating in diverse institutional contexts is unlikely to be effective.

The purpose of this research is Evaluating the effect of metaverse capabilities in accounting procedures on sustainability reporting functions from the perspective of Sharia. In terms of methodology, this study has used the approach of combining several methods of analysis, which is called "multi method" thus, in the approach of the result, this study should be considered developmental/applicative, and in the approach of the goal of this study, exploratory. Also, in terms of the type of data collection, this study is qualitative/quantitative. In order to identify the dimensions of Sharia's functions in sustainability reporting, ground theory and interview tools were used so that after identifying the criteria of this phenomenon and conducting Delphi analysis, it is possible to develop a researcher-made questionnaire for this variable. Then, in the quantitative part of the study, a standard questionnaire was also used to measure the capacities of metaverse in accounting procedures, and finally, through partial least squares analysis, the research hypothesis was tested. The results of the study regarding the identification of the expansion of the functional dimensions of Sharia in sustainability reporting, indicate the identification of 3 categories; It has 6 components and 41 propositional themes. Also, the result of the hypothesis test showed that Metaverse's capacities in accounting procedures have a negative and significant effect on Sharia's functions in sustainability reporting.

Sustainability is a topic that many researchers and business activists are looking for today, especially with the increasing number of environmental and social issues. Sustainability is not a simple word in the banking industry now, but a key concept that will shape the direction of the industry in the years to come. Today, banks are under pressure by various stakeholders to consider sustainability issues in their activities. Therefore, attention to sustainability and social responsibilities in banking is increasing daily. Considering the influential role of banks in balancing the supply and demand for available financial resources, banks must pay attention to the social and environmental aspects of the disclosure of their financing activities in addition to the financial information disclosure requirements. As a result, the main objective of the research is to identify the drivers (the motivation) of sustainability reporting in Iran's banking industry.

This research is based on a realistic approach and is carried out in a deductive-inductive way. In terms of the purpose, it is an applied-developmental research, and from the point of view of the data collection method, it is a non-experimental (descriptive) research that was carried out with a cross-sectional survey method. In the first part, based on library studies and research literature, sustainability reporting indicators were identified. After the qualitative analysis stage, the questionnaire was distributed and data was collected. The community of participants includes academic staff members specializing in research and managers active in the banking industry. Sampling was done with non-probability methods and purposefully, and finally, 24 experts participated in this stage. After collecting the data, the process of processing and analyzing the data started. First, the research articles were coded using meta-composite qualitative analysis. After that, the available indicators were screened using the Fuzzy Delphi method.

To conduct the research, firstly, based on library studies and meta-composite qualitative analysis, the drivers of sustainability reporting were identified. In the meta-combination method, the researcher combines the secondary data of the results of other studies to answer the results of his study and obtain new results. To achieve this goal, the meta-combination method, and the Sandelowski and Barroso Model were used. Finally, after four stages of filtering, 2 studies were removed from 36 studies and 34 studies were selected for data analysis. First, all the factors extracted from the studies were considered as identifiers, and then according to the meaning of each, the identifiers were defined in terms of a similar concept, and then similar concepts were defined in terms of explanatory categories. In the second step of the research, the Fuzzy Delphi method based on the opinion of 24 experts was used to confirm the validity of sustainability reporting drivers. First, the opinions of experts about the importance of each index were collected and fuzzified. In the next step, the opinions of the experts were collected using the Fuzzy Average Method. Then, the average of triangular and trapezoidal fuzzy numbers was summed up by a definite value which is the best corresponding average, and this operation is called de-fuzzification. After conducting several Delphi rounds in which no stimulus was removed or added, we finished the Delphi rounds, and finally, 34 sustainability reporting stimuli were identified and, based on similarity in concepts, they were placed in 4 categories of economic, social, environmental, and governmental stimuli.

Out of the 34 drivers identified, 9 drivers including the promotion of reputation and brand, the increase and improvement of financial performance, sustainability in risk management to build trust, competition of commercial banks, risk reduction, long-term presence of the bank in the market, maximizing financial capital and profit, the use of tax incentives and better attraction of investors in the category of economic drivers, 5 drivers including the identification of potential cost savings, reduction of costs through energy and water consumption management, being respondent to customers' needs who have environmental preferences, protection of natural resources and effective allocation of resources fall in the category of social drivers, 10 drivers including the promotion of fair business, protecting human rights, identifying the needs of stakeholders and satisfying them, reducing social inequality, increasing welfare and loyalty of employees, helping to manage the interests of stakeholders, maintaining positive social values for individuals and the society, increasing social trust, increasing the quality of people's lives and increasing the long-term trust of stakeholders fall in the category of environmental drivers and finally 10 drivers including the creation of a sustainable competitive advantage, caring for stakeholders in bank plans, gaining international trust, guiding the industry towards the best practices, continuity and sustainability of the bank, reduction of information asymmetry, better visibility of the bank from a political point of view, ability to provide transparent information to stakeholders, reliability of reports, reduction of agency cost and elimination of conflict of interests fall in the category of governmental drivers.

Corporate sustainability is a concept that has been viewed as a global issue in recent years. The world is currently facing problems such as population growth, the increase in the price of energy carriers and the increase in demand for water consumption and environmental crises, and commercial and profit-making companies must turn to sustainability and issues related to corporate sustainability. In addition to this, managers' desire for short-term investment and including changing the direction of resources from long-term value-creating projects to short-term plans that increase the stock price, which is usually a temporary value, the short-sightedness of managers as well as strategic decisions It affects the management and has destructive effects on the company's performance and value in the long term. Therefore, according to the above, this research seeks to investigate whether short-sightedness of managers has an effect on sustainability reporting. The statistical population of the research is 120 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. Also, the time domain includes 7 consecutive years from 1395 to 1401, which was tested using multivariable linear regression and combined data, and the results of the findings showed that managers' short-sightedness and sustainability reporting have a significant and inverse relationship. .

The purpose is to review articles in the field of sustainability reporting. In order to be able to evaluate the most important topics that are currently being considered as well as the research needs related to this field.

The research is of a descriptive type, which examined 68 articles in the field of sustainability reporting after examining 32 journals in the field of accounting, finance and auditing approved in the system of the Ministry of Science and Research between 2013 and 2022.

About 97% of articles have been completed in the last six years. Writers without academic rank, assistant professors and assistant professors, have participated the most in producing articles. The participation of men is more than women. Most of the articles were the result of the work of three or four people. In terms of organizational affiliation, authors affiliated with Islamic Azad University have the largest share. Researchers from Qazvin Islamic Azad University and Imam Khomeini International University have been the most prolific authors. In the production of articles, the academic faculty members of branchs Islamic Azad, Alzahra, Payame Noor and Tehran Universities have contributed the most.

All the researches carried out in Iran, which investigated the dimensions of sustainability reporting, were studied in the last years of the study period.

Contribution:

 According to the sixth chapter of corporate governance guidelines, (Notification 13/12/2022 of the Securities and Exchange Organization) regarding forcing companies to provide sustainability reporting, we can witness the dynamism and prosperity of future research in this field. And in fact, the findings of the current research specify the researched directions and the remaining gaps in the research.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of sustainability reporting on profit manipulation with regard to the moderating role of institutional shareholders in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Considering the importance of the topic of sustainability in this century, this research tries to investigate the impact of sustainability reporting on the manipulation of profits, considering the moderating role of institutional shareholders. The statistical population of this research is the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the years 2017 to 2023, of which 133 companies have been examined for this research. The results show that sustainability reporting has a negative and significant effect on profit manipulation. Institutional shareholders strengthen the relationship between sustainability reporting and earnings manipulation. These results are beneficial for several users of financial reporting such as investors, other stakeholders, auditors, financial analysts and researchers interested in understanding the level of quality of financial reporting in Tehran Stock Exchange. In addition, it provides a clear picture to the regulatory bodies in the Tehran Stock Exchange about the level of current corporate social responsibility reporting, financial reporting quality and transparency in the Tehran Stock Exchange, which is expected to help them to implement the regulations and laws related to this. Improve subjects which in turn help to achieve financial management perspective.

The aim of the current research is to investigate the impact of sustainability reporting on profit manipulation in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose, and in terms of methodology, it is a causal (post-event) type of research. The statistical population of this research is the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the years 2017 to 2023, and 133 companies have been examined in a seven-year period to conduct this research. A regression model has also been used to analyze the results. Studies and empirical evidence show that companies that pay attention to sustainability reporting and have a high sustainable development index are less likely to engage in profit management. Researchers say that the quality and quantity of sustainability disclosure can reduce profit manipulation. in opportunistic behaviors.

We examine the role of internal auditors in the preparation of sustainability reporting, consulting and assurance services prior, during and after preparation.

We collect and analyze data by reviewing related literature, conducting interviews of 24 internal audit experts, and using theme-analysis method.

Our results show that internal auditors actively participate in: (1) promoting the sustainability culture and risks assessment prior to the preparation of sustainability reports; (2) assisting management during the preparation of sustainability reports by identifying stakeholders and important sustainability issues, considering sustainability in strategies, evaluating alignment of goals, strategies sustainability mission and designing the process of developing sustainability reports; and (3) performing assurance statements on sustainability reports and post-audit in importing sustainability reporting and assurance.

The results indicated 113 roles, of which 22 components are related to pre-development, 50 items during and 41 after-implementation of sustainability. The highest role in pre-development belongs to consulting services, during implementation both roles are recognized to the same extent, and after-deployment, assurance services is seen more.Contribution: Results show that internal auditors can play a crucial role in the preparations and development of sustainability reports. Results provide policy, practice and research implications for the emerging role of internal auditors in sustainability reporting and assurance.

Pension funds in Iran use defined benefit pension plan and their sustainability is important. However, the evaluation of their sustainability has always been criticized. Minimum reporting and simple accountability indicators do not meet the informational needs of stakeholders. Thus, the main issue is to identify the indicators and standards for comprehensive evaluation of financial sustainability. To address this issue, the theoretical foundations of sustainability evaluation of pension funds and the indicators applied by other countries and international organizations were examined. The indicators were presented to experts for receiving their opinions and in order to reach a consensus on key indicators a fuzzy Delphi method was applied. For ranking and developing a combined indicator, the final indicator was obtained using experts' opinions and the SWARA method. 27 indicators in four dimensions were extracted from the theoretical foundations: equity, adequacy, financial, and innovation. According to the results of the fuzzy Delphi method, 15 key indicators were confirmed finally. Among the key indicators, the support ratio obtained the first rank, while the replacement rate and penetration coefficient obtained the second and third ranks, respectively. The results of the SWARA method confirmed the combined indicator consisting of equity dimension (1 sub-indicator), adequacy dimension (3 sub-indicators), and financial dimension (11 sub-indicators). The weight of equity, adequacy and financial in the combined indicator is equal to 6%, 21%, and 73%, respectively. The support ratio, present value of Assets to Liabilities Ratio, and actuary analysis obtained ranks 1 to 3. the financial dimension has the highest importance,

Today, identifying factors affecting the added value of the market is particularly important in terms of comparing an economic enterprise with other economic enterprises and in terms of the competitiveness of the economic enterprise. This research has been carried out with the aim of investigating the impact of sustainability reporting on the creation of added market value by companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange, considering the moderating role of corporate governance factors.

In the present study, the required data were extracted from Rahavard Navin software, financial statements of companies and Sandakavi, as well as Kodal website. The statistical population of the present study is all the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period from 2012 to 2022. In order to test the research hypotheses, the combined data model was used. The software used for data analysis is Stata version 14.

The results of the research hypotheses test show that the creation of added market value by the company has a favorable effect of sustainability reporting. In other words, improving sustainability reporting can significantly increase the ability of the company and the management that has the task of leading the company to create added value in the market. In addition, corporate governance factors as a control factor can cause synergy in the relationship between sustainability reporting and creating added market value by the company.

The occurrence of a large number of scandals and financial corruption in some Iranian city councils and municipalities in the last decade shows evidence of unethical and irresponsible practices from the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Also, the development process of cities and the consequent increase in municipal revenues, on the one hand, and the lack of proper supervision on the performance of municipalities due to the existence of the city council, on the other hand, have increased the power and authority of municipalities. Thus, municipalities face increasing pressure from citizens to have a broad attitude regarding their goals and activities in economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Sustainability reporting is one of the main drivers of change in the company's sustainability activities. Preparing a sustainability report can influence change in public sector organizations. Regarding the advantages of sustainability reporting in the various companies, including public and governmental organizations, to preserve the social rights of citizens, environmental resources, and the economic benefits of shareholders, the primary purpose of this research is to understand the current situation of sustainability reporting in municipalities, explaining its dimensions and indicators, and finally presenting a sustainability reporting model for municipalities.  The current research consists of three steps: 1. Identifying sustainability concepts and keywords in the literature using content analysis techniques; 2. Identifying the primary indicators of the topics discussed in the focus group using the coding method, 3. Using the method Delphi (which is conducted to validate the dimensions and indicators identified in the second stage), and 4. Finally, it will present the final sustainability reporting model for Iranian municipalities. In the first step, keywords that are used for sustainability reporting using the method of content analysis of sustainability reports of different cities (such as Sydney, Toronto, KF, Florida, and Dubai) and guidelines related to the field of sustainability (such as ESG, GRI, IFC, ISO26000, SASB, and CDP) were extracted. The necessary information was collected through the focus group in the second step, and the topics were discussed. The participants were selected from a group of experts from the Iranian municipalities (financial and economic, urban services, and green spaces). These people had the necessary knowledge, experience, expertise, scientific and professional sincerity in different ways and based on specific research. After identifying dimensions and indicators, we prepared and set up a questionnaire in the third step and distributed it to the experts from municipalities and other stakeholders. The Delphi method was used to create consensus and to screen sustainability categories. Finally, a proposed model of sustainability reporting for Iranian municipalities was presented. The findings show that the dimensions of sustainability reporting in municipalities include "economic", "environmental", "work and production", "management and human capital", "determinants of excellence and progress", and "reporting characteristics". Also, four indicators of economic performance, the economic conditions of the stakeholders, the municipalities' economic conditions, and the country's macroeconomic conditions are related to the economic dimension. Four indicators, including compatibility with the environment, environmental sustainability, infrastructure and facilities, and the allocation of facilities and privileges, are related to the environmental dimension. Six indicators, including sustainable supply chain, legal requirements, sustainable intellectual interaction (human capital), adherence to legal payments, use of technology, and corporate governance, belong to the work and production dimension. Six indicators of effective communication, ethical characteristics of accountants, the relationship between employee and manager, management ability, expert managers, and expert forces belong to the management and human capital dimension. Four indicators of participation and development of valuation methods, dealing without discrimination with offenders, criteria for determining rights and benefits, and responsibility and social involvement belong to the dimension of determinants of excellence and progress. Seven indicators, including accounting records, timeliness of report, compliance with accounting principles, neutrality of the report, report transparency, sources of collecting the report, and qualitative characteristics of the information, are the report's characteristics dimension. Sustainability reporting can be considered as a solution for making changes in the organizational management of municipalities, transparency in all municipal matters such as financial (economic), urban services and green space (environmental), social responsibility, and reacting to the requirements of all stakeholders. Exploring the sustainability reports of various cities in the world showed that they have no limitations on how to present and use the dimensions and indicators included in the current guidelines and standards, such as GRI, CDP, and SASB, to prepare the sustainability report. They do not follow a specified routine. In other words, in order to legitimize themselves, in line with accountability, these organizations voluntarily disclose sustainability reports. The results of this research can be utilized as a practical step to create the necessary understanding and motivation for sustainability reporting and to attract the managers' and regulators' attention to incorporate sustainability reporting in their voluntary or mandatory reporting to stakeholders with a sustainable development perspective.

Disclosure of corporate sustainability information is done with the aim of increasing transparency, promoting brand value, good reputation and legitimacy, optimizing ability against competitors, motivating employees and supporting control and information processes. Despite the emphasis on information disclosure by international organizations, many business organizations under the influence of structural and behavioral variables do not have adequate output and we do not see proper stability reporting by them in the country. With such an approach, the main question of the research is whether the components of organizational culture and contingency factors are a suitable model for influencing and explaining sustainability reporting with the approach of economic performance in Tehran Stock Exchange companies?The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey method in terms of nature. The statistical population of the present study includes all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, which was calculated through a statistical formula of sample size to 53 people. In addition, the data collection method includes: 1) library method 2) field method 3) databases and data collection tools are: checklist with zero and one scale for measuring sustainability reporting indicators and closed-ended Likert scale response questionnaire for Assessment of organizational culture indicators and contingency factors.results show that:Components of organizational culture (attention to detail, attention to results and attention to members of the organization) and contingent factors (individuals) are a suitable model for influencing and explaining sustainability reporting with an economic performance approach in Tehran Stock Exchange companies.

Considering the importance of exchanges sustainability, in this research, in addition to identifying most important stakeholders, the challenges, motivations and opportunities for the sustainability of procedures and sustainability reporting have been investigated.

In order to achieve the research objectives, a combination of content analysis methods, focus group and individual interviews with 21 industry experts have been used.

The lack of comprehensive reporting framework and assurance services, reporting costs and reporting culture, are among the important challenges, alignment by international community, reputation, performance improvement, accountability and achieving a competitive advantage are among the important motivations of paying attention to sustainability. Cultivation, regulation and design of sustainable tools are among the opportunities available to exchanges to promote the culture of sustainability among listed companies. Also, the findings have shown that government and regulators, board of directors and investors are among the most important stakeholder groups of this industry.

Not publishing of sustainability reports indicates a higher impact of reporting challenges over reporting motivations. Therefore, it is suggested to provide the necessary platforms for the publication of reports by the law-making bodies.

Contribution: 

Considering the strategic role of the exchange industry in promoting sustainability goals, the findings can be effective in decision making of related bodies to solve challenges and strengthen the motivations of sustainability reporting.

Attention to sustainability reporting has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Sustainability reporting in a general definition includes disclosure of financial and non-financial information. One of the most important factors affecting companies' risk and financing costs is information asymmetry and agency costs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate sustainability disclosure on the cost of equity and unsystematic risk. This research is practical in terms of purpose and analytical in nature. To collect its data, the financial statements of the Tehran Stock Exchange companies were used, and for their analysis, Eviuse software version 10 was used. The statistical sample of the research is 105 companies from the companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange during the years 2015 to 2021. The findings of this research show that there is a negative and significant relationship between sustainability disclosure and cost of equity and unsystematic risk. It means that by increasing sustainability disclosure, unsystematic risk and equity cost will decrease.

The aim of the current research is to investigate the dimensions and reporting indicators of the sustainability of municipalities and to determine their weight and rank.

In other words, the research seeks the ranking and indicators of sustainability in municipalities. For this purpose, the proposed model of sustainability reporting of municipalities was examined and its weight and indicators were ranked using the hierarchical analysis method.

In summary, it can be stated that the ranking of sustainability reporting includes 1. Features of the report. 2. Factors of excellence and progress; 3. Management and human capital; 4. Work and production; 5. Economic and 6. Environmental factors.

Considering the asymmetry of information in the municipalities and considering the ignorance of the municipalities about the importance of voluntary disclosure including sustainable information for the beneficiaries or in other words the citizens, the findings of the research can be used as a solution to change the organizational management of the municipality. Transparency in all municipal affairs such as financial (economic), urban services and green space (environmental) and social responsibility, responding to the needs of all stakeholders should be considered.

Contribution: 

This research and its results can be an effective step to create the necessary understanding and motivation for this and to pay attention to the managers and compilers of regulations to include this category in the goals of voluntary or mandatory reporting to stakeholders with a sustainable development attitude.