جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Corona Virus » در نشریات گروه « مدیریت »

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused significant changes in various aspects of people's lives around the world. The outbreak of Covid-19 is a reminder that epidemics, like other disasters and events that happen rarely, have happened in the past and will happen in the future. Even if we cannot prevent the creation of dangerous viruses, we must be prepared to reduce their effects on society. The Covid-19 pandemic, which has affected the entire world, has caused changes around the world and in many areas of life. These changes have affected consumer behavior and continue to affect them. Although past societies have been affected by several epidemics and pandemic, it is difficult to estimate their long-term economic, behavioral, or social impacts. These aspects have not been studied in the past. There are few studies to show what the consequences of major historical pandemics over the past few years have been in the area of consumer behavior. In addition, scientists suggest that new Pandemic continue to pose a risk in the future. Therefore, understanding the life of consumer behavior in the face of this pervasive disease and even beyond, is of great importance for marketers as well as business planners and policy makers. These changes have also affected consumer behavior. The purpose of this study is to explain consumer behavioral responses during the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on food consumption.

In order to answer the main question of the research, an in-depth interview and the design of the interview protocol have been used according to the literature review. By using the purposeful sampling method, 40 interviews were conducted with consumers in Tehran and analyzed with MAXQDA software. In this research, Cohen's kappa index was used to measure the reliability of interview coding.Based on the data analysis, consumers respond to the existing crisis in three stages, reacting, coping and adapting during the outbreak of COVID 19. In order to analyze the data, at first, after the interviews were transcribed, the interviews were read several times. In the next step, coding started.

After data analysis and open, axial and selective coding, 23 codes were obtained, which were classified into three categories: reaction(postponing purchases; reducing consumption; replacing with other items; online shopping; telephone shopping; increasing purchases; decreasing purchases; increasing sensitivity to the shopping environment; increasing Compliance with health protocols; visiting physical stores less often; visiting small stores near where you live and visiting virtual stores more), coping (doing things by yourself and trying new products or brands)and adapting(healthy diet and increasing consumption of dairy products and healthy foods; increasing the consumption of organic products and vegetables; changing lifestyles; awareness of health and hygiene; reducing the consumption of prepared and frozen foods; using disinfectants and being more sensitive about hand hygiene; online shopping; cooking at home ; sensitivity to the shopping environment), and finally, the results of the analysis were presented in the conceptual model.

Combining and integrating the researches, a comprehensive model has been presented in relation to consumer behavioral responses during the outbreak of Covid-19. The obtained results were presented in the form of a conceptual model. The results showed that at the beginning of the outbreak of the pandemic of Covid-19, people reacted to the outbreak in the form of things such as went to physical stores less, postponing purchases, shopping online and by phone, so that they are less exposed to infection. Also, after some time, by doing things by themselves, such as cooking, they have coping with Covid-19, and finally, things like a healthy diet, sensitivity to the shopping environment, lifestyle changes, and online shopping are among the things that are still in the long term. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought about changes in consumer behavior. The results of this research showed that during the period of Covid-19, consumers used to buy from supermarkets and stores near their places of residence and stated that they would visit them after the end of the period, i.e. in the post-Covid-19 period. Therefore, small and local retailers can use this opportunity to offer products and services. The pandemic provided the opportunity to shop online and over the phone, and consumers preferred home delivery to be less exposed to the virus, so retailers, stores and even small supermarkets should take note. There is also the possibility of subsequent epidemics, therefore, marketers and stores, large and small retailers must acquire the necessary preparation in terms of infrastructure to face it in order to reduce its effects. Businesses must design new models to meet the changing or evolving needs of consumers in the post-Covid-19 era.

The outbreak of the Covid-19 implies significant changes in the way service organizations work, which affects the performance of human resource. This led to the emergence of new technologies that may reduce the hazards of the Covid-19. Accordingly, the current research was conducted with the aim of analyzing in the impact of work consequences of COVID-19 outbreak on the performance of employees according to the moderating role of information and communication technology. Based on the purpose, the research is of an applied type and in terms of nature and method, it is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the research includes all the insurance employees of the social security organization branches of Kermanshah province in the number of 254 people, 153 people were selected based on the random sampling method and using the Cochran formula. Data collection tools were standard questionnaires of work consequences of COVID-19 outbreak by Narayanamurthy and Tortorella (2021), Employee performance by Villagrasa and et al (2019) and Information and Communications Technology by Mahmoodi (2013), whose validity was confirmed using the content validity method and their reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha.Structural equation modeling method and SMART-PLS 3 software have been used to test research hypotheses. The research findings indicate that at the error level of 0.05, work consequences of COVID-19 outbreak has a positive and significant effect on human resources performance. In addition, at the error level of 0.05, the moderating role of information and communication technology in the impact of work consequences of COVID-19 outbreak on the performance of employees is positive and significant. Finally, based on the findings of the research and due to the effect of the spread of the Covid-19 on the performance of human resources, practical suggestions have been presented for the use of the studied organization and other organizations.

Designing a human resources resilience model in the context of the Corona crisis in the National Iranian South Oil Company.

Design/ methodology/ approach:  

In this fundamental-applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of method, first by review on the literature before and after Corona pandemic in the field of human resources resilience, individual, organizational and environmental factors and the dimensions of human resource resilience were extracted using the Meta-synthesis method. After conducting interviews with experts, the previous stage studies results, adjustments and conceptual model was presented. Then, using a researcher-made questionnaire, the extracted model was tested in the researched society under the conditions of Corona pandemic. The questionnaire reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha and its content validity confirmed based on experts' opinions. The statistical population included 10,000 employees, according to Morgan's table; the sample size was determined 370 people.

 Based on the experts’ opinions, seventeen dimensions for individual, organizational, and environmental and seven dimensions for the human resources resilience in the conditions of the Corona crisis in the researched society were extracted, which became the basis of the conceptual model. Using the fit indices, the measurement, structural and general models were confirmed. Furthermore, all seventeen hypotheses were reported as positive and significant using path analysis.

Limitations & Consequences:

 The lack of similar research in the Corona crisis conditions, the limitations caused by the Corona crisis in order to statistical sample suitable participation.

Practical Consequences:  

Designing a suitable model for the NISOC employee’s resilience in the Corona crisis conditions to promote preventive measures to deal with covid-19 disease.

Innovation or value of the Article: 

Designing a model of human resources resilience and identifying its dimensions in the work environment along with providing operational indicators for implementation in the conditions of the Corona crisis.

The current research aimed to analysis the consumers’ behavior in the World Petanque Offline Cup 2020. Five measuring instruments of the research were filled by 200 men and women participants of the WPOC in order to modeling the causal relations between the variables. The findings of the path analysis by PLS showed that brand image of FIPJP on brand image of WPOC, brand image of WPOC on behavioral intentions, satisfaction on behavioral intentions and event quality on all brand image of WPOC, satisfaction and brand image of FIPJP had significant positive effects. Additionally, the mediating impact of satisfaction on the relationship between event quality and behavioral intentions, the mediating impact of brand image of WPOC on the relationship between event quality and behavioral intentions, the mediating impact of brand image of WPOC on the relationship between brand image of FIPJP and behavioral intentions were positive and significant. The proposed model of the research had good fit. It is suggested that administrators of the offline sport events should focus on various dimensions of services quality in sport events aiming to increase satisfaction followed by positive behavioral intentions development. Also, the image of the brand of the organizer of such events in the minds of consumers can predict behavioral intentions, and therefore it is suggested to improve the quality of organizational arrangements, how to interact with participants and related technical issues.

The world has not experienced exceptional conditions like the coronavirus at its scale since World War II. Most crises in recent decades have been caused by a financial or economic crisis, but the corona virus Pandemic as a widespread and catastrophic health event affected the social and economic lives of many people around the world and disturbed consumption patterns and consumer behaviours. It has influenced the well-being and welfare of the people thourgh increasing unemployment, poverty and reducing economic growth. Considering the importance of this issue, this study examines the effects of corona virus pandemic on household consumption patterns in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and compares changes in consumer behavior before the time of spread and during the outbreak of coronavirus and its impact on household income and expenditure. This study is cross-sectional in terms of time and method, focusing on the population of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The sample size is determined by the Morgan table. And the data will be collected through survey questionnaire. In designing the questionnaire, a 5-point Likert scale was used. Data analysis was performed using two software packages: Excel and SPSS25. The overall results of the study showed that the corona virus pandemic had a significant effect on consumer behavior, such that consumer behavior changed before and during the pandemic, as the spread of the virus reduced income and increased the expenditures of households.

This research aims to discover the factors that cause the crisis, including the lack of people's support; hoarding and looting; the rebelliousness of some managers; Rumors, lies and evil words in the government of Hazrat Ali (AS), presentation of the crisis management model based on Imam Ali's (AS) governance thought, and also the comparative comparison of the mentioned cases with the Corona crisis, has been studied and researched.

using the library method, he collected the required data and analyzed the research data using a descriptive-analytical method.

The findings of the research show that Imam Ali (AS) as the leader of the Islamic society, is a special model in crisis management. Therefore, this research has dealt with the crisis management by Imam Ali (AS) during his rule in three stages: pre-crisis management, crisis management and post-crisis management and the implementation of these stages in the face of the Corona crisis. Some of his actions have been reviewed at different stages. Pre-crisis stage considering the importance of influencing decisions and actions in this stage, which has its own characteristics and requirements, and the need to address this period of time as a pre-crisis stage. The crisis stage includes: mobilizing human resources, eliminating or reducing the power of crisis-causing factors, informing and raising awareness, seeking God's help to solve the crisis, and consulting with the crisis management team. Finally, His Holiness' actions after the crisis include transparency, order and support for the injured.

Considering the millions of deaths caused by COVID-19, a global question has been raised addressing the feasibility or non-feasibility of the civil responsibility of news media for communicable diseases. It is argued that media, in its conventional form, can use its authority and means to accurately disseminate information on time in order to remarkably reduce the incidence of contagious diseases; however, in case of negligence and default on duty, media has to assume the responsibility of the damages done to the victims. The Iranian and international legal systems abound in legal, yet equivocal, documents that explain the responsibility of news media for communicable diseases. It is essential to shed light on the goals of news media civil responsibility toward communicable diseases on the basis of legal foundations.

Civil liability both against the victim, the cause of the loss the society, has specific goals and functions, which this article identifies the boundaries of civil liability in the form of paying damages, removing the violation of the claimant's rights and preventing It analyzes the existing bases of damage to him in the future. 

The current research is a descriptive-analytical research study that describes the topics by using comparative study methods and using written, oral, electronic documents, legal studies, then collects and categorizes the findings.

Theoretical Framework:

The three conditions for the fulfillment of civil liability are: 1. the damage caused to the claimant, 2. the fault of the person causing the damage. (Responsibility based on fault). 3. causal relationship the theory of compensation for losses is in the light of rules such as the rule of caution, the rule of pride, etc., which is used for the causal relationship between the harmful act and the occurrence of damage.

The only way to respond to and tackle the problems regarding civil responsibility is to stick to the combined deterrence system, which is an effective strategy to highlight the cause of damage in preventing and compensating the damages caused to the victims. This paper seeks to examine the causality establishment and the scope of civil responsibility of news media regarding communicable diseases. It also covers the common basics of civil responsibility in relation to contagious diseases and proves that the traditional basics and foundations fail to explain such responsibility efficiently; as a result, it is necessary to obligate news media on the basis of philosophical fundaments and the development/evolution of civil responsibility rules to find novel solutions to prevent contagion, reduce the incidence of communicable diseases, and redress the damages done.

In this research, the fault caused by the mismanagement of the media in connection with the covid-19 disease has been discussed and investigated, and the cause of the damage must be compensated, one of which is the restoration of the previous situation, and this method is superior to other methods. has a preference. This study is carried out taking into account the principles, basics, and restrictions of civil responsibility authorities. Afterward, it is proved that, in the current situation, the assumption of civil responsibility by the media is the only viable solution for the preventive management of communicable diseases and compensation for the damages.The results of the research show that the relationship of causation is the basic and vital element of civil liability and compulsory guarantee. In the explanation of this relationship, there must be a relationship between the harm caused and the fault of the mystics, in such a way that if it was not the fault (act and omission), then definitely no harm would have occurred. In addition to creating responsibility, the relationship of causation also determines the scope of responsibility.Establishing the relationship of causation, in the case that one cause causes damage, is easy, but considering that social events are related to each other and usually there is more than one cause and cause of damage, therefore determining the person responsible and verifying the relationship of causation is difficult. The difficulty of ascertaining the relationship of causation in the multiplicity of causes has led to the presentation of theories on the part of the experts that we can see the impact of these theories in the laws of Iran, and the most important of them is the theory of conventional and original cause.After proving the relationship of causation by the claimant, the defendant can prove that this relationship is apparent and that the damage was caused by external causes, that these external causes can be unexpected events, the fault of a third party, or the fault of thevictim. Considering that the civil liability depends on establishing the relationship of causation and the relationship of causation is the vital element of compulsory guarantee and non-contractual civil liability, it would have been better for the Iranian legislators to set up regulations in this regard and highlight "the relationship of causation in civil liability".

With the spread of Covid-19 disease, quarantine, and social isolation, people are increasingly posting their opinions about the coronavirus on social networks such as Twitter. However, no study has yet been reported to analyze online opinions of individuals in order to understand their feelings about the Covid-19 epidemic in Iran. This study analyzes the emotions in the opinions of the Iranian people on the social network Twitter during the Corona crisis. For this purpose, a deep neural network model is presented. As there is no labeled dataset of Covid-19 tweets, the proposed model is first trained on the Stanford University Sentiment140 dataset, which contains 1.6 million tweets, and then used to classify the two classes of emotions contained in the collected corona-related tweets in Iran. The results show that the percentage of tweets with negative emotions is significantly higher than positive tweets. Also, the change in negative emotions of people in different months is proportional to the change in patient statistics.

In the age of Corona, many industries around the world have adopted and benefited greatly from virtual reality technology. The tourism industry is no exception to this and with its help has been able to create tourism capabilities using virtual reality. The present study investigates the effects of virtual reality tourism in the Corona era on the development of real tourism in the post-Corona era with respect to the moderating role of visitors (people who have already visited the destination) and non-visitors (people who have not visited the destination before). The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, 384 people who were selected using non-random sampling method. Statistical analyzes have been performed in two sections of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using path analysis and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study is users of social networks Instagram and Facebook in Germany and France. Findings indicate that tourism using virtual reality in the Corona era has a significant positive effect on increasing the number of real tourists in the post-Corona era. The findings also showed that tourism using virtual reality in the Corona era plays a role in marketing and advertising for tourism destinations in the post-Corona era.

 Introduction

In recent years, the global economy has seen a very significant growth of the tourism industry, but this growth and dynamism of the tourism industry has been severely disrupted by the global outbreak of Covid-19 disease, and with the imposition of extensive restrictions, tourism has virtually stopped. And the impact of the Corona epidemic has pushed tourism to a complete halt. In fact, the outbreak of the corona virus has disrupted the tourism destinations and livelihoods of their inhabitants more than any other. Tourism researchers have turned their attention to local communities in tourism destinations by studying the safety of tourism destinations and the incurred costs due to the cessation of tourism activities. Paying attention to this point has caused decision makers and planners of destinations to place more emphasis on faster sanitization of destinations by increasing the protective behaviors of residents. It seems that the observance of protective behaviors by residents of tourism destinations, is also influenced by factors such as psychological ones including the perception of the risk of epidemic diseases as Covid-19. Accordingly, understanding how psychological factors, such as risk perception, affect people's behavior during severe global epidemics, is important to facilitate and increase the success of disease minimization and resuscitation strategies of destinations. However, perceptions of the risk of disease in residents are not formed alone and are influenced by other factors such as people's knowledge of health and related concepts, as well as media coverage of the posed risk by the spread of epidemics. based on this view, media coverage of effective measures to combat the disease in destinations, can prepare the mentality of tourists from tourist destinations to return to the destination and also according to the subject of this research while increasing residents' knowledge of Covid-19, enhance the perceived risk of it and thus lead to appropriate protective behaviors. In line with this assumption, in the present study, the effect of media coverage on disease knowledge, perceived risk and protective behavior in Sarein residents, have been investigated.

The present study is an applied research and in terms of purpose and also it is a descriptive-analytical one in aspect of method and a questionnaire was exerted to collect information. The questions of questionnaire were designed based on five-point Likert scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The statistical population of this study was all residents of Sarein in the spring of 2020. The minimum sample size to complete the questionnaires of this study was 400 residents who were randomly selected and the questionnaire was distributed online among them. Also, in order to evaluate the research variables, questionnaires of media coverage, disease knowledge, perceived risk and protective behavior were used. Indicators of research questionnaires are taken from related studies and research background; then, based on the research conditions and the studied city, they were localized.

Considering that the value of obtained T statistic for the first hypothesis of the research is equal to 6.069 so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the first hypothesis of the research was confirmed. Also, considering that the path coefficient in this hypothesis is equal to (β = 0.520), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. Also, considering that in the second hypothesis of the research, the value of T statistic obtained is 2.995 so that this value is greater than 1.96 and hypothesis was confirmed. Also, based on the obtained path coefficient that is equal to (β = 0.367), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. Also, considering that the value of the obtained T statistic is 17.688, so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the third hypothesis of the research is confirmed, and also because the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.692), since the obtained path coefficient is positive, this effect is also direct. On the other hand, since the value of obtained T statistic for the fourth hypothesis of the research is equal to 2.196, so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the fourth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. Given that the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.225), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. Also, considering that the value of obtained T statistic for the fifth hypothesis of the research is equal to 5.036 so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the fifth hypothesis of the research is confirmed. In addition, because the obtained path coefficient for this hypothesis is equal to (β = 0.396), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct. In the end, the results indicate that the value of obtained T statistic for the sixth hypothesis of the research is equal to 9.001, so that this value is greater than 1.96 and the sixth hypothesis of the research is confirmed and also with considering that the obtained path coefficient is equal to (β = 0.640), since the obtained path coefficient is positive and this effect is direct.

The results of this study show that by increasing the perception of the risk of Covid-19 among residents of tourist destinations, they take more protective behaviors against the disease. Accordingly, by strengthening this factor, through the protective behaviors of residents, the incidence and death rate of this disease can be reduced in destinations, and while helping to revive these destinations, create a clean and healthy tourism destination image in the minds of potential tourists. Based on the results of confirming the hypotheses, it can be said that appropriate media coverage of Covid-19 in tourism destinations and its positive effect on increasing knowledge of the disease, can increase perceptions of the risk of disease and also enhance protective behaviors among residents of destinations.

In the first two decades of the 21st century, the world has witnessed an epidemic of severe respiratory syndromes such as Zika virus, Ebola virus, yellow fever and corona virus. Given the current high mortality rate and the high potential for the corona virus to spread, and because of its overall impact on communities, there is a broad consensus that the corona virus is the greatest challenge to humanity since world War II. Corona virus has raised countless questions at all levels. Therefore, the present study aimed at identifying the components of macro-social capital to deal with the consequences of Corona virus. We studied the research literature using a qualitative meta-synthesis analysis method. The statistical population were articles and reports on corona virus that was published in 2020. The databases included “Science”,“CdC”,“Pubmed”, “Elsevier”, “wiley”, “medRxiv”,.The method of data analysis was open coding, that focused on selected articles concerned with corona virus. The initial codes were extracted, which were classified into 86 basic codes,15 concepts and 5 categories. The results indicate that the five  categories of macro social capital that has to be dealt with as  outcome of the corona virus are ‘social system efficiency’, ‘global solidarity’, ‘health system efficiency’, ‘economic  system efficiency’, ‘political system efficiency’

The spread of Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) has affected the tourism industry more than any other industry; the closure of foreign borders, domestic travel restrictions, the cancellation of flights, and the closure of accommodation and tourist sites have all caused severe consequences in the tourism industry. Continuation of this trend has reduced the level of competitiveness of most countries in the world to obtain more resources and benefits from travel and tourism thus far. In this regard, this article was to recognize and cluster the stimuli affecting the future competitiveness of tourism in Iran for the post-COVID era by using structural analysis. Theoretical data were collected using desk research, and experimental data by field method (interview, panel of experts, and cross-cutting questionnaire). The statistical population of this study was 20 experts and academic experts, using the Delphi technique and judgmental or purposeful sampling method. 41 stimuli in 4 dimensions of environmental empowerment, the readiness of conditions and legal framework of tourism, infrastructural readiness, and empowerment of natural and cultural resources are processed by structural interaction analysis method in MICMAC software. The findings of this study indicated that the stimuli clustering system indicates their concentration in the dual propulsion cluster. Also, among the 41 tourism competitiveness stimulus for the post-COVID era, the stimulus of boosting travel tours to attract tourists (infrastructural readiness), the choice of Iran due to previous experience (readiness of conditions and legal framework of tourism), and travel leap readiness and decent hosting of tourists (infrastructural readiness) are ranked first to third with 385, 364 and 361 direct impact, respectively. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the type of 10 initially identified stimuli with high direct impact is of the type of infrastructural readiness.

As an unknown widespread critical disease, the Corona (Covid 19) has embarrassed all peoples throughout the world. This unidentifiable virus has created challenges for the authorities responsible for confronting with it.  Crisis management, too, is facing great problem in dealing with it. This study is intended to explore and identify the challenges of corona crisis management at the local level. This is a qualitative research for the implementation of which grounded theory is employed. The sample population is selected on the basis of targeted snowball and availability sampling methods. The research is conducted with the participation of twenty people as a sample community by semi-structured interviews. Theoretical coding method is used for data analysis. Eventually, eight main categories were discovered, including social dissatisfaction, contingency decisions, organizating weakness, inefficiency in crisis management, negligence of popular movements, lack of special funding, non-empowerment of local administrators, inefficiency of laws, and islanding operation. These categories cover eight more other components. The relations of these categories are drawn in the paradigm model.