جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Image Schemas » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

One of the new scientific fields directly related to the human mind is cognitive science. Visual diagrams, first proposed by Mark Johnson, are one of the most important infrastructures in this field. Due to its psychological nature and direct connection with the mind, vocabulary can be investigated through cognitive studies. Cognitive science and its related disciplines, such as cognitive linguistics, have provided researchers with the necessary tools to conduct cognitive research due to their communicative nature. The goal of this article's authors is to use these tools to decipher the meaning of words.The current research involves a case study of equivalent vocabulary found in Persian and Arabic in biology courses during the first and second terms. The aim is to determine the use of visual schemas in equivalent vocabulary and examine these two languages based on Johnson's linguistic approach. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The study seeks to investigate how far equivalent words in Persian and Arabic in biology lessons from seventh to twelfth grade reach meaning with the application of physical experiences, and whether they have been found in language form.The purpose of this research is to show the prominent role of image schemas as semantic tools in making abstract spaces concrete in people's minds. After analyzing the data, it was found that the volumetric schema has the highest rate in equivalence of words in Arabic language. The Arabic word is not found in the movement schema, but it has an equal contribution as the power schema does in transferring meaning for equivalent words between Persian and Arabic languages.

Cognitive linguistics is a modern approach in language studies that addresses the relationship between human language and mind, as well as physical-social experiences. Mark Johnson and George Lakoff are pioneer theorists in this field. They assume that conceptual metaphor is distinguished from surrounding phenomena by explaining and objectifying abstract concepts to identify and share human experiences. This kind of metaphor is manifested in different types of schemas based on the concepts formed in the human mind. Because metaphysic imaginations and ethical concepts and their connection with perceptible cognitive and daily life experiences have a bold presence in language type and religious expression, examination of image schemas in Holy Quran’s metaphors reveals a system of conceptual structure and sophisticated meaning layers of Quran verses. This study has tried to investigate three types of schemas: path, containment, and force based on the description and analysis of Quran samples based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson and mental constructs available in Ali 'Imran Surah. The internal context of language and imaginary images expressed in Ali 'Imran Surah has been explained in a way that reader can touch their concepts based on their daily experiences and find clear truths by reviewing the available abstract issues in this Surah. Research findings indicate that path schema in Ali 'Imran Surah emphasizes destination as the result of the path considering the sensual concepts, while containment schema in this surah is distinguished in positive and negative scopes as container and contained,.

The purpose of this article is to explain how Sarrami knew the world based on the theory of conceptual metaphor. this paper, we show that, according to cognitive linguistics, metaphor is not merely linguistic, but it is a tool for cognition. The theoretical framework of this paper is indebted to theory of Johnson's image schemas. In this article, after explaining the metaphor and introducing the theory of image schemas, we report the image schemas of Sarrami poetry. This article concludes that the image schemas of this poem show the poet's cognitive system and strengthen the foundation of his experiences to achieve a specific language. By discovering conceptual metaphors in this work, it can be understood that the images of this poem originate from the unity of the poet's attitude and stable actions with the cultural and physical environment, etc., and ultimately lead to the formation of a specific language. This article is an analytical-descriptive method based on library studies

Cognitive semantics is a part of cognitive linguistics that considers the language meaning as a manifestation of conceptual instruction or mental representative organization. Image schemas pattern is an important issue in cognitive semantics and it is an effective method to study and analyze the quality and understanding some abstract concepts according to objective and visual issues that introduced by Mark Johnson in 1987. The issues of right and wrong are abstract issues and at the same time they are from important issues that have introduced in Nahj -ol- Balaghah and it seems that the studying and analyzing these two issues from the image schemas theory of Johnson is very important subject because it shows Imam Ali's attitude towards them. Because Imam Ali has introduced these two issues objectively and visually and has considered mass, power and movement for them. Therefore, we decided to analyze Imam Ali's attitude toward right and wrong from the above Theory in an analyzing _descriptive method in all of parts of Nahjol Balaghah. Finally, we found that these two concepts have depicted in Nahj -ol- Balaghah as follow; A: as zarf and mazroof (container and content), B: as a way or approach for people who are searching Right and Wrong path, C: Right concept is an obstacle for bad desires of wrong advocates and Wrong as an obstacle for or logical desires of Right advocates.

Locative prepositions are one of the most important and widely used prepositional words of any language, which play an important role in representing human mental concepts in language. Basically, locative prepositions are one of the first prepositions that children produce in the process of learning their first language, and this is one of the most important reasons for the need to examine these letters cognitively. The aim of the present research is to investigate the polysemy of the locative preposition "between" in Persian language. To explain this polysemy, the principles of the school of cognitive linguistics and two theories of Principled Polysemy Tyler and Evans( 2001) and Image Schemas Johnson (1987) have been used. The research data were collected from the second edition of Hamshahri corpus and two dictionaries of Dehkhoda (1998) and Moien (2007). The results of the research show that the semantic network of the preposition "between" has one prototype spatial and four radial meanings. The prototype meaning of this preposition indicates the space between two things, and other meanings are placed radially around it and are expanded from it.

Semantic change is a subject examined in lexical semantics. Meaning is not a fixed, unchangeable phenomenon. Lexical semantics have led cognitive linguists to consider meaning as a network. “Semantics” has the property of radiality. That is to say it forms a radial network around a core meaning, from which other peripheral meanings are evolved by its flexibility. The radial network is not an instrument to produce different meanings from the core meaning. Rather, it is a model showing how different but connected meanings are stored in the semantic memory. The present research aims to examine the radial network of dabar in the Quran because a clear understanding of Quranic words is an important step in its accurate interpretation and understanding.

The radial network theory is one proposed in cognitive semantics with the cognitive analysis of word meanings in different contexts as its endpoint. In this theory, the meaning of peripheral words evolve from a core meaning and the core meaning forms other meanings as a result of schematic change and flexible metaphorical extension. The outcome of this viewpoint is the radial network: a conceptual network in which several concepts are structured around a core concept. The process binding the core and peripheral meanings is called chaining.

“Posterior” as the core meaning of dabar is a preconception of the embodiment of human sensorimotor perceptions experienced within the context of “orientation”, giving it structure. Researching the word dabar in the Arabic language family shows that “posterior” is an ancient word found in Hamito-Semitic languages. Various derivatives have been formed with this word in Arabic and other related languages, indicating its significance in meaningmaking. The semantic range of the word is broadened with different combinations. Schematic changes are effective in this semantic broadening, leading to a flexible metaphorical extension and meaningmaking. Existing schema-based metaphors in the present research have paved the way with their changes for meanings such as fear, offspring, heedlessness, misguidance, pursuit, time, purposeful knowledge, and listening. The meanings have been obtained from changes in the schemas of orientation, force, motion, balance, cycle, and process.

The obtained radial network is the outcome of eight peripheral meanings structured around a core meaning. The meaning of “posterior” as the most antiquated meaning is a pivotal member of the radial network, incorporating the image schemas of “orientation”, a cognitive concept experienced in the embodiment of human sensorimotor perceptions which give it structure and are easy to learn. “Orientation” as the most frequent schema in meaning-making for the derivatives of dabar is followed by the schemas of force, motions, cycle and balance in this meaning-making. The more abstract the meaning, the more schemas are called for meaning-making. There is a relationship between the obtained radial categories, all of which serve to express human’s experiencing monotheism. In examining the obtained radial network with a cognitive approach to the expressed meanings of the lexicon, some of the meanings are similar, and others such as time, misguidance, listening, and fear are words with no shared meanings.

The present article has tried to study the conceptual metaphors of three stories from three languages which are written in the style of Stream-of-consciousness as a narrative device, to show how the mental functions establish relative similarities in the image schemas among these three languages, and also how these cultures create different image schemas. In this research, the extracting data from the corpus has been done by searching the keywords related to the domain of "happiness" and according to the relevant linguistic context. The description and analysis of metaphors have been done in a comparative way to examine the fields of source and existing mappings and at last the related image schemas. The data of this research shows that Sadegh Choobak (Sange Sabour in Persian) has used five image schemas, "Motion, Force, Existence, Volume and Space", William Faulkner (Sound and Fury in English) has used four image schemas, "Existence, Volume, Force and Movement", and Najib Mahfouz (Miramar in Arabic) has been used three image schemas, "Existence, Volume and Force" to express the feeling of " happiness ". The existing similarities show the universality of image schemas and differences indicate the culture-specific nature of image schemas.

One of the typical areas for examining literary works and comprehending their complex concepts is cognitive studies in the field of semantics in new language research. In the meantime, the idea of image schemas is one of the discoveries of cognitive semantics, which investigates the foundation of the perception of abstract concepts in sensory and organized mental experiences. This idea guides the examination of linguistic-literary works beyond their apparent meanings. This method makes it possible to comprehend the metaphysical meanings of the Holy Quran, a linguistic miracle. This article investigates the Quranic story of Moses and El-Khader based on Johnson's image schemas theory in three levels of volume, power, and movement using the descriptive-analytical method with a linguistic approach to determine the cognitive meanings in the verses. This study demonstrates that image schemas have established a balance between human conceptualization and perception. Among these, volumetric systems are the most prevalent and provide the best language for making sense of abstract ideas. In addition, knowing the schemas facilitates tangible and expansive comprehension of abstract concepts. In addition, coordinating schemas with experiences created by them has significance.

The present study, within the framework of cognitive semantics, has addressed the issue of imaginary schemas in the book of Siboyeh as a grammatical text and how it is reflected in the Persian translation. The purpose of this research is to explain the conceptual constructions as the substructure of language patterns in order to reach the intellectual foundations of the author and to make the book easier to understand and then to provide an accurate translation. The adopted descriptive-analytical method is based on incomplete induction and relying on Evans and Green's schematic model. Sampling has been done from eleven chapters (8666 words) of the al-Kitab that deals with the topic of al- Eshteghal. Power, containment, space, and displacement schemas had the highest frequency, respectively. In the translation, due to the stylistic features of Sibawayh, the two methods of terminological clarification and translation have led to the removal or replacement of the schemas of space, displacement and containment in significant cases, but the schemas of power They are represented in the target language with a similar linguistic structure.

Among the letters, prepositions have a special place because they connect the verb and the noun in the sentence.Furthermore, understanding the relationship between the verb and the noun depends on the precise knowledge of prepositions and familiarity with their diverse nature and functions. Through the semantic analysis, the role of the movement schema of prepositions in the construction of abstract meanings is found.It also contributes to answer the crucial question of how the path schema of prepositions helps to clarify the meanings and expands them in the verses of the Qur'an. Apart from this, vowels are among the grammatical words and their importance in depicting and establishing semantic and structural relationships in the language of the Qur'an shows the importance of research in this linguistic category.

Method of Study:

 In the present study, the descriptive-analytical study method was used to explain the findings.

In semantic research, visual schemas are very important; Because they have an abstract structure and through them, you can bridge from concrete experiences to cognitive fields. Among Johnson's three visual schemas (Containment, Path and Force), the movement schema has the highest frequency. The results of the examination of the word of revelation, which is a total of 6236 verses, show that about 1311 cases of the mission of conceptualization were carried out through the movement schema, which had the highest frequency. Based on most of the analyzed verses, it can be said that the movement plan is a part of the super plan of "life as a journey":moral and religious life from the perspective of the Qur'an, as walking on the right path and leaving bad and immoral lif. The inner movement of man, which leads from the world of matter to the realm of meaning goal (Meet God) by referring to words such as "darkness", "light", "path,""road", "way", "be guided", "Ascension", "falling", "regression", "destiny", "heaven" and "hell" and the purposefulness of human life and the need to move towards the goal (meeting the Lord of the worlds) are stated. The expressions in the Qur'an that conceptualize the way of moving and the path are:"ascend", "raise" "fall down ","get down","wake up","hurry up","striving", "came ","come out ".It seems that among the main components of movement, i.e.: movement component, path, body,background and path component, i.e.:origin(starting point), length of the path and destination (end point). The components of the path and the destination are more frequent in the concept of creation of events in the Qur'an, and the vowel preposition (min, ilá, ‘an) have a high-frequency movement function. The prepositions ‘min’ and "‘an " are origin oriented and the prepositions " ilá " and " ḥattá " are destination oriented.The adverbial preposition ‘lam’ is of the type of process scheme and the adverbial letter ‘ḥattá’ is temporal and destination-oriented.

In terms of its nature, the preposition has several states and its final meaning is determined by the situation in which the letter is used. path schema as the most frequent schema used in the adverbs contained in the Holy Quran, help to create image schemas of abstract meanings. In other words, through semantic analysis, it is possible to reveal the role of path schema of prepositions in the construction of abstract meanings and new semantic layers.

Visual schemas are one of the most important topics in cognitive linguistics that express cognitive processes that are formed as a result of human physical experiences in outside world and make it possible to understand abstract concepts. The present study has examined a number of sermons of Imam Ali (as) in the book of Nahj al-Balaghah in the framework of cognitive linguistics. The purpose of this study is to analyze the frequency of schemas in the mentioned book. The visual schemas used in the selected sermons were extracted and then descriptively examined from a religious and linguistic perspective. The results show that there are all kinds of image schemas (container- path- force) and there are also some sentences which show they have two kinds of schemas. Also the results shows that between the image schemas, the path schemas has the most frequent in the sermons. Which from an educational perspective is a kind of emphasis on the path of life, transience and it is mortal, starting from a point and ending somewhere.Container schemas has the most frequent after path schemas. Which in terms of education indicates the existential capacity of human beings, that force and motion are present in the volumetric schema. Eventually the force schemas and the schemas which are related to two groups have the least frequent in the table of frequency. This, in terms of education, can indicate the limited power of man and his inability to face the eternal divine power.

Cognitive linguistics is one of the newest categories of linguistics that has established a relationship between language and human thought, and includes various theories including conceptual metaphor, image schemas, etc. The theory of image schemas, developed by Lakoff and Johnson, examines the ways in which meaning and perception are derived from and relevant to our physical experience. The human mind understands the meaning of schemas without the need for complex processing and training. In other words, in an image schema, sensory experiences are mapped to conceptual structures, and they can be used to talk about abstract domains. The present descriptive-analytical study aimed to investigate the meaning of image schemas of the Holy Qur’an. For this purpose, using Johnson's theory, the image schemas of Surah As-Saffat were extracted and analyzed. The results indicate that the highest frequency is related to the force schema (53%), and the frequency of the transformational schema (24%) and the spatial schema (23%) are almost the same. This is in line with the purpose of this Surah which is informing about the hereafter and giving a warning to the servants of God. Also, in the spatial schema, the preposition "fi", repeated 15 times, and in the transformational schema, the preposition "ila", repeated in nine cases, had the highest frequency. These schemas have been created to help the readers better understand non-empirical concepts, such as heaven, hell, infidelity, faith, reward and punishment, the power and will of God, and so on.

In modern language studies, the semantic view is one of the most practical methods of research. From the theories in this field that linguistic-literary works are studied in their beam, the theory of image schema is an image that refers to the conceptualization of abstract concepts through a structured sensory experience in the mind. Among them, proverbs are one of the most important literary fields in which many non-objective concepts have been introduced. The Holy Quran contains rich and wise Proverbs, whose examination through Johnson's theory of image schemas will clarify the mechanism of transferring abstract concepts to human perception and understanding their deep meanings. Based on this, the present research examines the Proverbs of Surah al-Baqarah, which are full of abstract concepts, using the mentioned theory. The purpose of this research is the cognitive explanation of the concepts used in the Proverbs, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the semantic findings. The results of this study show that volumetric schemas have the highest frequency among the types of schemas, which is more in harmony with the objectification of concepts in Proverbs. On the other hand, many important Quranic concepts such as guidance, hereafter, religion, piety, verse, patience, etc. have come in the form of volumetric schemas to be sensible and tangible for the audience and placed in the scope of human understanding. Abstract concepts are expressed in the framework of sensory experiences. These experiences cause the meaning of a specific concept to be understood in addition to lexical level, on a broader level that encompasses the specific sensory experience of that concept.

Proverbs are fixed sentential expressions that express the well-known truth, social norms or moral concerns of a specific culture. Therefore, they have a linguistic-cultural aspect and are transmitted through generations and applied to various states of affairs in the world. Since most proverbial expressions are metaphorical in nature which rooted in bodily experiments, the present paper offers an image-schematic view to Guilaki proverbs in the domain of food and its related concepts. It takes up the twin task of distinguishing the image schemas in Guilaki proverbs and of defining their domain of semantic usages. The proverbs of this qualitative research have been collected in a library research method and analyzed based on Johnson’s (1987) opinions. The findings of the research reveal that the path, control and spatial schemas are used in Guilaki proverbs. They also showed that the desirable cultural concepts like kindness, hospitality and faithfulness are simultaneously applied alongside undesirable ones such as corruption, betray and ungratefulness.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the representation of image schemas in the language descriptions of sighted and blind children in the age groups of 6-8 and 8-10 years to determine the extent to which the lack of sense of sight can be represented in the representation of three image schemas (space, path and force schemas). For this purpose, of 10 blind children and sighted children were asked to describe 20 concrete situations in the form of interviews, A total, from collected data was elicited 944 sentences including three image schemas. Statistical studies show that sighted children used three image schemas significantly more than blind children. The average rank for sighted children is 33/4 and for blind children is 67/2. Blind children, because they lack one of the five senses, seem to have more limited sensory-perceptual perceptions than the group, and perceive a more limited range of environment and transmit it through language. This is if the age factor had little effect on the representation of the image schemas. In addition, these statistical results also show that blind children have used space schemas to a greater extent than blind children. In contrast, sighted children used the force schema significantly more than blind children, which seems to be different from the complexity of image schemas.

Proverbs in the reflection of culture and individual and social identity is one of the most important categories in language studies. People of every society and ethnicity use different methods and convey their meaning in the form of cultural and literary delicacies to others. Considering the importance of image schemas in cognitive semantics as one of the most important linguistic mechanisms and since little study and research has been done on Iranian proverbs and dialects, the need for this research was doubled. The question in this study is what is the frequency and type of imaginary schemas used in Tehrani proverbs and are there any proverbs without mental schemas? The purpose of this research, which is descriptive-analytical and qualitative, is to investigate the schemas of metaphors in the body of Tehrani proverbs based on the Evans and Green’s schemas model (2006) according to cognitive semantics. The statistical population includes the book Ghand-o-Namak (all Tehrani proverbs), in the form of purposeful sampling and contains 2000 proverbs. The results indicate that general types of image schemas such as containment, path, directional and force schemas are found in Tehrani proverbs, but containment schemas have the highest frequency compared to other schemas. Which is due to the urban lifestyle in the formation of this type of mental schemas and its metaphors.

Image schemas are among the subjects of investigation in cognitive semantics. The analysis of this cognitive device in narrative texts help us discovering the ideas and ideologies of the author from its language. Therefore, the present study intends to examine the image schemas of the field of emotions in the novel "Tales of Yusuf Tadres" by Adel Esmat, the Egyptian author, based on the views proposed by Lakoff and Johnson. To do so, the image schemas underlying 10 emotion concepts were extracted from the novel of Yousef Tadres Then, they were categorised and analysed in three schema s categories of containment, movement and quantity. The results showed that although the novel is composed of short but related stories, expressing the emotions of the narrator is the common element in all. The narrator tried to make the emotions more tangible and concrete and in doing so image schemas are beneficial cognitive and linguistic devices.

Cognitive linguistics has received increased attention among scholars for three decades. According to this approach, mind structures play an important role in interacting with the world. And systemizing, process and transmission of data are the duty of language. In this regard, metaphor and mental images are known as important systematic categories of language. Metaphor is not only known as an aesthetical factor but also defined as a meta-linguistic tool shaping the conceptual system of mindset and guiding human thought, attitude and language. Evans and Green introduce the Image schemas as a part of "conceptual structure". Thus, defining metaphor and counting the differences of traditional and modern views, I would discuss the Image schemas and review the Image schemas of "the world" in sermons and short sayings of Nahj al-Balāghahin terms of cognitive semantics. Moreover, the inquiry relies on Evans and Greenchr('39')s model of Image schemas. Studying the schemas presented in this model, I come to the conclusion that there are various schemas in the context of sermons and short sayings of Nahj al-Balāghah namely: path, control, force, unity, spatial, balance, consistency, and existence schema. Among all, path schemas have a high quantity and the schemas mostly used to address the material world.

Image schemas, first proposed by Mark Johnson, are among the most important infrastructures of cognitive semantics. Schemas evolve around the physicality of abstract concepts, and this process of materialization leads to the conceptual complexity of the system of mind. Diverse visual schemas are the most important linguistic tools for drawing, objectifying, and highlighting the mental concept raḥma as one of the most repetitive mental concept in the Qur’an, which has found tangible capabilities during materialization. The present descriptive-analytical research studied the concept of raḥma drawing on Mark Johnson's view. The results show that the mental concept raḥma has a wide range of meanings and refers to rain, forgiveness, paradise, the mission of prophecy, the religion of Islam, rewards, the Qur’an, and material and spiritual blessings. The Almighty God sometimes bestows special favors on sincere servants through His infinite container of mercy. On the other hand, raḥma, as the content of this  container, walks downhill from the sky and ascends to the earth. God's special mercy is His potential ability and, like a physical body, can exercise power in such a way that it guides the believers or prevents them from the torments of hell.