جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Victimization » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Today, within the scope of protective victimology, we are witnessing the specialization of supports aimed at victims, such that vulnerable victims, as a particular spectrum of victims who deserve assistance and support appropriate to their vulnerability, have garnered specific attention in protective victimology. Therefore, it can be said that disabled victims, as a type of vulnerable victims, have special conditions. This is because their disability not only provides a suitable context for them to be at risk of victimization and creates a suitable readiness for the commission of crime by the offender, but also with the occurrence of victimization, they suffer an additional type of harm by experiencing victimization. The findings of this article indicate that in the Iranian legal system, various situational, social, and participatory prevention measures for the victimization of disabled individuals are included in different laws. The data and information have been examined using library and field methods, followed by their description and analysis.

Bullying is a widespread and serious problem in the field of psycho-social health that affects people of different age groups in different cultures. So far, various interventions have been presented to deal with this social pathology.

The current study aimed to conduct a systematic review of interventions addressing both traditional and cyber forms of bullying and victimization within Iran's general populace.

Adhering to PRISMA, this systematic review canvassed clinical trials on bullying published in online databases (Magiran, Noormags, SID) from 2003 to 2024. Searches employed a combination of terms including "Bullying, "harassment, "cyberbullying, "traditional bullying, " and "cyber harassment". Out of 403 articles published, 90 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed based on general characteristics, sample group, follow-up duration, research design, outcomes, and intervention types.

Analysis revealed a predominant concentration on traditional bullying, with comparatively less attention given to interventions for cyber bullying or victimization. The study identified that all interventions were cross-sectional, centering on data from self-assessment reports. A majority of these interventions targeted adolescents, particularly high school students. Furthermore, life skills training and emotion regulation-based interventions emerged as the most prevalent and widely implemented strategies for addressing bullying across various age groups.

Overall, the findings highlight the imperative for longitudinal research and the development of bullying prevention programs, with a particular focus on cyberbullying and victimization among university student and young child demographics, as well as in diverse settings such as the workplace. The study also advocates for the utilization of varied data collection methodologies to more precisely comprehend and effectively address the bullying phenomenon.

The causes of injury to queer people and its prevention are important issues that have not been discussed much. The purpose of this article is to examine this important question, what are the criminological causes of victimization of queer people and what are the criminal prevention strategies for the victimization of people with specific sexual-gender characteristics (queer)? The current article is descriptive and analytical and has been investigated using the library method. The findings indicate that the reasons for the victimization of People with specific sexual-gender characteristics (queer) can be explained based on the theory of rational choice, the theory of daily activities and lifestyle, the theory of victimization, the theory of acceleration of victimization, and stimulation by the victim. In addition, the delinquency of this spectrum has not been the concern of legal and judicial officials. Regarding the coercive and repressive approach, the legislator has tried to apply deterrent and preventive policies by appointing punitive and punitive punishments and policies of neutralization and sometimes elimination. However, in this type of policy, no distinction has been made between the acts committed by these groups due to genetic disorder or deviation.

Crimes against chastity can be divided into two categories: "sexual" and "non-sexual" crimes; In the crimes against sexual chastity, despite the strictness of the substance, which has been applied through criminalization and multiple and aggravated punishments, the legislator has meant a special order and conditions different from the prosecution of other crimes from a formal point of view. This "differentiation" of criminal prosecution in this range of crimes has originated under certain expediency considerations, including preventing the spread of prostitution and the principle of victimization. The present study tries to evaluate the different methods of dealing with crimes against sexual chastity in the current legal and judicial situation with descriptive and analytical method and by using library resources and to discuss and investigate the most important challenges and obstacles of this handling process. If the legislator, by clarifying Article 102 of the Criminal Procedure Law, for the first time in Iran's criminal legislation periods, placed the principle on the prohibition of "prosecution" of crimes against chastity (sexual) and summarized the cases of prescribing prosecution only in four special and exceptional cases, but this method In practice, problems and challenges such as ambiguity in the concept and examples of the two terms "plaintiff" and "public" in crimes against chastity, the difficulty of conducting preliminary investigations by the court, the challenges of proving evidence for crimes against chastity, the unfamiliarity of criminal justice system activists including bailiffs with Different methods of dealing with crimes against chastity and their perpetrators have followed.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of school connectedness in relationship between social-emotional learning and bullying victimization. This study was a correlational descriptive one. Its statistical population included all boy and girl high school students in Khaf in the academic year 2021-2022, among whom 364 individuals (190 girls-174 boys) were finally selected by Random cluster sampling method. Social-Emotional Learning Scale (CASEL, 2008), School Connection Scale (Brown and Evans, 2002), and Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale (Maynard and Joseph, 2000) were used to collect data. The structural equation modeling method was used by AMOS software version 24. The results showed that social-emotional learning had a direct and significant effect on school connectedness and victimization. School connectedness also had a direct and significant effect on victimization and mediates the relationship between social-emotional learning and victimization; in a way that social-emotional learning while creating desirable environments and effective relationships, reduces the victimization of students through improving school connectedness. It is suggested that to reduce victimizatio, school-oriented social-emotional learning programs should be developed by the planners and administrators of education to improve effective social skills in students and strengthen the school connectedness in the students at the same time, and can decrease the victimization.

Adolescents are particularly susceptible to suicidal tendencies. Suicide, the tragic outcome of a process that commences with suicidal thoughts, is a serious concern. Studies indicate that approximately one-third of individuals, who contemplate suicide, will eventually make an attempt on their own lives. Suicidal ideation is a significant predictor for suicide attempts. Various empirical studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between cyberbullying victimization and suicidal behavior. Typically, cyber stalking victims are young with college students being at a heightened risk. This study aimed to investigate the impact of cyber victimization as a stressor on suicidal ideation. To accomplish this objective, the research drew upon two theoretical frameworks: theory of Cohen and Felson's Routine Activities and theory of Robert Agnew's General Strain. According to Cohen and Felson's theory, the presence of three elements—target attractiveness, proximity to motivated offenders, and absence of capable guardians—contributes to criminal behavior and delinquency (in this case, cyber victimization). This theory was employed to explore the factors underlying cyber victimization. Furthermore, Agnew's strain theory posits that cyber victimization serves as a source of strain, leading to the development of negative emotions in individuals. According to this theory, the emergence of negative emotions can precipitate deviant behaviors, such as suicidal ideation and suicide.

This study employed a cross-sectional survey as its research method, utilizing a questionnaire to gather data. The research population comprised all students enrolled at Mazandaran University during the years of 1400-1401. A total of 426 questionnaires were collected and after excluding incomplete or unreliable responses, 400 questionnaires were subjected to analysis. The sampling technique employed in this research was stratified random sampling proportionate to the population size and categorized by gender. The data were analyzed using mean comparison tests and multiple regression with the assistance of SPSS software.

In line with the theory of Routine Activities, criminal incidents occur when three elements converge in time and space: a motivated offender encountering a suitable target in the absence of a capable guardian. Consequently, victimization is elucidated by the convergence of suitability and access to a motivated offender in the absence of a capable protector. The research findings demonstrated that the presence of online target attractiveness, online proximity to motivated offenders, and absence of capable guardians contribute to an escalation in cyber victimization. According to the theory of General Strain, cyber victimization as a source of strain induces negative emotions in individuals. This theory posits that suicide is influenced by an individual's level of strain and his/her capacity to manage it through lawful means. The research results indicated that cyber victimization has a detrimental impact on negative emotions. Furthermore, the findings confirmed that negative emotions have a direct correlation with students' suicidal ideation. Agnew contended that men are more inclined than women to respond to strain with criminal or delinquent behavior. Conversely, women are more prone to exhibit self-destructive behavior in response to strain. The study's results aligned with this assertion, revealing that girls experiencing negative emotions are more likely to have suicidal ideation compared to boys experiencing similar emotions.

fear of being victimized or feeling of social insecurity, due to the social concerns of the individual or society regarding being victimized or threatened by insecure factors. The main aim of the research is to study the sociological relationship between lifestyle and fear of victimization (feeling of social insecurity) among women in Zanjan city.

The method of the current research is a (quantitative) survey, the tool is a questionnaire. The sample size is equal to 384 people selected using Cochran's formula and randomly distributed cluster sampling, and the reliability of the indicators is estimated to be above 0.7.

The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between religious (0.415), traditional (-0.226), modern (0.308), sports (-0.315) and risky (0.562) lifestyles with the fear of victimization. Finally, the regression model indicates that the adjusted coefficient of determination is equal to 0.214.

According to the results of the research, lifestyle plays an important role in people's feelings of restlessness, anxiety, and worry about the environment in which they live. Based on this, it is necessary to improve the lifestyle (from the perspective of social welfare), promote the native lifestyle (Islamic, compatible with social norms) and confront the prevalence of lifestyle (unhealthy, dangerous, abnormal and incompatible with the society's culture) to reduce the fear of victimization. .

Statement of the problem: 

since children and teenagers can be the audience of the legislator, they have the possibility of entering the field of criminal law regarding delinquency, and in terms of special physical and emotional conditions;  They are exposed to all kinds of injuries, especially physical, sexual and mental.  Regardless of the mentioned conditions, some children and teenagers are more exposed to delinquency and victimization due to dangerous situations, and if these conditions are not resolved, they will fall into the trap of delinquency or victimization in the near future.  This category is referred to as "children at risk" in the criminal law of children and teenagers, Since children and teenagers can be the audience of the legislator, they have the possibility to enter the field of criminal law regarding delinquency. They are in terms of special physical and emotional conditions;  They are exposed to all kinds of victimizations, especially physical, sexual and mental.Regardless of the mentioned conditions, some children and teenagers are more exposed to delinquency and victimization due to dangerous situations, and if these conditions are not resolved, they will fall into the trap of delinquency or victimization in the near future.  This category is referred to as "children at risk" in the criminal law of children and teenagers.In the meantime, growth-oriented prevention is one of the sub-branches of social prevention, with a little tolerance and a more general look focused on the types of children mentioned above.  This type of prevention, with its intervention, on the one hand, prevents children from delinquency and victimization, and on the other hand, it prevents delinquency from becoming chronic and the continuation of victimization in them. One of these intervention programs, considering the capacity of Iranian stories in the field of growth-oriented prevention, can be "story therapy" or "story-based programs", in order to prevent the formation and continuation of delinquency and victimization of children and adolescents.In this way, the upcoming article aims to examine the most important stories in the book of ancient Iranian legends, written by Fazlollah Mohtadi "Sobhi", and clarify their capabilities and functions in the field of prevention. Also, following the investigation of the level of attention of Iranian policymakers to this capability in the field of prevention, it will also pay attention.

The approach and method used in this article is based on the "content analysis" method.  The meaning of this method in the field of human sciences is to know the relationship between the sentences and to look at the whole text in order to know the main messages hidden in it.  In other words, in this method, their hidden and underlying meanings can be understood from the appearance of the words in the writings.

The findings of the present research show the high capacity of Iranian stories to be used in the field of preventing children and teenagers from delinquency and victimization, because children have long been the main audience of legends and stories.  By indirectly responding to children's needs and questions and making their imagination fertile, stories are known as the main source of teaching the most important human, moral, social, legal, cultural, etc. points for children and teenagers.If stories are used correctly, children and teenagers can be taught many tips to prevent delinquency and victimization.  In this case, both during childhood and adulthood, stories have a preventive function.  Such an issue shows itself in the field of delinquency by focusing on teaching social values ​​and beliefs, recognizing needs and managing them, and empowering individuals and society through stories.In the field of victimization, stories can increase general and specific awareness and teach effective skills in their audience, and thus be effective in preventing victimization.  Despite such wide capabilities in the field of action, educational actors such as education and the center for intellectual development of children and adolescents and culture-creating actors such as radio and television have neglected this issue and limited the implemented programs, and the only creative approach of some people  is showing.  Therefore, the lack of proper attention of the policy makers of the Islamic Republic of Iran to this preventive capacity in the field of action in an organized and scientific manner deserves serious criticism.

Authors Contributions:

 Dr. Amin Jafari, as the first author, designed the general framework and ideation for the purpose of writing and revising the article, and Ali Moulabigi, as the responsible author, collected the content, analyzed the content, submitted and edited the research.  The results and findings of the recent research have been discussed by the authors and the final version is approved by both authors.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of emotion regulation training on aggression, bullying, and victimization of female students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This experimental research used a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all female students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder referred to counseling centers in District 3 of Tabriz. Participants were selected through convenience sampling and divided into two groups of 15 students each. Both experimental and control groups took the pretest; then, the experimental group received an intervention in the form of eight sessions of emotion regulation training. The post-test was given to both groups, and the follow-up stage was conducted with a two-month interval for both experimental and control groups. The Aggression Questionnaire, and Peer Interactions in Primary School (PIPS) Questionnaire were used to collect data. The results showed a significant decrease in the mean scores of aggression, bullying, and victimization in the post-test stage in the experimental group. However, the changes in aggression, bullying, and victimization variables did not change significantly from the post-test to the follow-up stage. Therefore, it can be concluded that counselors cand use this intervention to prevent and reduce aggressive behaviors, bullying and victimization in this group of peope.

Background and

fear of being victimized or feeling of social insecurity, due to the social concerns of the individual or society regarding being victimized or threatened by insecure factors. The main aim of the research is to study the sociological relationship between lifestyle and fear of victimization (feeling of social insecurity) among women in Zanjan city.

The method of the current research is a (quantitative) survey, the tool is a questionnaire. The sample size is equal to 384 people selected using Cochran's formula and randomly distributed cluster sampling, and the reliability of the indicators is estimated to be above 0.7.

The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between religious (0.415), traditional (-0.226), modern (0.308), sports (-0.315) and risky (0.562) lifestyles with the fear of victimization. Finally, the regression model indicates that the adjusted coefficient of determination is equal to 0.214.

According to the results of the research, lifestyle plays an important role in people's feelings of restlessness, anxiety, and worry about the environment in which they live. Based on this, it is necessary to improve the lifestyle (from the perspective of social welfare), promote the native lifestyle (Islamic, compatible with social norms) and confront the prevalence of lifestyle (unhealthy, dangerous, abnormal and incompatible with the society's culture) to reduce the fear of victimization. .

The increasing growth and transformation of crimes that can be committed in cyberspace and the spread of negative and harmful consequences resulting from them cause physical, psychological, social, moral and economic harm to children and teenagers. Therefore, in addition to the substantive and procedural laws and regulations that have been established to protect all victims, it is necessary to stablish special laws by considering the special conditions of children and teenagers victims to support them. The purpose of this article is to investigate the innovations of legal materials and the possibility of their extension to the field of victimization of children in the cyberspace as well as discovering the shortcomings and offering suggestions in this field.

The present research has been done using descriptive-analytical method and library resources.

Although the legislator of Iran, under the influence of the criminological teachings of children and teenagers and the awareness of their special conditions, support them with the "Law on the Protection of Children and Teenagers", provided protections such as explaining the dangerous situation of a child or teenager, establishing a children and teenagers protection office and imposing duties for institutions such as Welfare Organization, police force, Prisons and Security and Corrective Measures Organization, Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Health and Medical Education and benefit from welfare social worker, but their special support in cyberspace has been neglected.

The criminal system needs to take measures in order to protect children against threats caused by cyberspace in two levels of preventing harm against children and teenagers and support them after being victimized.

Criminal laws and regulations criminalize only a part of harmful behaviors. If the study of crime is limited to behaviors that are considered crimes or violations according to laws and regulations, In that case, certain types of harms will become the "Off Limits" of criminal policy. However, many behaviors that are equally or even more harmful and are committed by powerful offenders are beyond the control of the criminal law. The interaction of Corporations and States has led to the emergence of a new type of crime called "State-Corporate Crime". Today this criminal partnership has led to the global climate crisis. While the harmfulness of anti-climatic behavior is very severe and at the level of "Catastrophe"; acts and omissions such as non-adherence to climate agreements and emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), which also occur "continuously" are not criminalized in domestic and international laws. By introducing the concept of "Climate Crime" as a library study, the present work sought to answer the central question that: According to what indicators climate crime is recognized? And how criminal policymakers can identify anti-climate behaviors as crime? What criteria should be followed to identify anti-climatic behaviors and criminalize them? According to the  research findings, by putting "Harm" as the center of this crime and classifying it based on the severity and occurrence of climatic harms, these harmful behaviors can be identified as a crime. The victims of this crime are countries, islands, humans, the environment, animals, etc. Therefore, climate victims are clarified in the light of the "Harm-Oriented" index and the range of climate victims is developed with a focus of "Ecological Justice".

In the feminist debate, the criminal justice system is considered as a failed model for the advocacy responses to victim women due to the domination of the masculine approach and lack of enough necessary attention to the concerns and traits of women. First, restorative justice which itself is the result of victim movements and feminist criminology seems to be in the same direction with the values of the women's rights movement by empowering women and creating an interactive and flexible environment between the offender, victim, and civil society.

By the documentary method, this study answers how much restorative justice programs conform principles and values of the movement of feminism and, on the contrary, what critics have feminism brought to restorative justice practices. From the perspective of feminism, restorative justice has acted more appropriately to the victimization of women in family violence compared to the criminal justice system.

Even though some of the criticisms come from the lack of correct implementation of restorative justice programs, but also feminist challenges of restorative practices regarding the victimization of women in family violence are serious. The most important challenges to restorative justice are: lack of enough attention to victim women's safety in restorative practices, imbalance of power, pressure on victim women and threat them, insist on forgiveness and forcing women to take part in restorative programs, or affecting the process by the offender, tolerance with the offender and lack of adequate accountability and so lack of general and specific deterrence, strengthen the cultural norms of male domination.

The experience of being victimized during childhood and adolescence is one of the factors that can have such an impact on the victimized child and adolescent that can be considered the reason for turning to delinquency in adulthood. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effective factors in preventing the victimization of children and adolescents in cyberspace.

In terms of its objectives, this study is of an applied research type and in terms of research method, it is a survey study. The statistical population was the parents of children who were victimized in cyberspace, school administrators and teachers who had the experience of encountering children and adolescents who were victimized in cyberspace; 384 people formed the statistical sample. The sampling method has been done as a snowball. The reliability of the questionnaires was obtained using Cronbach's alpha of 0.94. The face validity of the questionnaire was checked by professors, specialists, and experts, and it was confirmed after content corrections were applied. The data was analyzed using the one-sample t-test and regression analysis and SPSS software.

The findings of the research have shown that the mean scores of the two variables of "the role of family and school" in preventing child and adolescent victimization were higher than the mean. Using the equation of the regression line, the role of family and school in preventing the victimization of children and adolescents in cyberspace was compared. The correlation coefficient between growth-oriented prevention and the role of school and family in prevention was 0.898, which shows a very strong and direct correlation between the variables. Due to the directness of the relationship, with the increase in the amount of family and school prevention, the amount of developmental prevention increases.

The results indicate that the role of the family is greater than the role of the school in preventing the victimization of children and adolescents in cyberspace through attention and supervision of children's activities.

The phenomenon of juvenile delinquency is one of the most important challenges in societies that imposes destructive effects on the family and society. On the other hand, the media play a very effective role in reducing or increasing crime in society. The purpose of this study is to explain the impact of mass media on juvenile delinquent behaviors.

This research was done using the descriptive-analytical method in the way of library study.

The findings indicate that the mass media can not be considered as a direct cause of crime. But it can be said that these media outlets bring out the potential of children's criminal talents. Meanwhile, video and virtual media are effective in juvenile delinquency through the display of violence and unhealthy and perverted communication.

The results show that the impact of each mass media in reducing or increasing juvenile delinquency is variable. Before the creation and entry of satellites and cyberspace into the lives of citizens, television had a great impact on reducing and increasing juvenile delinquency. Of course, in Iran, due to the government's control and control over the content of television programs, this media has taken more steps to reduce juvenile delinquency. In contrast, media such as satellite and networks related to virtual space, due to the lack of a regular legislative framework and lack of adequate control and monitoring of their content has had a great impact on the growth of juvenile delinquency.

Bullying is one of the most common problems among teenagers, which is recently considered by researchers in the fields of psychology and even criminology as cyber bullying. The purpose of this study was to cyber bullying-victimization model: The effect of social competence and perceived social support with mediating role of anger in adolescents.

The descriptive- correlation method was used. The statistical population of this study was all high school students in Tehran in the academic year 1399-1400. In this study, according to convenience sampling method (online method), 500 students by formula Kline were selected as samples and they were asked to cyber-bullying/victimization experiences questionnaire of Antoniadou and et al (2016), adolescent multidimensional social competence - questionnaire of Gómez-Ortiz and et al (2017), multidimensional perceived social support scale of Zimet and et al (1988) and children’s inventory of anger of Nelson and Finch (2000). Data were analyzed using SPSS and Amos 24 software.

The results showed that there was a negative relationship between social competence and perceived social support wiht cyber bullying-victimization. In addition, there was a positive and significant relationship between anger with cyber bullying-victimization. Findings from path analysis also showed that anger mediates in relationship in social competence and perceived social support wiht cyber bullying-victimization

Based on the findings of this study, it is suggested that in order to prevent cyber-bullying in adolescents, they should be trained in social competence, social support and anger management to reduce the problems caused by cyber-bullying in them

Victimization of citizens of a society is one of the key and fundamental issues in criminology and its great importance in this knowledge Because victimization, despite the security problems in the society, also affects the private life of individuals, to the extent that it causes serious damages to citizens, such as loss of property, psychological trauma, risk of death and etc. Therefore, in any society, especially in Kabul, Afghanistan, the rate and affecting factors of the victimization must be carefully analyzed.

This research has been used as a survey and Pearson correlation type. Its statistical population is all residents of the 13th district of Kabul city.Among them, 285 people were interviewed by multi-stage cluster sampling and also, the main variable and the dependent variables were measured by multiple choice Likert scale.

The findings and results indicate that during the last five years, more than 75% of the respondents and more than 80% of their friends and family members have been victimized, as well as the total average of the probability of victimization in The next ten years is announced 3.41 from (minimum 1 and maximum 5).Women from (minimum 1 and maximum 2) with an average of 1.38 were more victims than men with an average of 1.24. There was also a positive and significant relationship between the victimization variable and other variables.

Parental fear of children's victimization has always been a major issue in human societies; however, few studies have attempted to examine it in Afghanistan. This survey was conducted in 2021 using simple multistage sampling. The findings suggested a very low, medium and high fear of children's victimization among 16.7, 14.1 and 68.9% of parents. A medium to high level of fear of children's victimization among parents was 83% which is quite high. Inferential findings suggested no significant relationship between parental fear of children's victimization and "ethnicity, home ownership status and subcultural diversity"; however, a significant relationship was found between other variables. The regression results showed that the "level of education, social disorganization and local connection" describe a percentage of parental fear of children's victimization.