جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "گردشگری" در نشریات گروه "علوم پایه"

Naseri Fence, which played a role in the past as an important and influential part of the city of Tehran, has now faced various problems, including degradation of living and environmental qualities. On the other hand, this area can be considered as an unchallengeable historical and historic city of Tehran, which hundreds of buildings and historical space that attracts tourists, which will further increase the importance of this part of the city of Tehran. The aim of this study is to Recognition the effects of tourism development on improving the quality of life of individuals.

The research method is a survey and data gathering tool for questionnaires are interviews, field observations and for analyze the data has been used to ANP of this research. The statistical population of this research is the Naseri Fence of Tehran, which includes the 12th district and part of the 11th area. Using Cochran formula and spatial cluster sampling, with a 97% Approximate allocation of 375 samples is selected.

The research findings show that the presence of tourists in the region is affected by economic prosperity, improving environmental quality, reducing pollution and increasing health, expanding residents' communication, access to public transport and cultural promotion.

all of which are influenced by the development of tourism industry. Be So, in the current period, planning for tourism development is very necessary.

Nowadays, tourism has become an all-encompassing aspect as a driver of economic and social development. Creative tourism has a fundamental role in the strategic plans of tourism in Iran, by crystallizing the cultural values of the land according to the many subcultures in Iran.The change in tourism trends and the importance of meaningful experiences for tourists, attention to the effective factors of optimal utilization of existing capacities and the role of creativity in the success of tourism businesses shows the necessity of research in the field of creative tourism.Incorporating creative and innovative strategies while anticipating emerging tourism trends helps identify the most reliable paths for future development.  . The main goal of creative tourism is to provide favorable experiences for tourists through active participation in courses and learning experiences. Therefore, the purpose of the current research was to evaluate the internal and external strategic factors and determine the appropriate strategy for the development of creative tourism in Zahedan.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and its type is applied-developmental. The information has been collected in two ways: documents and surveys (questionnaires and interviews). The statistical population includes 300,000 citizens of Zahedan city, of which 383 people were selected as the statistical sample of the research, based on Cochran's formula, and the resulting data were analyzed using SOWT and QSPM models.

According to the results of the SOWT technique, the overall strategy for the development of creative tourism in Zahedan was defensive (WT), with a final weight of 7.98. The results of the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) also showed that out of the four strategies of WT Group, priority is given to the strategy of "creating cultural and artistic places  to supply creative cultural products" (with an attractive score of 11.966).

In order to realize creative tourism in the studied area, in accordance with the findings of the research, suggestions such as creative marketing through information and communication technology, training of local industries and productions, holding a festival of local dialects, training in sewing local and indigenous  clothes as well as cooking local dishes at the provincial and national level, etc., are presented by using the methods of creating partnership between tourists and the environment.

The growth and development of the tourism industry, especially in the case of developing countries that face many problems such as high unemployment rate, lack of or limited foreign exchange resources and single product economy, is of considerable importance. The understanding of the communities in this case that the tourism industry is considered a desirable and stable source of foreign exchange income has caused tourism to achieve a very wide meaning and concept in various economic and social dimensions and is considered as an important industry. In many parts of the world, natural beauty and attractiveness are the primary and basic reasons for attracting tourists and developing the tourism industry (Nad Alipour, 2015: 6). In case of the presence of the causal conditions resulting from the theory in the positive experimental examples and its absence in the negative examples, this research will enable us to generalize the results to the research theory and strengthen the reliability of the theory according to the alignment with the experimental examples. . According to the definition of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), tourist refers to people who travel to a country other than their country of residence and pursue a goal other than what they have in their own country (Abdini and Ranjbari, 2015: 15). , those activities of people who travel to places and places outside their residence and work for the purpose of recreation, rest and doing other things and do not stay there for more than one consecutive year are referred to as tourism

In this comparative research, a combined approach was used. The strategy adopted in this study is the simultaneous hybrid method in which quantitative and qualitative data were converged and integrated in order to comprehensively analyze the research problem. In this research, the researcher tried to collect both quantitative and qualitative data at the same time and then integrate the information in the interpretation of the final results (Creswell, 2009). In the comparative-quantitative approach, the case-oriented fuzzy logic approach was adopted. This study was conducted among 82 countries. In terms of time, the current study is cross-sectional and includes data between 2011-2016. The second approach is the comparative-qualitative case-oriented approach, which is based on multiple case studies based on the logic of repetition. On the one hand, this type of research design is similar to an analytical comparison that uses the double agreement method, that is, the agreement and difference method, that is, the comparison of two sets of positive and negative cases (Newman, 1991: 421). On the other hand, according to the mentioned plan, not only induction logic has been used, but according to the theoretical model of the research, attention has also been paid to predicting the results in "multiple conflicting situations". Hence, the repetition of items used is almost similar to that used in multiple experiments (Robert Yin, 2003: 47).The research sample of this study includes a set of countries that are considered rich in terms of tourism potential, but in practice some of them have been successful and some have been unsuccessful. The set of positive cases includes 8 countries, all of which are among the first eight countries in attracting foreign tourists. In contrast to the 8 negative countries, there are cases that, despite their rich cultural and historical heritage and many natural attractions, are not as successful in attracting foreign tourists as they should be. In order for the theory to have an acceptable analytical generalization capability, the selection of the cases under study was done based on targeted theoretical sampling. With this account, if the theoretical prediction matches the results of the set of positive cases (so-called real repetition) and the results of the set of negative cases (so-called theoretical repetition), then the experimental findings confirm the theoretical model of the research and the results of the research can be at least compared to similar cases. It generalizes (Chalbi and Abbasi, 2014: 52).In this method, each of the conditions for attracting foreign tourists using Boolean algebra based on the calibration technique and determining the criteria of membership, non-membership and the intersection point in the total of successful and unsuccessful cases as a suitable comparative and analytical method, in relation to the result placed and after calculating the inverse causality in connection with the occurrence of a single result, in the final analysis by combining the theoretical conditions, the inverse causality of tourist attraction was tested at the macro level. An attempt was made to standardize the scales and determine the cut-off points for these 16 countries by using external criteria, especially the specialized knowledge and experience of key informants. The criteria for selecting countries was based on the success rate in attracting tourists and the ranking of countries in having natural and historical heritage and natural attractions. The 8 countries in the set of positives are all ranked 1st to 8th for attracting tourists, with the exception of Thailand, all of them also benefit from cultural and natural attractions. In contrast to the 8 countries in the set of negative cases, there are cases that are not very successful in attracting tourists despite their rich cultural heritage and natural attractions.

In general, this research aimed to answer this question in the form of sociological analysis, in general, what factors in the form of a combined causality cause the strong or weak performance of countries in attracting foreign tourists. For this purpose, the researchers tried to integrate and converge the results of quantitative and qualitative methods by presenting a combined theory and using a combined method (quantitative and qualitative). An attempt was made to collect both quantitative and qualitative data at the same time and integrate them in the interpretation of the final results. In the quantitative comparative approach, the results of inverse and combined causality showed that among the many causal paths, only two causal paths were of theoretical and empirical importance, which are sufficient conditions to explain the non-occurrence of the event (tourist attraction). These two paths include the conditions of political, cultural and social globalization, rule of law, competitiveness in infrastructure, social security, democracy and cultural and natural attractiveness as sufficient conditions. In the qualitative comparative approach, the final equation of the research showed that the attraction of foreign tourists is realized in the conditions where the conditions of social security, social capital, competitiveness, cultural, social and political globalization are present in the society, and in the absence of these variables, it cannot be expected to attract foreign tourists. The empirical examples of this claim are some unsuccessful countries in which the above combined conditions were not present. The most important theoretical and methodological achievement of this research was confirming the theory in a few limited cases and generalizing it to similar results, as well as repeating the results using two different quantitative and qualitative methods, which shows the validity of the results and the reliability of the measurement tools. From a theoretical point of view, it can be boldly said that the research theory in connection with these experimental examples has a higher capacity or potential power, and with the development of the results of this study within the theory, this theory has high reliability due to the alignment of external examples with it. Also, the beauty and innovation of this research is that it tried to present a unified model and showed its experimental examples in large and small Ns (quantitative and qualitative comparative methods). So that there was no example, the empirical contradiction of this theoretical claim.What are important are the combination of variables and the construction of sufficient causal combinations that lead to the occurrence of the desired event. Without an effective and durable relationship with the world system, especially from two political, social and cultural dimensions, it is not possible to have a share of its material and spiritual gifts in the field of tourism industry. There is no country that does not have a networked and overlapping connection with the world system, and at the same time has been successful in attracting foreign tourists. Therefore, globalization significantly increases tourism opportunities. It also increases the global competition of the tourist destination at the international level. At the level of the internal structure of tourism, it is linked with economic, social and political justice, and the general efficiency of societies plays an essential role in this. The social system must have the necessary efficiency in various economic, political, social and cultural fields. To organize the tourism industry, it is an undeniable necessity to protect the rights and safety of tourists, which is related to the responsibility of the government at the macro level. Competitiveness in the field of public goods (including public infrastructure) are among the factors that should be considered in this connection.

Weak interaction among students and lack of motivation has led educational institutions to seek solutions to enhance learning and motivation. Based on this premise, the present study aims to investigate the role of gamification and tourism as effective tools and strategies in learning. Given the nature of the topic and the research objective, the dominant research method is descriptive-analytical. Data and necessary information have been collected through archival sources, consulting journals and books related to the subject. The results indicate that gamification encourages active participation of students in educational processes and activities, enhancing the educational outcome compared to traditional methods. Additionally, student learning through travel and tourism can lead to broadening their perspectives on the world and acquiring general life skills, mathematics, map reading, and other cultural values. In this regard, incorporating gamification programs into tourism also engages students' five senses, creates memorable experiences, and consequently improves learning. Therefore, considering that both gamification and tourism have significant positive effects on learning and expanding students' horizons, using gamified educational content in student trips and field visits can effectively advance educational goals. Hence, stakeholders should design and develop relevant educational games and pay attention to producing suitable educational content alongside recreational trips.

Various sciences, especially humanities and social sciences, have continually encountered methodological shifts in recent decades. Periodically, we await new methodologies in various research endeavors. In this regard, the current research aims to introduce the method of conducting and writing autonetnography and its applications. Given that the autonetnography research method is relatively novel in Iran and has not received attention in the field of tourism studies, it appears to be a valuable and enticing research area for future researchers. Autonetnography is an approach within netnography that emphasizes the role of the netnographer's own online experiences in research. It enables researchers to reflect on their online experiences to obtain insights into the experiences, cultures, and intentions of online users. Although some researchers criticize the independent use of the autonetnography method in research, supporters of this method believe that if autonetnography is incorporated into other research projects, such as ethnography or netnography, it can achieve a better balance and be more effective.

In order to develop knowledge about the consequences of perceived greenwashing in the tourism industry, the present study aims to investigate the effect of this phenomenon by tourists on achieving green marketing goals (improving green trust in the brand, green word-of-mouth advertising, green brand image, green ethical commitment, green behavioral tendencies, green satisfaction, green purchasing behavior, green loyalty, and perceived green quality) in eco-lodges. Partial least squares structural equations were used to analyze the data. A statistical sample was selected by a simple random method from the tourists visiting eco-lodges in Isfahan province. The findings showed that perceived greenwashing has the most negative effect on green satisfaction, perceived green quality, green brand image, green brand trust, green word-of-mouth advertising, green ethical commitment, green loyalty, behavioral tendencies, and green purchasing behavior. Therefore, it is expected that along with supporting green tourism businesses and encouraging the adoption of sustainable practices, the issue of greenwashing will be increasingly monitored and legislated. It is also essential that eco-resorts consider the compliance of their performance and environmental commitments beyond a mere regulation and consider the impact of their environmental liability on various aspects of marketing. In order to achieve their marketing goals, review their environmental commitments, identify the existing perceptual and functional gaps and the causes of their occurrence, and take the necessary measures to eliminate them.

To assess thermal comfort of residences, several different factors as meteorological, physiological, and socio-cultural, should be considered. The integrated effect of these variables on thermal stress can be obtained and evaluated using thermal comfort indices. Thermal comfort as a bio-meteorological index is of special importance. The purpose of this research is to analyze the seasonality and trend of heat stress in Iran in the period from 1981 to 2020. In this research, the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) index as a common thermal index was evaluated for outdoor thermal comfort, using ERA5 dataset. ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis data for the global climate and weather for the past 4 to 7 decades. The ERA5 provides hourly estimates for a large number of atmospheric, ocean-wave, and land-surface quantities. An uncertainty estimate is evaluated by an underlying 10-member ensemble at three-hour intervals. Such uncertainty estimates are closely related to the information content of the available observing system which has improved considerably over time. They also indicate flow-dependent sensitive areas (Hersbach et al., 2020). Also, root mean square error (RMSE), Percent bias (PBIAS), Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE), and Root Mean Standard Deviation Ratio (RSR) metrics were used to evaluate the quality of ERA5 dataset.The seasonal variability of the UTCI index shows that this index has significant regional heterogeneity in Iran. The increase in UTCI from the north to the south of Iran leads to an increase in thermal stress. The spatial distribution of areas that do not have thermal stress during the hot period of the year are mainly consistent with the altitudes. During the cold seasons of the year, areas with elevations of more than 3,000 meters in Iran have moderate cold stress. The investigation of the trend of thermal stress during the last four decades, which was analyzed with the modified Mann-Kendall test, shows that the UTCI in Iran has a dominant increasing trend. The UTCI index shows an increasing trend in the spring and autumn seasons by 100%, and in the winter and summer seasons at 99.83 and 99.75% of the country, respectively. The maximum significant increasing trend of the index at the level of 0.05 was achieved in the spring. In the same way, the highest value of Sen's slope estimator test of the area-averaged trend is also seen with the value of 0.52 oC in this season in the study period. The results of this study for climatology and the trend of the UTCI index in Iran show that: 1- There is a close relationship between heat and cold stresses in Iran and topography, but this relationship is not a linear; 2- Along with global warming, the UTCI index in Iran during the years 1981-2020 has shown an increasing trend; 3- In general, areas with UTCI cold stress in the country are decreasing and areas with heat stress are increasing; 4- One of the key findings in this study is the significant increase in trend of the UTCI index in the spring season.

The contrast of the organization's environmental performance with the green image presented is an example of greenwashing. Greenwashing in eco-lodges (which were created with the aim of developing sustainable tourism), has wide consequences for the environment, industry, tourists and other stakeholders. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the factors affecting greenwashing in these eco-lodges in order to control the problem. According to previous research, factors affecting can be divided greenwashing into three categories: 1. Causal factors (motivation to take advantage of the short-term benefits of green including image improvement, increasing market share, attracting capital, winning the trust of stakeholders, economic efficiency and competitive advantage); 2. Background (weakness of the internal environment (individual psychological triggers), the weakness of environmental knowledge) and the weakness of the external environment (weakness of informing relevant departments, the weakness of supervision)); 3. The moderator (tourist's environmental feedback); But due to the limited resources, in order to plan more precisely and control greenwashing, a quantitative test of these relationships is necessary. Therefore, in the current research, the effect of the mentioned factors on greenwashing in the eco-lodges of Isfahan Province was tested.

The research has a comparative approach, practical orientation, philosophical foundations of positivism, quantitative methodology and survey strategy. Data collection was done in the field and through a closed questionnaire. The formal and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts. Internal and external validity, and reliability (Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability and factor loadings) of the measuring instrument were also calculated and confirmed. Sampling was also done by a simple random method from the statistical population of managers of eco-lodges in Isfahan Province and the data was analyzed using partial least squares structural equations.

The findings of the research showed that background factors have a direct positive effect and environmental feedback has a direct and indirect negative effect (due to background factors) on greenwashing, but the effect of causal factors and the moderating effect of environmental feedback (on the effect of causal factors on greenwashing) is not significant. Therefore, it is necessary to try to receive environmental feedback from guest tourists in eco-lodges. It is also recommended that tourism planners and officials focus on reducing background weaknesses. In this regard, the following solutions can be fruitful: increasing supervision, improving information and training of managers of eco-lodges regarding issues such as environmental considerations, the consequences of failure in this field and its effect on the long-term success of the eco-lodge in attracting tourists.

The findings of the research showed the fact that eco-lodges do not practice greenwashing in order to take advantage of the green benefits, but the underlying weaknesses make them negligent in fulfilling their environmental obligations. On the other hand, more feedback from tourists makes relevant agencies and environmental activists more aware, as well as managers of eco-lodges, and this sensitivity leads to improving performance and reducing background weaknesses and greenwashing. Therefore, according to the results of the research, we provided some practical suggestions to the officials and planners of the industry. The main axes of these suggestions are: increasing the awareness of the managers of eco-lodges, increasing the environmental monitoring of the activities of these accommodations, encouraging and reminding about the environmental sustainability of eco-lodges, and focusing on strengthening the environmental feedback of tourists (through encouraging sharing of opinions, rating the green performance of accommodation and adjusting demand again based on environmental performance).

Today, the tourism industry, as one of the most important and profitable industries in the world, accounts for a huge part of the foreign exchange earnings of the countries, and in addition to creating jobs, it earns foreign currency, provides peace, fair distribution of wealth, and exchange of cultures. But despite the many benefits that can be attributed to tourism, if proper planning is not done in this field, the development of tourism will cause negative environmental, cultural, social and economic effects. For example, the negative effects in the economic sphere are the increase in property taxes, the cost of goods and services, and the price of land. The negative social effects are increased traffic congestion, crime and other social problems. Negative cultural effects are destructive effects on traditional cultures, and finally, negative environmental effects are increased air pollution, reduced natural resources, and pressure on wildlife. These negative effects and problems usually arise when development (tourism) is carried out in a hurry and the life cycle of the product or the environment is not considered. Due to the emergence of such issues in the environment sector, governments have given increasing importance to environmental issues and have become stricter in environmental regulations, which has caused more and more companies to include environmental protection as part of their corporate social responsibility, which directly causes the formation of a new concept. It is called "Green Corporate Social Responsibility".Based on this and since there was no research on the effect of the green corporate social responsibility on the sustainable development of tourism, it is expected that the results of the present research will increase theat tention of tourism companies to the concept of green social responsibility and lead to the sustainable development of tourism. along with maintaining the health of the environment and local culture of tourist destinations.Based on this, the main question of the current research is whether the green corporate social responsibility has a significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism?

The purpose of this study was to explain the effect of green corporate social responsibility on the sustainable development of tourism in Ardabil province. Ardabil province with the capital of Ardabil city is one of the northwestern provinces of Iran. This province is bordered by Republic of Azerbaijan from the north, East Azerbaijan province from the west, Gilan province from the east, and Zanjan province from the south. One of the characteristics of this province is the pleasant and cool weather of this region in spring and summer. Other cities of this province include Ardabil, Beilehsavar, Parsabad, Sareyn, Nir, Khalkhal, Meshgin shahr and Namin. The type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of the nature of method. The statistical population of the study was the employees of service organizations related to tourism in Ardabil province. Simple random sampling method was used for sampling and Krejcie & Morgan table was used to select the sample size. Considering the existence of about 315 hotels, guesthouses and apartment hotels in the province, which have a total of about 3500 employees, the sample size was 346 people. Collection of required data using two standard questionnaires, effective factors in the development of tourism in the region and corporate environmental responsibility questionnaire was performed and all questions are graded on a five-point Likert scale (from 1 = completely disagree to 5 = completely agree). Validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis and reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling approach using SPSS 26 and SmartPLS 3 software.

The research results indicate that the green corporate social responsibility variable explains the tourism variance. Since the path coefficient of the effect of the green corporate social responsibility variable on tourism has been calculated equal to 0.181 and considering that the t-value is equal to 3.012 and it is significant at the 0.05 level, with 95% confidence It can be said that the green corporate social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism, and if the green social responsibility is strengthened in companies and organizations related to tourism, tourism will also develop. Therefore, considering that t-value is greater than 1.96 at the 95% confidence level, the green corporate social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism.

According to the presented results, it can be said that the green corporate social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism. Therefore, if companies, organizations and businesses related to tourism, such as hotels, travel agencies and tourism transport companies, etc., fulfill their green social responsibility, in such a way that they use sustainable and renewable energy sources in their activities, materials use recyclables in their products and packaging and be committed to protecting the environment, while they can help improve their company's image and attract more customers (tourists) to them (especially customers who are in favor of protecting the environment), finally, in this way, they can contribute to the sustainable development of tourism in a region and prevent the negative effects of tourism, such as air and environmental pollution, destructive effects on local culture, etc. Based on this, practical suggestions are presented as follows:- In the first place, the culture of implementing green social responsibility should be institutionalized in companies and organizations related to tourism.
- Tourist transportation companies should modernize their vehicles or use clean fuels in their vehicles.
- Travel agencies and tours use renewable and recyclable materials in their products and packaging.
- Increase the use of clean energy such as solar and wind energy in the tourism industry (however, this requires huge government investment).
Finally, it should be mentioned that one of the limitations of this research was the lack of a similar research on the impact of the green corporate social responsibility on the sustainable development of tourism, as a result of which it was not possible to compare the results of the current research with previous researches.

Coastal areas are one of the busiest and most touristy areas, the design and beautification of the landscape is very important, but what is important is to improve safety and security against all kinds of accidents, in other words, to make it resilient.

The main purpose of this research is to design the coastal landscape of Salmanshahr with the aim of promoting resilience, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method and field studies. The statistical population consists of all factors involved with the range, including residents, tourists and experts, of which 100 people have been selected as a statistical sample. Data analysis was performed using T-statistic analysis, regression analysis and SWOT-QSPM analysis.

The results showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between landscape design and resilience promotion in the range. In addition, the findings indicate that there are many problems in the field of landscape and resilience in the area.

Organizing and designing the landscape of Salmanshahr beach with resilience can lead to the growth and development of tourism in the area.

Currently, Iran has not been very successful in exploiting this advantage due to various reasons due to the great potential of tourism development. The type of attitude towards tourism, inappropriate tourism policies, negative advertisements of Iran's enemies, and lack of attention to tourism welfare services are among the main obstacles to the lack of tourism development, and in this research, one of these factors is the role of tourism policies in Iran. Iran's place in the geopolitical territory of Shamat has been analyzed in promoting the position of diplomacy.
Material and This research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical and applied (practical) method of exploratory research. The statistical population of the research consists of all experts in the fields of tourism and geopolitics, whose sample size was estimated to be 35 people based on Cochran's model.
The present research using mean test, binomial test and Pearson's correlation coefficient in spss software to evaluate the variables of the success rate of tourism in the Islamic Republic of Iran, evaluate the tourism policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the relationship between tourism policy and the success rate of tourism diplomacy. The Islamic Republic of Iran is in the geopolitical territory of Shamat.
Discussion and The results showed that tourism policies in Iran have a very weak relationship with structural and agency factors, tourism policies have no relationship with process factors, and these policies have an average relationship with contextual factors.

Todays, tourism is one of the significant components of economic and social development in many regions in the world. Despite of high diversity of natural and cultural resources, Iran doesn’t find its real rule in indoor and inbound tourism. Sepidan County in Fars province is not excluded from this fact. Therefore, the present study conducted to investigate the human factors affecting tourism in this city.

In this research, affective human internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) on tourism in this region were provided on the basis of framework of SWOT method. These affective factors were questioned from experts in Likert scale. These answers were analyzed by structural equation modeling- partial least square (SEM- PLS) to survey rule of opportunities and threats on strengths and weaknesses of tourism.

In according to results, 50 percent of changes in strengths were determined by other factors and 30 percent of tourism weaknesses by opportunities and threats. In the model, rule of external opportunities factor on internal strength factor was positive and significance (p < 0.01), also the effect of external threats factor on internal weaknesses factor was positive and significance (p < 0.05) and there weren’t significant path between other factors in this model.

Tourism in studied area according to the significant effects of external factors on internal factors is in aggressive and defensive positions. Using the new statistical methods like Partial least squares (PLS)‎ helps to determine strategies for the future and guide direction of management actions with more evidence.

In the present paper the effect of factors such as the time of the year and the season, on the number of domestic and foreign tourists visiting the Sultaniyeh Dome in the Zanjan province located in the north east of Iran from 2004 to 2015 are fit in the form of regression equations The Sultaniyeh Dome that is located in the Zanjan province is the 3rd highest dome of the world with the height of 48.5 meters. The data used in this study is related to 30684 foreign and 1455619 domestic tourists collected by Zanjan Province's Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts Organization in Iran. The surveyed data in this study involves 30684 foreign tourist and 1455619 domestic tourists that were collected by the Zanjan Province's Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts of tourism Organization. Fitting of the data to regression equations was carried out by using the SAS 2014 (Statistical Analysis System) on an IBM PC. Estimation of the annual and seasonal trend of the number of tourists was done by using the coefficient of determination of the number of tourists. The results of the study showed that the average trend of the number of foreign tourists is 269+63 and its growth has a coefficient of determination of 0.64 (p<0.05).‌

‌‌Today, livability has been proposed as one of the appropriate solutions to achieve urban development and ultimately a basis for achieving sustainability. One of the topics that urban livability can affect is urban tourism. Ardabil, as a study sample of this research, is one of the cities with high tourism potential. For this reason, the main goal of this research is to measure the livability and sustainable tourism of Ardabil city and the relationship between them. In this regard, this research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. The required data was collected by means of a researcher's questionnaire tool and through 385 citizens and 100 tourists. For data analysis, one-sample T, independent T, and Pearson correlation tests were used in SPSS software. The findings of the research have shown that the livability of Ardabil city and its tourism are average. In terms of dimensions, the economic dimension is in a worse condition than the social, physical and environmental dimensions, and that there is a meaningful, consistent and strong relationship between livability and sustainable tourism, that is, with the development and improvement of the condition of the component. With sustainable tourism, the city of Ardabil will become more sustainable and vice versa.

Competitiveness can predict the economic viability of destination tourism and can be measured by calculating the rate of loss or gain of employment and revenue opportunities for the destination. Competition in tourism is a factor that makes the destination attractive to the tourist and promotes culture, economy, environmental resources in the destination (Armenska, 2011). Increasing investment in tourism destinations has led to increasing global competition for the number of incoming tourists, and as a result, tourism destinations offer different tourism services (Reisinger et al, 2019). The more the country's economy depends on tourism for its development. , Show more effort to improve the competitiveness of their goals. Thus, the impact of competitiveness on the performance of destinations is growing according to global economic trends (Dwyer, 2015). There are many forces and factors that affect the competitiveness of tourism destinations and the identification of these factors is the subject of this study. It is not possible to improve the competitiveness of a destination until the strengths, weaknesses, and priorities of a destination are identified, understood, and measured. Competitiveness is essential to the success of a destination and to ensuring its prosperity. Therefore, it is very important that the destination is aware of what needs to be done to increase its competitiveness. The competitiveness of a tourist destination is very important to achieve the desired position in the international tourism market and maintain a competitive advantage. Managing a tourist destination will not be possible without knowing the situation, phenomena and categories in which it is involved. A tourist destination must be familiar with the global definition of competitiveness and understand the models and factors of competitiveness. This has made measuring the competitiveness of the world's tourism destinations for policy-making and decision-making for future actions an important part of the tourism industry. Geotourism is often referred to as a form of nature-based tourism that focuses primarily on a geographical system (Gray, 2011).

In the present study, the capabilities of the Comansco method, Paolova method and Hadzik model have been used to investigate the extent of tourism potential and its impact on the economy of Ardabil province using the Comansco model, Hadzik model, Paolov model. One of the strengths of the Comansco method compared to other models related to the evaluation of geomorphosites for tourism, in addition to the newness of the model, is the large number of sub-criteria involved for each of the effective criteria. Unlike other similar methods in which the weight of none of the aspects of tourism is less or more than the other, because there is no specific reason for the importance of one over the other in determining the tourism potential of a geomorphic place, in this model the difference between geomorphosites Each other is identified in each of the criteria, and cases with defects and the need for reinforcement are identified and the necessary solutions are provided. The Comansco method is based on 5 values (scientific, aesthetic, cultural, economic and managerial). The maximum score that each of the sub-criteria can achieve is given against each sub-criterion (Table 1). The score of each value is based on several sub-criteria and is averaged. After identifying the geotourism attractions of the study area, to identify the characteristics of these attractions for each of them, a geomorphological location identification card was prepared based on the Comansco method. In the next step, the questionnaires were distributed among two groups of local geomorphologists and local residents. The questionnaires were completed using professors, PhD and senior geomorphology students and local people. After completing the questionnaires, the average of each value was measured for each geomorphosite and finally the results obtained from these cards were used for interpretation (Figure 2). Also in this research, to identify the studied areas, 1: 50,000 topographic maps, 1: 100,000 geological maps, as well as GIS software have been used. Field study This research was conducted in the field and a questionnaire was completed in June 1401. The selection of the study areas is due to the fact that the selected areas have tourist characteristics and are also among the index areas in the region. The study method is descriptive, analytical, comparative and the model for assessing the potential of tourism in the region is the Hadzic model and Pavolova model to analyze the competitiveness of tourist areas. In the Hadzik model, both the opinion of travelers visiting the area and the opinion of experts in evaluating the geotourism potential are taken into account. Data collection tools are also based on a questionnaire and the number of experts and tourists has been determined using a simple random sampling method and Cochran's formula. The statistical population in this study is travelers and experts who have traveled to the study areas of tourism, which for each study area was collected using a questionnaire of 50 tourists and 30 experts. A total of 240 questionnaires were completed for the three study areas.

Geomorphosites have two main values, scientific (reconstruction of some elements of ancient geography) and added value (cultural, historical, ecological, economic and aesthetic) (Reynard, 2005: 181). In this study, the overall importance and value of each geomorphosite was determined and calculated based on questionnaires prepared according to the Comansco method. The questionnaires were completed by two groups of local people and students of indigenous geomorphology of the region, whose averages are shown in Table 4. According to the calculations, the highest total value related to Sarein tourist city was 0.72 and the lowest total value related to Hir tourist city was 0.65. (Table 4). Among each of the values, aesthetic value has the highest score and cultural value has the lowest values, which should be considered in the management and organization of tourism in these areas. The highest and lowest aesthetic values are related to Sarein (20/50) and Meshkinshahr (10/25), respectively. In scientific value, Sarein and Hir, with 17.25 and 11.25, respectively, have the highest and lowest scores among tourist cities to attract tourists. The highest value in cultural value was 11.5 for Meshkinshahr and the lowest value was 7.25 for Hir. The highest economic value for Sarein was 17.75, which plays an active role in generating income for the people of the region, and the lowest value for Hir was 13.75, which may be due to lack of necessary infrastructure. In the managerial value section of Sarein and Meshkinshahr, 16.50 and 14.5 were ranked first and second, respectively (Figure 2). According to the results of Table 4, Sarein with a total value of 0.72 has gained the most tourism points. This city has a very excellent capacity for development in the tourism industry and economic development of Ardabil province, and due to having numerous hydrotherapy every year, it has witnessed a very high potential for attracting tourism. According to the results obtained from field studies and using a questionnaire, one of the negative factors reducing the competitiveness of Meshkinshahr geotourist areas in terms of lack of professionals and deficit of financial resources with a value of 8.33 is the highest score in terms of poor tourist attraction. And reducing the level of competitiveness among geotourist areas in Ardabil province, in other words, this area due to the lack of professionals and lack of financial resources has not yet been able to identify itself as a tourist area among other tourist areas and in terms of competitiveness. Located on the lower levels. Also, Sarein region, although it has developed in terms of tourism, but in terms of financial resources deficit with the amount of 7.33 has unfavorable conditions to compete with other tourist areas. In general, one of the biggest weaknesses of Sarein region is to develop and compete with other tourist areas (Table 8).

The tourism industry with its special characteristics is considered a dynamic industry with a bright future. Therefore, based on the results, it should be noted that Sarein tourist city using models to assess the potential of tourism and its impact on the economy of Ardabil province has a higher capability than other tourist areas studied. Therefore, it can significantly increase the economy of Ardabil province in terms of tourism, development and progress, and lead to job creation for the city and the province.

Tourism is one of the vital industries in many countries. Besides its advantages, tourism has some disadvantages due to its considerable role in the emission of pollutants, such as CO2. Many studies have been conducted on the negative consequences of tourism, while there are few studies on carbon management and subsequent issues. The main purpose of this study was to monitor the carbon footprint of tourism, considering it an effective approach to Controlling Environmental hazards and preservation of a sustainable environment. The extant study was conducted using a mixed-method of exploratory-sequential approach within two qualitative and quantitative phases. As the case study, Payam International Airport providing travel and tourism services since 2018. In this research, the relevant variables were identified and defined by using the environment input-output model then three fundamental information categories were introduced. Finally, Structure Decomposition Analysis (SDA) (the decomposition caused by high temperature) was used to measure respective indicators. The results showed the ascending trend of carbon footprint in Payam International Airport over recent years. The outcome of the present paper was monitoring carbon footprint in tourism, serving as an initial task in carbon management in tourism and an effective approach to Controlling Environmental hazards and preservation of sustainable environment. Such crucial results can identify the gaps and chasms in this context and reveal the main bottlenecks of CO2 emission. Related decisions in this area can prioritize the protection of the environment and the control of hazards and environmental pollution.

Over the past decades, food tourism has become as a dominant trend in global traveler’s interest. More than one-third of tourism expenditures are spent on food. Previous research has confirmed that food and dining are major elements considered by tourists when traveling and choosing destinations. Food is a major component of a travel experience, and it is a part of travel activities. Tourists eat the local cuisine in a tourism destination to fulfil their travel experiences. Travelers acquire new knowledge and understanding of the traditional local and regional culture of a destination, which are valuable in relation to destination image and future tourist intention. Accordingly, several tourism destinations have emphasized food activities and created gastronomic/culinary experiences to attract international visitors. Therfor this study was conducted with the general aim of preferences and behavioral intention of rural tourists to use local food in Iranian rural areas.

The statistical population of the study was all wolves in rural areas of Shushtar County. Using Krejcie and Morgan table, 400 of them were randomly selected for the study. The main research tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and combined reliability. Data analysis was performed by SPSS and Smart Pls software. Results and DiscussionFindings showed that all the characteristics of local food (cultural and local experience, menu and atmosphere (atmosphere), staff service (behavioral culture), main food quality, money value, product attractiveness, staff skills in cooking, package Classification, part, tradition and originality) have a positive and significant effect on tourists' satisfaction at the level of 99%. In addition, the results showed that the satisfaction of food tourists has a significant role in creating a positive attitude and attachment to local food. The results also show that attitudes and attachments to local food can explain more than 60% of tourists' behavioral tendencies.

The results of this study showed that the theory used in this study was very effective because it explains more than 60% of the desires of tourists. In addition, all the hypotheses of the research were confirmed. In general, the results of this study can help policy makers and rural development program to develop local food tourism to reduce migration and increase economic prosperity in the region.

Gahar Lake with an area of 59111 square kilometers, is located in the southeast of Doroud and in the protected mountains of Oshterankuh in Lorestan Province with an altitude of 2350 meters above sea level. The lake is composed of two parts, a large area (Kale Gahar) and a small area (Kore Gahar). The annual rainfall of the region is about 933 mm, which is mostly in the form of snowfall. Snow plays the role of a natural reservoir in the Oshterankuh area and is important in supplying water to the lake. Being located between Oshterankuh Mountains and Protected areas has created rare environments for biodiversity. Accordingly, it is one of the hotspots of speciation and shelter of endemic plants in the country, which needs to be seriously considered and supported at the national level. Based on the results of this research, Gahar Lake Basin is facing serious threats, including the limitation of the lake’s capacity in the number of tourists, irresponsible tourism, picking the beautiful and endemic species of the region, the risk of lowering water level of the lake, and construction. Also, the lake is faced with garbage and waste from tourists. It is noteworthy that the natural resources and pristine environment of the region should not be sacrificed for the prosperity of tourism. The way that the authorities have pursued to promote tourism will only lead to the destruction of natural and biological reserves that have been handed down to us from generation to generation.

Nowadays, tourism, as one of the most dynamic industries in the world, is among the three employment-generating economic industries; one in 10 important jobs in the world has been related to the tourism industry. Over the past half century, this industry, with its exponential growth, has had a significant impact on the economic growth and dynamism and cultural exchanges of countries. As many experts have called the current century the century of tourism. The development of the tourism industry has brought many benefits to the host community, such as increasing employment, optimizing transportation, increasing residents' incomes, and protecting cultural heritage. However, overdevelopment of tourism has had negative effects such as degradation of the environment, resources, culture and society. In the meantime, one of the important negative effects of tourism development is in the environmental dimension. The relationship between tourism and the environment is a complex one, this phenomenon involves many activities that can have detrimental effects on the environment. These effects include water pollution from sewage, waste generation by tourists, environmental damage from land degradation, and air and noise pollution from airplanes and cars. Due to the importance of investigating the relationship between environmental indicators and tourism development, the purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental effects of tourism industry development in Tabriz metropolis. Tabriz metropolis with a variety of tourist attractions, religious attractions, historical attractions, military attractions, residential attractions and having a pleasant climate and favorable scenery, hot springs and mountains suitable for mountaineering and skiing (around the city), annually receives a large number Has been a tourist. In this regard, the study of environmental effects (positive and negative) resulting from tourism development and strategic planning in order to reduce the negative environmental effects is an inevitable necessity.

The research method in the present study is non-experimental in terms of the purpose and degree of control, and in terms of the method of data collection, field and in terms of generalizability, it is a survey type. Also, the prevailing approach in the present study is analytical-exploratory. The statistical population of the study consists of experts and elites in the field of tourism in Tabriz, which due to the uncertainty of the statistical population, 90 people have been determined as the sample size through the Cohen method and snowball sampling. In the present study, first by documenting and interviewing with a statistical sample, the environmental effects of tourism development are identified, then by questioning the sample size and using t-sample and Friedman tests and factor analysis model in SPSS software environment, the effectiveness of these factors has been reviewed. It is noteworthy that in order to determine the statistical sample size, Cohen's formula was used at a 95% confidence level.

Findings indicate that the most positive effects of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis belong to the variables of environmental improvement and natural landscapes, promoting sensitivity and awareness of ecological systems and increasing environmental awareness and improving environmental and ecological quality, respectively, the numerical average, they are 4.78, 4.25 and 3.78 and their average ratings are 14.49, 13.32 and 10.67. Also, the least positive effect was related to the variables of creating new patterns of energy supply by nature and giving importance to the local community to natural resources and protection of the urban environment. Also, according to the extracted results, it can be said that the negative environmental effects of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis can be classified into 4 main factors. In the first factor, the negative environmental effects of tourism development are loaded with 6 variables. This factor, called environmental degradation, is the most important negative environmental effect of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis, which with a special value of 7.567, explains 28.756% of the total variance. The highest factor load (0.981) in the first factor belongs to the variable of degradation of natural landscapes (due to excessive creation of accommodation and catering facilities). In the second factor, with a special value of 4.651, 5 variables are loaded. This factor explains 20.40% of the total variance and its most important variable is the increase of waste in the natural environment with a factor load of 0.891. According to the variables loaded in this factor, the name of this category can be named as increasing environmental pollution. The third factor, called the destruction of man-made landscapes, has three variables, with the highest factor (0.794) belonging to the variable of the disappearance of traditional architectural style due to the development of modern housing. This factor with a special value of 3.871 explains 14.661% of the variance. Finally, in the fourth factor or damage to ecosystems, which is loaded with 2 variables, the highest factor factor is related to the incidence and prevalence of new diseases (0.769). This factor explains 10.847 percent of the total variance and its specific value is 2.119.

One of the main topics discussed by experts is the application of the approach of environmental development and sustainable development. Today, the close relationship between tourism and the environment and the importance of the environmental planning approach and sustainable development planning have increased attention to these approaches. Tourism can have many positive and negative effects on the environment. Studies in this field have shown that the negative effects of tourism are much greater than its positive effects. The findings of the present study show similar results by examining the environmental effects of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis. Based on the results, it can be said that several negative environmental effects of tourism development in Tabriz metropolis have been shown, the most important of which are the destruction of natural landscapes, increased waste in the natural environment, uprooting plants and damage to vegetation, damage to ecosystems, extinction Traditional architectural style due to the development of modern housing and damage to buildings and monuments in the city. However, the development of tourism has also had positive environmental effects, the most important of which are the improvement of the environment and natural landscapes, the promotion of sensitivity and awareness of ecological systems and the increase of environmental awareness and the promotion of environmental and ecological quality.

In the flora of Iran, c. 15 percent of the Dionysia species are endemics in Fars and Kohgiluyeh va Boyer-Ahmad provinces. The IUCN Red List criteria, i.e., criteria B and C (geographic range and small population size, respectively) are used to evaluate the risk of extinction and necessary planning for the species protection. Moreover, the conservation status of the recently discovered Dionysia jamzadiae and D. splendens are discussed here. Our findings show all the species are Critically Endangered (CR). Some habitats of these plants have been destroyed or severely damaged as a result of the massive expansion of mines, construction of roads, and urbanization in mountainous regions. To protect these plants, their habitats must be designated as a protected area by the Forests and Rangelands and Watershed Management Organization of Iran.