جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « توسعه پایدار » در نشریات گروه « زمین شناسی »

Regional sustainable development is influenced by many variables, and institutional capacity is one of them. If institutions have significant capacity, development is more possible, that's why this subject has a special importance for study. However, there are fundamental challenges in using the institutional capacities, which, especially in developing countries, have endangered the goals of sustainable development more than before and should be discussed and investigated.

This research aims to answer two questions with a comparative study of Bojnord and Raz and Jorglan in North Khorasan province. 1- What is the level of institutional capacity in the study areas? 2- What is the relationship between institutional capacity and regional sustainable development? The statistical population of the research is at the level of institutional employees and civil society, from which 400 samples have been selected from each of them.

The results of the research based on the independent one-sample t-test show that according to the employees, the average of the institutional capacity components in Bojnord is equal to 2.63 and in Raz and Jorglan it is 2.44, which is lower than the average. According to the opinions of the civil society, institutional measures in line with the sustainable development of the region are 2/44 in Bojnord and 2/37 in Raz and Jorglan, which can confirm the obtained results with a 95% confidence level and realize the unfavorable performance of the institutions. Also, the results of Pearson's test show a positive and significant relationship between some research components. In Raz and Jarglan, as one of the most deprived areas of North Khorasan province, the situation is far more critical than in Pebjnoord as the capital of the province. Because, on the one hand, the institutional capacity is extremely low, and on the other hand, the performance of the institutions, in parallel with their capacity, has had very little effects on the process and institutionalization of sustainable development. Although this pattern is also true in Bojnord, but to some extent its situation is more hopeful and more favorable than Raz and Jarglan.

The results of this research are related to the study areas and its generalizability may not be confirmed in other regions of the country and the world because there is a big difference between the development process and the degree of development of societies as well as the executive systems of countries. Finally, executive proposals have been presented, such as "providing incentives for institutions to improve service delivery and more optimal and desirable functions."

Introduction and structure:

Today, urbanization has local and global environmental consequences, this is reflected in the light of good management and in the light of looking at human dignity. Researchers have two main interpretations of this concept. First, the analysis begins with the state-centered aspects, and second with the social aspects, which the second approach implies changes in the existing power relations and therefore in the position of the state in the decision-making process. This evolution in the field of management led to the introduction of a green management approach. The benefits of this management can be considered in three parts: environmental benefits, positive economic effects and social aspect.Achieving green government and green management depends on institutional bedrock. Such an issue requires theoretical cooperation on how the green government is formed. The Green City Index is a measure that compares cities based on eight dimensions of sustainable development. The performance reports of these green cities are submitted annually to the World Bank as well as to international organizations.

This research has been conducted at the neighborhood level to study the indicators of urban green management and its effectiveness in order to answer the two questions of study and analysis.The first is the status of green management indicators and the second is the indicators affecting green management in Tajrish neighborhood The conceptual model is considered using community-based thinking and green management approach with global indicators and also using variables such as freedom, civil institutions, rule of law and the creation of justice and equal opportunities. Due to the nature of the research, the methods of data collection are library and field. The indicators were developed and then the relationship between the indicators of urban green management from the perspective of neighborhood residents was analyzed. SPSS and PLS software were used to analyze the data.

The results of the analysis of the current situation of urban management in Tajrish neighborhood based on green management indicators, indicate the unfavorable situation of urban management. Findings indicate that the highest average is related to the economic index (3.10). In the meantime, it seems that this space can improve its performance according to the existing potentials and indicators including green jobs, green investment and green taxes. The Green Infrastructure Index with its items shows that it has an average economic function with the region and has more income and also has a good infrastructure compared to other indicators with an average (2.92) but is lower than the average. Indicators for measuring the green community (2.77) Due to its age, the existence of Imamzadeh Saleh and the reliance on the market of social participation and cohesion, it has near-average conditions., Green Justice (2.10), Green Energy (1.82) are in the next ranks, respectively. Which is not suitable, especially the green energy index and its main is the lack of education and information. Due to the strategic location in this neighborhood, attention to environmental issues and the need to reform the structure of management and planning, as well as policy-making for the development of the green city is reminded. Therefore, considering the average indicators of green management, it can be said that urban management is of low quality due to the situation and potentials in Tajrish neighborhood. The results also show that the green community index explains green infrastructure and green community more than other green management indicators. In terms of infrastructure and green economy, due to the favorable situation of the residents of the neighborhood, green management can be explained by planning and reforming the structure of urban management.

Think of urban management as a system The implementation of green management in this system requires a dissent, democracy and the rule of law under the supervision of civic institutions. Transformation requires reforming the urban management structure from the current situation with a green approach to sustainable development. The current situation of urban management in Tajrish neighborhood has not been implemented due to the needs of its residents, the environmental conditions in this neighborhood and the residents' polls prove this claim.

The increasing water resources demand for various purposes, such as agriculture, drinking and industry, has faced many difficulties and limitations in achieving programmable water. In recent years, inter-basin water transfer is inevitable due to an increase in population cities and inappropriate spatial water resources distribution and is regarding as one of solving ways of water shortage issues. Regarding the complexity of the inter-basin water transfer projects caused by various factors of getting involved such as environmental issues, right of water and water balance, social cautions and immigration, the decision-making about water transfer and inter-basin water transfer effects is very important. Despite the existence of various multivariate decision-making approaches, still these methods have not applied in an appropriate way in national executive and infrastructure projects like inter-basin water transfer. One of inter-basin water transfer infrastructure projects is water transfer from Charmahal_O-_Bakhtiari province to Iran central plateau called the Beheshtabad project. In the present research, 3 recommended options of the Beheshtabad water transfer project considering 14 quantity and quality criteria using pairwise comparisons questionnaires, expert knowledge was ranked using analytical heretical process method that is a multivariate decision-making approach and the best option was identified for water transfer. Results showed that current and capital cost criteria were identified as the most important criteria and reservoir geological issues criteria was identified the less important criterion. Also, the sensitivity analysis of studied criteria was assessed using a change in the weight of each criterion. The results of this study could present a simple way in order to mythological usage of inter-basin water transfer projects especially in some cases that there is no clear vision of hazards and consequences.

Awareness of the soil erosion risk in watersheds makes it possible to identify critical areas and prioritize management and conservation programs. Due to the lack of accurate and acceptable information about the small amount of soil erosion in watersheds, it is often necessary to estimate the sensitivity or potential of different areas of the watershed in terms of the severity of soil erosion. The use of new RS/GIS techniques along with modeling processes such as soil erosion accelerates the recognition, control and management of natural resources. Among the many methods for predicting erosion using RS/GIS, the ICONA model simulation results are widely accepted. The ICONA model is one of the simplest and most flexible qualitative methods for assessing erosion risk map. This model is an erosion risk assessment method that uses qualitative decision rules and hierarchical organization of the four main inputs. The erosion risk map prepared with the ICONA model can be used as a reliable framework for erosion risk assessment. This model with its flexibility can be used in decision making to solve the problems of soil erosion and degradation in specific conditions of each country or study area. The purpose of this study is to apply the ICONA qualitative model and the use of RS/GIS techniques to assess the potential for erosion risk in the Kasilian watershed (representing large areas of mountainous and forested parts of northern Alborz in Iran).

In this study, with the aim of investigating the risk of erosion and identifying areas sensitive to water erosion in the Kasilian watershed, remote sensing and GIS techniques were used in the framework of the ICONA model. The ICONA model consists of seven stages. This model starts with 4 layers of slope, geology, vegetation and land use and by preparing two layers of soil erodibility and soil protection maps, has identified and evaluated the potential for erosion risk in different land uses. Study area Kasilian watershed with an area of ​​6750 hectares in the geographical range of Alborz. It lies within the latitudes of 35° 58′ 45′′ to 36° 07′ 45′′ north, and longitudes of 53° 01′ 30′′ to 53° 17′ 30′ east and south of Savadkooh city. It is located in Mazandaran province. This area represents large areas of mountainous and forested parts of northern Alborz in Iran. Land use of Kasilian watershed mainly includes forests, pastures, agriculture, residential and rock outcrops.

Due to its morphological and topographic characteristics, Kasilian watershed is an area with high density and elongation with a large area of ​​very high slope class (20-35%), formations sensitive to water erosion (Shemshak formation), soil with heavy to semi texture heavy and hydrological group of soil is C. Therefore, erosion is predicted and observed in sensitive areas of the study area. Findings of the study in the area show that high vegetation has moderated the slope effect, in general, the highest level of erosion risk class is in the middle class. At the same time, the southern and higher parts of the forest lands of Kasilian watershed are in high risk of erosion due to reduced vegetation and slope. The findings also showed that the risk of erosion is very high in rangelands with high slope and low protection. The rock outcrop lands that exist in the upper elevations of the study area have a slope of more than 35%. These lands are in a very low erosion risk class. In fact, higher slopes can also provide a natural protection against soil erosion.

In total, 26.26% is in the medium erosion risk class, 25.44% in the low erosion risk class, 18.83% in the very low erosion risk class, 18.55% in the high erosion risk class and 10.92% is of very high erosion risk class. Rangelands and parts of agricultural lands rank first in the extent of the erosion risk class. The southern parts of the forest lands (with reduced vegetation cover) are in the high erosion risk class. This model can be used as a reliable framework for erosion risk assessment and can identify areas prone to erosion with a minimum parameter, cost and time reduction, accuracy and good flexibility.

Today, tourism has gained more and more importance as one of the rapidly growing economic sectors and it has become a fundamental source and driver of socio-economic development in many cities, both in developed and developing countries. Tourism allows sustainable employment and enhancement of the quality of life. However, Iranian cities have not yet succeeded in making use of the resources and potentials of tourism, in spite of all ancient heritage and numerous unique natural attractions. The present study aims to provide a pattern for tourism development and sustainability by using quantitative methods (T test, Friedman, binomial, Wilcoxon, Pearson, Path Analysis) as well as SWOT and QSPM techniques to evaluate factors affecting tourism in the city of Zirab, north of Iran (as a case study). In the next step the relationship between tourism with urban sustainability is analyzed.

Methods and Materials:

The research method is descriptive and analytical and in terms of purpose it is applied -developmental. The method of data collection is document study and field survey. We have used questionnaire, observation and experts’ views on tourism planning, through field surveys. In library studies, all the documents related to the subject of the research have been investigated. The data of the questionnaire was analyzed by SPSS software using T-test. Research indicators consist of economics, social, managerial-institutional and environmental dimensions.

Discussion and Conclusion:

The results show that the unique natural and social attractions and cultural traditions of Zirab and its location (this city is located in the tourism axis of Tehran – Mazandaran) are the most important positive factors (strengths and opportunities) affecting the tourism of this city. On the contrary, lack of integrated tourism management, changes in use of agricultural land due to the development of villa construction, poor marketing and advertising in the tourism sector, the risk of increasing natural hazards due to human intervention in nature, the prevalence of construction in pristine areas, increased traffic and contamination caused by passengers and the presence of strong regional rivals in the tourism sector are the most important negative factors affecting this city. In addition, analyses showed that although tourism had positive impacts on Zirab city in most management, physical and economic variables, it has caused major environmental problems such as change of use and increased pollution. Also, real estate prices have increased and since the physical development has occurred in this city as a result of the construction of villas in pristine areas, the historical and cultural heritage of the city has declined and traffic congestion has increased.

Considering the multidimensionality of these problems which are mostly derived from the current structural activities as well as the way tourism is developing, it is recommended that a link be established between ecotourism, structural elements of Zirab city and sustainable tourism development approach, which eventually lead to the urban sustainability. Within this linked network, tourism development can play a significant role in Zirab sustainability, since it is not a partial approach. Tourism is clearly linked to the place where it occurs and it will establish relationships with local resources, activities, products, corps and services. At the same time it will result in local people’s participation in both planning and development of tourism in Zirab City.

Nowadays, sustainable rural development has a particular place in the development policies of countries responding to the challenges of classical development approaches such as poverty, unemployment, inequality, and environmental degradation. To overcome the unsustainability, diversification of the rural economy, based on the discovery, creation, and use of opportunities in the non-agricultural economic sectors of these areas is emphasized. According to the vast human and natural potentials of villages, the development of sustainable tourism in rural spaces, known as sustainable rural tourism, is a relatively new and growing opportunity to inject sustainability into these areas. Recognizing and benefiting from these opportunities is dependent on empowered and risk-taking villager entrepreneurs who are familiar with market potentials and demands, marketing practices, business models, income generation, etc.Besides, an appropriate environment is essential to improve their entrepreneurial behavior and entrepreneurship in the field of rural tourism. In this respect, sustainable entrepreneurship, which emphasizes the simultaneous creation of economic, social and environmental values, is a key strategy to achieve sustainable development. Therefore, in an entrepreneurial and sustainable-oriented context, sustainable rural tourism is capable to promote sustainable rural development through creation of innovative business opportunities in various fields such as accommodation, tourism, food, handicrafts, etc. Based on the behavioral or environmental entrepreneurship theory, such a context is influenced by numerous economic, social, environmental, physical, and institutional factors that need to be identified and prioritized for effective policymaking. Therefore, the study seeks to find factors which are effective in rural tourism sustainable entrepreneurship in settlements of Goleyjan rural district.

This is a fundamental, descriptive-analytical article. Documentary and field study methods were used for data gathering. The research instruments were observation and questionnaire. The statistical population is all residents of Goleyjan rural district (24304 persons) and the sampling method is stratified random, based on proportional sampling per size. The number of the sample was calculated by Cochran’s formula (379 persons). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation and Kolmogorov-Smirnov, binomial and Kruskal–Wallis tests and IDW interpolation technique by SPSS and GIS software.
 

According to the results, the mean of the factors affecting sustainable rural tourism entrepreneurship development, including economic, physical, infrastructural, social, environmental and institutional were 3.55, 3.50, 3.48, 3.46 and 3.46, respectively. Also, the results of the binomial test (criterion mean = 3) showed that the majority of respondents (97%) expressed the importance of the mean of these factors to be above average. The priority of economic factors, as well as the importance of all other four factors (environmental, social, economic, and institutional) for the development of entrepreneurship in rural tourism, are in line with the research results of Raknoddin et al. (2014). The results of zoning the importance of these factors in Goleyjan indicate that the economic dimension was the most important in the village of Isardeh and the least important in Chalaasar. Other social, institutional, infrastructural, and environmental dimensions had the highest average in Agha Moghim Mahale Village. In general, the average importance of these dimensions in different villages were not the same. Finally, the average importance of these dimensions in different villages were not the same.

This study investigates to determine the factors affecting sustainable rural tourism entrepreneurship development and their priorities. Regarding the more important economic, social, environmental, physical, and institutional factors, the planning and action, according to spatial priorities is essential. Ignorance of any of them can slow down the process of developing sustainable entrepreneurship in the rural tourism sector of the study area. Given the importance and priority of the economic dimension, it is necessary to promote public and private sector investment, expand financial support, provide facilities and pay off loans with low-interest rates. Furthermore, regarding other factors, developing extensive education in sustainable entrepreneurship and tourism fields, providing entrepreneurial advice and up-to-date information in business to villagers, reducing the required steps for setting-up a business, developing information and communication infrastructure, banking and tourism services and infrastructures are important.

Since all mining projects are subjected to uncertainty, risk analysis of these projects is essential. It is also possible to know the exact amount of minable reserve, due to its location in the underground and the operating limitations, when the entire reserve is extracted. Therefore, the effective parameters in the technical and economic evaluation of mining projects are highly diverse and all of them are subject to wide variations with respect to the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of the data. This process is caused by causes beyond human control, and sometimes, no matter how much it costs, full information is not possible. Hence, in all mining projects, in calculating income and expenditure figures and therefore economic calculations, they have to take into account the margin of confidence and are required to calculate risk. It would make more logical to consider the probabilistic changes of effective parameters in the economic analysis of mining projects. And taking into account the least and most likely occurrence of each row. When one of the most important issues with uncertainty is the price of metal, then uncertainty in the ultimate pit limit determination is raised. Since metal price prediction is uncertain, chaos theory and fractal geometry can be used to predict metal price. In this study, chaos theory and fractal geometry have been used to estimate the metal price correctly, since the metal price changes follow fractal and chaotic behavior. Therefore, if a correct estimate of the metal price is obtained, the ultimate pit limit will be close to reality and based on that the optimal pit limit can be obtained, which according to the principles of sustainable development leads to the metal mining at a lower price and the ultimate pit limit is more sustainable and has better environmental protection.

To assess the capabilities of historical tourism and improve its performance, it is necessary to analyze the existing and potential capabilities of historical tourism and its role in sustainable rural development. Historical tourism sites require development of infrastructures and welfare and supportive services. The spatial effects of tourism and its environmental, ecological, social, economic, and physical consequences can either be positiveor negative.This affects the development of rural tourist destinations. This study ries to assess the effects of historical tourism capabilities in development of rural settlements. In this descriptive and analytical study, 319 households were randomly selected from12 rural settlements of Soltaniyeh area. The variables used to measure the level of development of rural settlements included 79 items in environmental, ecological, tourism resources, socio-economic and physical dimensions. In addition, the effective component was determined by 14 indicators. The results showed a significant positive relationship between indicators such as capabilities to attract tourists, and the capabilities to create catering units and welfare facilities with indicators of sustainable rural development in Soltaniyeh area. In contrast, the capability of creating tour groups and the capability of creating residential units and supportive services are not found o have a positive place in explaining of sustainable rural development of Soltaniyeh area. Therefore, promoting indicators of historical tourism capabilities components is essential to be considered by policy makers and tourism administrators as an effective strategyfor achieving the sustainable rural development goals.

At present unprecedented challenges in the field of human environmental faced. There is wide agreement that earth's ecosystem does not tolerate current levels of economic activity and consumer and the growing trend of it, and no longer able to sustainability. Because the pressure and load on nature are double . When the discussion of stability was raised, it spread among governments and planners around the world and great effort was done. Until the twentieth century was less discussion on urban sustainability and the urban was just raised form factor that contributes to the environment. Ecological footprint was an one of a theories that raised stability in urban and it′s support area. With the expansion of the concept of sustainable development at the international level, several quantitative and qualitative models was presented by scientists for the measurement of sustainable development in urban communities. One of the quantitative models in this way, is a method of ecological footprint, this model by transforming the need for resources and pollution to the need to compensate for it, provide an appropriate criteria for evaluation the effects of modern life. The main objective of this research is that measure Stability of Esfahan County by the ecological footprint method. And seeks to answer the question that: is the capacity (bio capacity) of Esfahan County able to respond the needs of its residents? In this study, we used the concepts of Sustainable development, sustainable city, urban sustainability, healthy town, green city, ecological footprint and the theory of sustainable development and related theories such as neo-classical economics, intergenerational equity, the balance of ingredients and… . This research is based on objective, one an applied research. And the nature and method is based on the analytic. Data requirements were gathered by using attributive data, Library data and web sites and by referring to the relevant organizations too. Then we have used the Ecological footprint method to measure the EF of Esfahan County. Ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It is a standardized measure of demand for natural capital that may be contrasted with the planet's ecological capacity for regeneration. It represents the amount of biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the resources a human population consumes, and to assimilate associated waste. Using this assessment, it is possible to estimate how much of the Earth it would take to support humanity if everybody followed a given lifestyle. Also we use GIS to analyze and display the data. twentieth century can be called the century of the environment, because other communities, instead of rapid development, calls attention to the consumption optimal material and stable development. Indeed, proponents of sustainable development in ways that humans without destroying its biological capacity caters humanitarian needs. Sustainable urban development is a phenomenon that has economic, social and environmental dimension. Sustainable city is a city that can meet the need of its residents in terms of income generation, employment and economic development and pay attention to the health of its residents in terms of environmental and has no problems in terms of air pollution, green spaces and recreation and spending leisure time and… . With the expansion of the concept of sustainable development at the international level, several quantitative and qualitative models was presented by scientists for the measurement of sustainable development in urban communities. One of the quantitative models in this way, Is a method of ecological footprint, this model by transforming the need for resources and pollution to the need to compensate for it, provide an appropriate criteria for evaluation the effects of modern life. Ecological footprint can be considered from two aspects sustainability index. It first calculates the ecological costs of all the goods and services provided to the population for human consumption. And then shows that people directly and indirectly provides the goods and services they need, from ground. Second, the ecological footprint introduced the idea of "capacity tolerance "or" carrying capacity ". Carrying capacity is "the maximum population the Earth can provide for their needs indefinitely". Ecological Footprint accounts allow governments to track a city or region’s demand on natural capital, and to compare this demand with the amount of natural capital actually available. The accounts also give governments the ability to answer more specific questions about the distribution of these demands within their economy. In other words, it gives them information about their resource metabolism. They also help assess the ecological capacity embodied in the imports upon which a region is dependent. This can shed light on the region’s constraints or future liabilities in comparison with other regions of the world, and identify opportunities to defend or improve the local quality of life. The main objective of this research is that measure Stability of Esfahan County by the ecological footprint method.

In last two decades because of relating the concept of social capital with fundamental social components including social Awareness, participation, trust, coherence and networks has emphasized to societies sustainable development especially rural communities. Therefore achieving to sustainable rural development, social capital is essential. So the main purpose of this study was based on explanation the role of social capital in sustainable rural settlements development. This is a survey research that uses descriptive-analytical methods and a questionnaire as research tool. The statistical population was included all heads of households in 83 villages of Bayzaa District of Sepidan county of Fars Province. Among these population 260 heads of households were selected by Cochran formula and using the multi-stage random sampling as statistical sample. The Mean, variance and standard deviation to be used to describe the data and to analyze them Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used. The findings revealed a significant relationship between the components of social capital and the sustainable rural settlements development at 99% level. Also social participation, trust, coherence and networks were determined as predictor elements and explained 40.3% of variance of sustainable rural settlement development.

Increasing urban population and followed by the physical development of cities, explain how to control the development of towns and cities need to plan for future development based on sustainable development principles. Nir city in Ardabil province was located in 39 km west of Ardabil capital. In this study, locations and directions for future development based on land use planning has been evaluated. Determining of suitable land for development of normal variables using hierarchical process (AHP) in GIS (GIS) was used. These variables include the slope, topography, lithology, distance to faults, underground water depth, land use and the landform. Finally, with extraction of units and environmental assessment based on ecological criteria,potential capability was estimated for development in the study area. The results of this study showed that the most suitable development sites in the study area are located to the south. The results of this study showed that the combination of analytic hierarchy process and the ability of GIS to develop a reliable method to determine a suitable location can be used by researchers.