جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "pistachio" در نشریات گروه "زیست شناسی"

In the present experiment, the effect of sodium chloride (0, 75 and 150 mM NaCl) and Urea (0, 60 and 120 mg/kg soil) on nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and accumulation of nitrate, total amino acids and some ions in the seedlings of pistachio (P. vera L. cv. ´´Badami Zarand´´) were studied. The results showed that application of 60 mg Urea per kg of soil in 0 and 75 mM sodium chloride treatments significantly increased the NRA in leaves (7.52 and 7.14 µ NO2-, respectively). In the seedlings treated with 75 mM sodium chloride, the total leaf amino acid content (AA) after application of Urea (120 mg/kg soil) increased significantly (22.91 µg. g FW), however, the AA in root of both salinity treatments (75 and 150 mM sodium chloride) was increased after application of 60 mg Urea per kg of soil. Application of 60 mg Urea per kg of soil resulted in a significant increase in the root/leaf ratio of the AA in 75 mM sodium chloride, but in 150 mM sodium chloride treatment, application of 120 mg Urea per kg of soil increased this proportion. Also, application of urea had a significant effect on nitrate accumulation in leaves and roots and root/leaf nitrate in pistachio seedlings that treated with 150 mM NaCl. The effect of sodium chloride or urea on Na+, K+ and Na+ concentration was significant. The results showed that application of urea under salt stress conditions improved some biochemical indices related to nitrogen metabolism in pistachio seedlings.

Common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae), is one of the most important pistachio orchards in Iran. It can cause irreparability damage to pistachio with sever feeding of phloem of leaves and buds. This research carried out to study direct effects of ethanolic extract of eshvarak and oleander on fifth nymphal instar. Bioassay test with direct spry method on nymphs was used to determination of mortality and LC50. Also, repellency percentage of adult insects was calculated with two plant extracts by Talukder and Howse formula. All experiments were done in completely randomized design. Based on the results, LC50 of oleander and eshvarak were 142 and 109 miligram per liter (ppm) respectively. The highest mortality of nymphs in concentration of 750 miligram per liter of oleander extract was 63.81±1.24% and in concentration of 600 miligram per liter of eshvarak extract was 71.62±1.24%. Moreover, the results showed the repellency percent of eshvarak more significantly affect than oleander in all concentrations. Repellency percent of adult psyllids affected in both concentration of 10000 ppm of eshvarak and oleander were 88.75±1.34% and 71.25±1.55 % respectively.

The use of chemical compounds to increase and maintain vegetative and reproductive growth in horticultural products has become common. Humic acid is an organic substance that stimulates growth due to the release of nutrients. In this study, the effect of humic acid with concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L in two stages 30 and 45 days after flowering, were sprayed on pistachio trees of Akbari cultivar. Then, characteristics such as leaf area, chlorophyll index, branch length and diameter of the current year, percentage of hollow, split rate, percentage of deformed fruits, fruit weight, cluster weight and number of fruits per cluster, and yield were studied. The results showed that the highest leaf area, length and branch diameter were related to pistachio trees with 100 mg /L humic acid in 30 days after full flowering stage. The lowest percentage of hollow was observed in fruits treated with humic acid 50 mg /L. The highest cluster weight and number of fruits per cluster was observed in trees treated with humic acid 100 mg /L. The highest cluster weight and number of fruits per cluster was observed in trees treated with humic acid 100 mg /L. Increased yield and fruit weight in both treatments were observed with increasing humic acid concentration up to 100 mg/L. The percentage of deformed fruits in control fruits increased in both stages of foliar application compared to fruits treated with humic acid.

Salicylic acid is a plant growth regulator that is involved in regulating physiological processes and the plants’ response to adverse biological conditions such as salinity. In the present study, an experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid, salinity, and the interaction of salicylic acid and salinity on morphological and biochemical parameters in pistachio. Salinity concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM and salicylic acid concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM were used in the form of foliar factorial application in a completely randomized design (CRD) under greenhouse condition in 2019. The results of this study showed that salinity reduced shoot and root growth and fresh and dry weights, as well as chlorophyll, carotenoid, and anthocyanin contents while in plants pre-treated with salicylic acid, the effects of salinity on these parameters were modified. Accordingly, it can be concluded that salicylic acid application protects the plant against salt stress.

The vascular system allows plants to rapidly transport water and nutrients over long distances between roots and other plant parts. It also provides mechanical support for the plant body. In this study, the effect of soil texture (light and heavy) and irrigation periods (24 and 48 days) were assayed on vascular transport defect of ovules and fruits blankness in two pistachio cultivars (Kalehghoochi and Ahmadaghae). Eight weeks after flowering, some branches were kept in disodium fluorescein solution. Then, the small fruits were sectioned by hand and studied with fluorescence microscopy for vascular defect. The rate of fruit blankness was determined at harvest time too. Overall levels of developed ovules (fruits) in each inflorescence as well as fruit blankness were studied. The fruits numbers were higher in shorter irrigation period (24 days) and heavy soil compared with longer irrigation period (48 days) and light soil. Also, the rate of vascular transport defect in ovules as well as fruit blankness were higher too. These results can be attributed to the higher number of fruits produced in high water availability and heavy soil, as optimal condition, and in results, their stronger competition for fruit filling. It was also shown that in comparison with Ahmadaghaee cultivar, the Kaleghoochi cultivar mostly through the vascular transport blocking in developing ovules (seeds) is resulted in blankness of fruits. Vascular transport defects can occur transiently and be repaired by the plant.

Common pistachio psylla (Agonoscena pistaciae ) is one of the most important pests of pistachio orchards in Semnan province (Damghan). This insect causes the considerable damage in the pistachio planting area. This study aims to study the collection and identification of biocontrol agents of the common pistachio psylla and determination of major species in pistachio orchards of Amirabad, Forat and Mehmandost areas of Damghan. Pistachio orchards were randomly selected, and sampling was monthly done, then the population of predators and parasitoids was estimated. This study's results indicated that among collected coccinellid, Oenopia conglobata contaminate and Hippodamia variegate species with %39 and %23 frequency were the most frequent predators. As well as Anthocoris minki pistaciae belongs to the subfamily of Anthocorinae is present on the pistachio trees. These bugs feed on pistachio psylla nymphs. These predators haven't high population density in pistachio orchards of Damghan region. Other predators were collected, such as Crysoperla carnea. Psyllaephagus pistaciae, which were collected from mummified common pistachio psylla, had medium population.

Due to the calcareous and high pH of the soil in most pistachio growing areas of Iran, the absorption of some elements such as iron and zinc from the soil by pistachio trees is difficult. Under these conditions, foliar application of nutrients is a better way to supply nutrients to deficient plants than to soil application. For this purpose, the efficiency of foliar application of different sources of iron along with zinc sulfate on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pistachio ‘Ahmad Aghaei’ was investigated in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experiment was carried out on 8-years old pistachio trees (cv. Ahmad Aghaei), which had been grafted on Fandoghi rootstock, at a commercial orchard in Pakdasht, Iran. Iron citrate (0.2 and 0.4%), iron sulfate (0.2 and 0.4%) or iron chelate (0.1 and 0.2%) in combination with zinc sulfate (0.1 and 0.2%) was carried out in early June and early July (at the filling stage). Pistachio fruits were picked up during the commercial harvest period, when the fruit reached a physiological maturity stage signalled by a reddish hull. The results of analysis of variance revealed that the effect of treatments on all studied traits was significant. The highest splitting rate (%) was obtained by iron citrate 0.4% + zinc sulfate 0.2%. The results of the Pearson correlation coefficients among the traits showed that there is a negative correlation between splitting rate (%) with small nut (%) and blankness (%) as well as a positive correlation with dry weight of 100 nuts, which shows that weight of nuts is the main cause of splitting rate. Foliar application of different sources of iron in combination with zinc sulfate led to a significant reduction in small nut (%) and blankness (%) so that the highest these two traits were related to control 1 (distilled water) and control 2 (common fertilization in the region). The fresh weight of 100 nuts from 140 g in control 1 reached to highest level (162.3 g) in iron citrate 0.4% + zincn sulfate 0.2%. The highest dry weight of 100 nuts was also related to this treatment. Foliar application of different sources of iron with zinc did not significantly increase total chlorophyll compared to controls. According to this study, in pistachio orchard with sandy loam soil in Pakdasht region, spraying of trees with different sources of iron (especially iron citrate) in combination with zinc sulfate could improve the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pistachio.

This study was designed to investigate the effect of Mycorrhiza symbiosis on some orphophysiological characteristics of four different pistachio rootstocks under salinity stress. This research was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement with three factors. The factors were included rootstocks at four levels (Badami-e Riz Zarand, Qazvini, Sarakhs, and UCB1), mycorrhiza at two levels (inoculated and non-inoculated plants) and irrigation water salinity at four levels (0.91, 7.57, 16.12 and 24.63 dS/m). Sampling done of 6-month-old plants that they were under salinity stress conditions for 60 days. Then morphophysiological indices such as leaf number, height, relative water content (RWC), water use efficiency (WUE), chlorophyll and carotenoid, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MAD), sucrose and protein content were measured. The results showed that the leaves number of all rootstocks and height of all rootstocks except Sarakhs decreased and leaf abscission percentage increased. The RWC, WUE, a, b and total chlorophyll and leaf and root protein content in mycorrhizal plants were higher than non-mycorrhizal plants. As well as, leaf H2O2 and root MAD concentration on inoculated plants were lower than non-inoculated plants. The lowest content of a, b and total chlorophyll, RWC and WUE and the highest content of leaf and root H2O2 and leaf MAD were founded in Sarakhs rootstock, and there was no significant difference between Badami-e Riz zarand and UCB1 rootstocks in terms of total chlorophyll, leaf and root H2O2 and leaf MAD. Salinity stress decreased total chlorophyll, RWC and leaf and root protein and increased H2O2, MAD and sucrose in leaves and roots. Generally, in the present study, mycorrhiza improved rootstocks tolerance under salinity stress. The Sarakhs rootstock was more salinity-sensitive than other rootstocks and the Badami-e Riz zarand and UCB1 rootstock had almost the same response to salinity stress.

In an orchard experiment, the effects of foliar application of kaolin, potassium, phosphorus and their different combinations were examined on photosynthesis parameter 8-years-old pistachio trees cv.Kalle-ghouchi in 2016. There were ten treatments, including two rate of P (1 and 2%), two rates of K (1.5 and 3%), kaolin 5%, kaolin 5%+ P 1%, kaolin 5%+P 2%, kaolin 5%+ K 1.5%, kaolin 5%+ K 3% and control (use of distilled water). Foliar application of above treatment were performed in mid Jane when embryo growth is started (the maximum demand for photoassimilates). Photosynthetic parameters (photosynthesis and transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and sub stomatal CO2 concentration), chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fv/Fm and PI), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total and total carotenoids) were measured in 5 stages (the first stage was one day after treatment and the others  were performed with one week interval). The results showed that non of treatments could improve photosynthesis parameters expect Ci while chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were improved by kaolin treatments and photosynthetic pigments were increased by most of experimental treatments. The result also showed that photosynthesis and transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were increased with time and sub-stomatal C02 concentration was decreased. Chlorophyll fluorescence indices and photosynthetic pigments were also increased with time. Totally, the effect of experimental treatments on photosynthetic parameters was under our expectation.

Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) with high cultivation in Iran has economic and nutrition importance. In this investigation, the morphological and anatomical traits of the female flower, development of endosperm and cotyledons were studied with cyto-histological techniques and light microscopy. In addition, fruit development was studied in different developmental stages. The results showed each of female flowers in panicle florescence has three-lobed stigma, a large pistil that attached to stigma with short style. One small bract is below 5 sepals in all flowers. Anatomical study reported the pistil have one carpel with single inverse ovule at its ovary. The endosperm is free nuclear firstly and then becomes cellular. Finally, this tissue replaces with cotyledons during embryo development. During the fruit development, the structure of the pericarp differentiated as exo-mesocarp and endocarp. Endocarp development continued until 95 days after full bloom (middle of May), and became hard and lignified in this time.The kernel show no abvious growth at this time but its growth increase after this time and completed in 145 DAF (last of July). Finally, fruit ripening continued and was cmpleted at 165 DAF (last of August) concurrent with harvesting time.

In a greenhouse experiment aimed to compare drought resistance, photosystem II efficiency was evaluated using chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll content of four pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) rootstocks based on a completely randomized design (CRD) as factorial with drought treatment (PEG Hoagland solution) at four levels (0, -0.5, -1 and -2 MPa) and four pistachio rootstocks(Abareqi, Badami-Rize-zarand, Qazvini and sharakhs). After three months of stress commencement, chlorophyll fluorescence and related transients (F0¡ Fv¡ Fm¡ Fv/Fm¡ Area¡ VJ¡ PI¡ Fv/F0 and RC /ABS) were measured by fluorimeter. Chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll content and total dry weight of plants were measured at the end of experiment. Results showed that chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were influenced by drought stress. The parameters of Fv¡ Fm¡ Fv/Fm and PI were decreased with increasing of drought stress level. PI, a photosynthesis efficiency index, was reduced by 90% at the highest level of drought intensity. This parameters showed the most correlation with total dry weight (R2= 0.61) so it can be used as an effective parameter to identify drought susceptible or tolerance rootstocks. Our results showed that there is a significant correlation between chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and total dry weight under drought stress. Results of the experiment revealed that sarakhs and Badami-Riz-zarand could be categorized as more drought resistant based on their higher photosynthetic capacity and dry weight as compared to Abareqi.

Edible pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is an important species of Pistacia genus and Anacardiaceae family. The morphological and anatomical traits of the male flower، anther and the pollen grain developmental stages of pistachio were investigated by cytohistological methods. The results showed that the male flowers are in grappe inflorescence and have 4-7 stamens with large anthers، 2-3 sepals and 0-1 bracktes. Two sacks of each side (theca) of the anther are completely separated from each other and are deeply dehiscent in length at the connective area. The cytoplasm division، during the microspore mother cell meiosis، occurs simultaneousely. The attained tetrad is tetrahedral and the tapetum layer is glandular. The number of the layers of the middle layer is three or more. These are remarkably viable and at the end of the maturation، degenerate with tapetum or even at the time of anther dehiscence. The mechanical layer has fibrous ornamentation and the epidermis is settled on it. The pollen grains are circular with 3-5 germinative pores and are brochate in surface.

The carob moth،، Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a serious pest of pomegranate in Iran and a well known pest of many fruits from a wide range of plant families as well as dried fruits during storage. Biological characteristics of carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae was studied in a growth chamber at 30±1 C، relative humidity of 70±5% and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) hours on two commercial Pistachio cultivars and an artificial diet. The shortest larval developmental time belonged to artificial diet and the longest period was on Kalequchi cultivar. The highest rate of the intrinsic rate of increase (rm)، finite rate of increase، net reproductive rate (R0) and gross reproductive rate were observed on artificial diet. These parameters were 0. 1407±0. 0064 d-1، 1. 151±0. 0075 d-1، 58. 94±10. 44 female offspring and 95. 02±2. 09 eggs/female on artificial diet respectively. Mean generation time on artificial diet، Akbari and Kalequchi cultivars were calculated 29. 05±0. 33، 31. 92±0. 21 and 33. 1±0. 27 days، respectively. Artificial diet proved to be the most suitable hosts for E. ceratoniae because of shorter developmental period، higher percentage of survival and higher number of eggs. The data point to the role of host in increasing local E. ceratoniae populations.

This study was carried out to assess and compare three pistachio cultivars (Ahmadaghaii, Ohadi and Kallehghuchi) on two rootstock (Mutica, Ahli) in relation to PAL activity, phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin in leaves, flowers, fruits and selection of the most suitable and compatible rootstock and scion in order to obtain resistance to environmental stresses. The results showed increased PAL activity, total phenolic and flavonids and also positive correlation was observed between PAL activity and the existing compounds on leaves and flowers in Mutica-Ahmadaghaii, that showed a better resistence this than the others in environmental stresses. PAL activity and total phenolic in fruits of pistachio suffered a decreased when the maturation processes began. The hulls of the pistachio fruits, contained high level of phenolic compounds, (especially in Mutica-Ahmadaghaii) which may function as a protective layer and protective chemical against ultraviolet radiation and pathogen. The final concentration of phenolic compounds and flavonoids and antocyanins in the kernel, depended on the PAL activity in kernel’s cultivar. Our results indicated the presence of a number of bioactive compounds in kernel and the highest amount belonged to Mutica-Ahmadaghai. The results of this study showed that rootstock may affect the antioxidant compound in kernel in pistachio tree.

In last research, effects of foliar amino acid solution application with or without three important macro elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was evaluated on leaf of pistachio plants, Ohadi cultivar in Iranian research institute of pistachio, Kerman station. The experiment was carried out in statistical design full random blocks (RCBD) contain five treatments and three replicates. After treatments of solutions, different parameters such as leaf area, stomata transpiration and conductance rate, percentage of fruit Shell Indehiscence, percentage of empty fruits, total weight of fruit, in leaf and fruit, and other some parameters was determined. The data were analyzed by using statistical software SPSS version 12.0 on 5% significance level statistically. For comparison of variables one-way ANOVA and Duncan test was used. Results show that in general, amino acid treatments has positive effect on growth, function and quality of pistachio, Ohadi cultivar fruit in comparison control on 5% significance level. Amino acid treatments containing nutritional elements cause increasing of total weight of fruit than control significantly. Therefore, it is results that application of amino acid solutions containing macro elements (NPK) as spraying form on leaf surface, can increases quality and quantity pistachio cultivar Ohadi production. This manner of foliar application of solutions can be suitable method for different pistachio fertilizers that used via addition to soil.

Cold stress is a major environmental factor that limits the agricultural products. Plants can increase their cold and freezing tolerance by being exposed to short days and cold, non freezing temperatures, a process known as cold acclimation. In the period of cold acclimation that causes dehydration of cells, dehydrin proteins accumulate inside the cells and protect the membranes and macromolecules structure. Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is a tree species characteristic of arid zone, which is exposed to extreme temperatures. In this study, the effects of cold and short day treatments on dehydrin gene expression were investigated in seedlings and regenerated shoots of pistachio cultivar Badami. The results showed that cold treatment increased the gene expression meaningfully compaired to the control. The short day treatments had no effect on dehydrin gene expression. Because the regenerated plants may encounter somaclonal variations and thus show different responses to stresses, a comparison was made between in vivo and in vitro grown plants with respect to the rate of gene expression, under similar cold treatment. Comparison of the plants grown in vivo and in vitro showed that dehydrin gene expression was lower in regenerated shoots under natural condition and after cold treatment.

In a study to identify the plant parasitic nematodes of pistachio and vine yards in Qom province، 125 soil samples were collected from different regions during 2008 and 2009. Nematodes were extracted from soil، fixed and processed to anhydrous glycerin، permanent slides were prepared from the fixed specimens. After microscopic consideration، the morphological and morphometric characters were studied، and identification was done based on these characters. A part of the identified species belonging to Pratylenchidae family including Pratylenchus thornei، P. neglectus and Zygotylenchus guevaraei are presented and their morphological and morphometric characteristics are discussed.