جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "sorghum" در نشریات گروه "زیست شناسی"

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), known for its high photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production, is utilized for various purposes, including food, animal feed, fiber, and fossil fuels. Salinity stress stands as a significant abiotic stressor that exerts numerous adverse effects on growth and crop yield. In order to investigate the physiological and morphological response of sorghum to salinity stress, a pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse and laboratory of the University of Guilan, Iran, following a factorial split-plot design based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2021. The sorghum cultivars, Fuman and Sepideh, were subjected to salinity stress at four different levels, including control, 75 mM, 125 mM, and 175 mM NaCl, in the 4-5 leaf stage, with subsequent measurements taken at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after stress exposure. The results of the variance analysis demonstrated that the interaction between cultivars Fuman and Sepideh, various levels of salinity stress, and sampling times had a significant effect on the measured indices at the 1% level. Mean comparisons of treatment combinations indicated that proline, soluble sugars, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, electrolyte leakage, and root length traits increased under salinity stress, showing a positive correlation with stress intensity. In contrast, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, protein, plant height, relative water content (RWC), leaf area, plant fresh weight, and plant dry weight decreased under salinity stress, with these traits declining as the stress level increased. In terms of the percentage of changes, soluble sugars had the greatest effect on stress, while RWC had the least impact. Based on the results, it can be concluded that sorghum employs mechanisms such as increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, proteins, and osmotic regulation through important osmolytes such as proline and soluble sugars to achieve tolerance to salinity stress. Additionally, the findings revealed that the Foman cultivar, known for its higher tolerance, exhibited a more favorable response to reducing oxidative damage caused by salinity stress compared to the Sepideh cultivar, making it a potential candidate for areas exposed to salinity stress through the implementation of appropriate management strategies.

In order to investigate the effect of drought stress and nitrogen application on growth and some physiological characteristics of sorghum genotypes, an experiment was conducted in a split-split plot with randomized complete block design in three replications at Research farm of collage of agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology. Experimental treatments consisted of two irrigation regimes (50% and 85% depletion of available soil water), two levels of nitrogen fertilizer (available rate, 121.5 kg ha-1, nitrogen from Urea fertilizer, N= 45%) and 15 sorghum genotypes (Pegah, Sepideh, GS4, GS5 , GS24, GS25, GS26, GS28, KGS29, KGS33, MGS1, MGS5, SF001, SF002, SF003). The results showed that drought stress significantly decreased biological yield by decreasing plant leaf area, plant height, quantum efficiency of photosystem II and chlorophyll content. In contrast, the activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase was significantly increased under drought stress conditions. Application of nitrogen under normal irrigation and drought stress increased all the above traits except chlorophyll a/b ratio and ascorbate peroxidase activity, however, this increase was less in drought condition. Therefore, application of nitrogen fertilizer under drought stress can modulate the effect of stress and increase yield. Among the studied genotypes, SF001, SF002 and MGS5 genotypes had the highest response to nitrogen and the least sensitivity to drought stress. Therefore, they can be used in areas of water scarcity.

A pot experiment was conducted in order to study the effects of mycorhizal inoculation on the response of sorghum genotypes to salinity. The experiment was arranged as factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study ten sorghum genotypes were tested under two levels of salinity (0 and 100 mM Nacl), and two inoculation (mycorhizae and control) treatments. The interactions between salinity, mycorhizae inoculation and genotype were significant on evaluated traits. There was a decrease in the concentration of phosphurous and potassium and leaf relative water content in most of genotypes and in the percentage of mycorhizae infection, cholorophyll, and shoot dry matter in all genotypes under saline condition. Among tested genotypes, IUA28 was the most tolerant genotype to salinity in both inoculated and none inoculated treatments. The inoculation of plants with mycorhizae increased the concentration of phosphurous, potassium and cholorophyll and decreased the concentration of sodium in treated plants. Under saline condition, except for MGS5, the biomass yield was increased with mycorhizal inoculation and the extent of increase was geatest in MGS2 as compared to other tested genotypes. The ratio of K/Na had a significant role in increasing growth of inoculated plants under saline treatment. Under non saline condition, however, except for KGS33, plant growth was not imporoved by mycorhizal inoculation. The results of this experiment showed that inoculation with mycorhizae can alleviate the negative effects of salinity on sorghum genotypes and there is considerable varition among genotypes in this regards.

Evaluation of symbiosis between Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) is important because this strategic plant encounters with many environmental stresses such as climatic and edaphic stresses during seasons and the AMF can let the crops increase their productivity along with the improvement of their resistance to stress factors and pathogens
The spores of AMF around rhizosphere of saffron were studied in three fields of Gonabad, Khorasan province, Iran (2013-14). Moreover, the colonization of mycorrhizal fungi with saffron and sorghum trap were studied in three regions using morphologic and molecular methods by nested PCR and amplification of small subunit of rRNA gene fragments.
Three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Scutellospora dipurpurescens, Funneliformis caledonius and Rhizophagus aggregatus were identified in the soil around rhizosphere of the saffron of three regions. The colonization of sorghum trap in the soil of saffron cultivation areas was among 21 -41%, while the colonization in the natural Saffron field was 1.5% and just in one area. However, the nested PCR results revealed the colonization of Saffron in all 3 regions. These results showed the colonization of Saffron by Rhizophagus iranicus and F. caledonius.
Discussion and The genus and species diversity of AMF Saffron and Sorghum are different. Moreover, the hereby proposed molecular method is a more precise approach to identify AMF colonization with Saffron while classical methods may provide different and misleading results

In natural environment and agricultural conditions, plants are frequently exposed to environmental stresses. One of the main factors reducing the worlds agricultural production is drought. In this research the effect of drought stress on physiological parameters of some cultivars of sorghum was studied in vitro. The seeds of sorghum were sterilized and then were cultured in MS medium supplemented with mannitol at percentages of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 (various levels of drought). Percentage of seed germination was measured seven days after planting. After 3 weeks, morphological and biochemical parameters were measured in treated plants. The results showed that increasing of drought stress in different varieties, the percentage of seed germination was reduced. Red sorghum on a percentage of germination was more susceptible than others. In all of the variety of sorghum, length of shoot and root, dry and fresh weight of shoot and root, content of chlorophyll and carotenoid were decreased. Content of Flavonoid, sugar, anthocyanin, proline , protein and activities of catalase, ascorbate proxidase and superoxide dismutase increased in shoot and root. The results showed that all of varieties of sorghum were resistant against of drought stress with typical changes in morphological and physiological parameters.

The present study was conducted to evaluate defense and physiological responses of some red and broomscultivars of Sorghum to salinity stress under in vitro culture. Seeds of Sorghum cultivars were cultured on MS (Murashig and Skoog, 1962) medium containing 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl under in vitro condition. After 2 weeks, the effect of salinity was studied on percentage of germination, growth parameters, photosynthetic capacity (total chlorophyll and carotenoids), total anthocyanin, total felavonoids, reducing sugars, proline, Naﲯ뼉궾 ions, total soluble protein content, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities in roots and shoots. According to percentage of seed germination and growth parameters, Red and brooms cultivars were selected as susceptible and resistant to salinity in the study, respectively. The photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids) and the anthocyanin content decreased by increasing salt levels in both cultivars, while flavonoids increased in three wavelengths 270, 300 and 330 nm. The results showed proline, suger and protein contents increased in roots and shoots of two cultivars by increasing salinity. The content of Na ion increased in the roots of red and brooms cultivars and shoot of Red cultivar. Ratio Na/K increased in roots of two cultivars and shoots of red by increasing salinity. Ratio Na/K in the shoots of brooms cultivar didn’t change significantly under salt stress. Generally in the presence of salt, potassium decreased in roots and shoots of two cultivars. Calcium ion amount in the roots of two cultivars didn’t change significantly under salt stress while it increased in shoots of two cultivars. The CAT activity increased in roots and shoots of two cultivars but APX activity increased in brooms cultivar and decreased significantly in red cultivar.

Plants maybe affected directly or indirectly by allelochemicals which released from plants or microorganisms. In this study، the allelopathic effect of leaf leachate of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Labill was examine on germination، growth rate، morphological and physiological criteria of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and kidney-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Leaf leachate was tried at 5، 10 and 20 % concentrations and sterilized distilled water used as control. Seed germination، seedlings dry matter، shoot/root length were significantly reduced by all concentrations in both species (at 0/05 level). Decrease in chlorophyll content، soluble sugar content and consequently protein content is proportional to the increase in concentration of leaf leachate in both species. The results showed that the inhibitory effect of leaf leachate on germination، growth rate، morphological and physiological parameters in dicot (P. vulgaris) plant was more than monocot (S. bicolor) plant.