جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آلاینده » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Studying air pollution distribution and factors is crucial for control. The research focused on analyzing air pollution distribution and its correlation with climatic variables in Mazandaran Province from 2018 to 2022 using Remote Sensing. Air pollution distribution analyzed with TROPOMI sensor in Google Earth Engine system. Air pollution change point analyzed with Petit's homogeneity test. Additionally, Pearson's correlation test was utilized to assess the correlation among variables. Spatial analysis of air pollution showed that the highest amount of air pollution in the period of 2018-2022 was in the east of Mazandaran and at altitudes of 0-500 m. The test results showed that the concentrations of CO, O3, and SO2 gases had a significant downward trend in some months. However, the average NO2 gas in October 2020 has been significant at the level of 5%. The seasonal air pollution concentration with NO2 gas is higher in winter and autumn. The highest concentration of O3 is in winter and spring. However, the highest concentration of SO2 is related to winter and autumn. The number of sunshine hours with a correlation coefficient between 0.5 and 0.8 has been the most effective climate component on air pollution. Meteorological factors impact temporal-spatial dispersion directly, indirectly.

Wetlands are one of the most prominent ecosystems in the world. These vital and diverse habitats are among life-giving systems that have no alternative. However, none of the world's ecosystems have experienced human-centered injuries and damages as much as wetlands. One of the main threats to Gilan wetlands are human factors such as urban, domestic and industrial wastewater, overfishing and converting wetland marginal lands into agricultural lands. In this study, RGB images were used to assess the water quality parameters of Anzali wetland (Beheshti Island Station) and the related data were compared to the values obtained from the TSS measurement. Based on the obtained data, the intensity of red color (R) in the macroscopic images (with the naked eye) from the wetland can be an environmental indicator to measure TSS concentration. The results of RGB analysis for red color with a correlation coefficient of 0.8513, for green color (G) with a correlation coefficient of 0.832 and for blue color (B) with a correlation coefficient of 0.663 were obtained. Finally, a correlation coefficient (R2=0/8035) between the decrease of RGB values and the increase of TSS concentration was obtained. Other parameters such as pH and Secchi Depth test were also measured in this study.

Metallothionein protein and acetylcholinesterase enzyme are among the most important biomarkers in evaluating the health of aquatic ecosystems and have been introduced as one of the defense mechanisms of aquatic organisms in the face of various pollutants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and biologically monitor the organic and mineral pollution of Gamasyab River using the biomarkers of acetylcholinesterase enzyme and metallothionein protein in two species of rainbow (Onchorhynchus mykiss) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Sampling was done from five rainbow trout farms and eight common carp farms along the Gamasiab River, and the samples were quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and transported to the laboratory. The amount of metallothionein (MT) was measured based on spectrophotometric method and the analysis of cholinesterase enzyme (AchE) in fish brain was performed based on Elman's method. The findings showed that there was a statistically significant difference between different sampling locations in terms of the average values and effects of AchE and MT in two fish species (P<0.05). In addition, the average values of total AchE and MT in carp fish are equal to 3.42 µm/min/g and 707.75 µg/g, respectively, and in rainbow trout it is equal to 1.33 µm/min/g and µg, respectively. /g were 3105.7 and the comparison of the average amount of AchE and MT between two species of carp and rainbow trout showed that the amount of MT in rainbow salmon is higher than that of carp, And the amount of AchE activity in carp was higher than that of rainbow trout. The differences in the level of MT and AchE biomarkers can be caused by exposure of fish species exposed to different levels of pollutants due to differences in their feeding habits and behavior as well as differences in sampling points with environmental conditions and the entry of polluting sources are different. In this study, the application of 2 specific biomarkers to investigate the presence and effects of two groups of organic and inorganic pollutants in the Gamasiab River were determined without conducting any type of chemical analysis. directly exposed to the simultaneous entry of organic and mineral pollutants due to the extent and dispersion of different human uses on its margins, which can be detected by tracking specific biomarkers in indicator species (including rainbow trout and carp) to be a basis for monitoring the pollution of ecosystems.

Even though surface water is more susceptible to pollution and pathogens than groundwater, nowadays, it has been affirmed that groundwater may not only cause diseases in humanity, but also contaminate surface water. However, few studies have hitherto taken into account the groundwater diseases. The objective of this study is to evaluate the pathogens and diseases apropos of groundwater and to assess the key role of hydrogeological factors in alleviating them.

In this study, different articles, especially case studies, related to groundwater diseases were reviewed.

Groundwater may be the origin of many diseases affecting different parts of the body. Gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, cerebral, respiratory, skeletal, dental, ocular, and psychological diseases along with typhoid, cholera, hepatitis, goiter, metaglobin, bronchitis, poliomyelitis, anemia, internal bleeding, aging, allergies, sore throat, conjunctivitis, anosmia, inflammation and burning of the mouth, anesthesia, learning disabilities, behavioral and hyperactivity disorders in children, impaired fertility and fetal development, methemoglobinemia, congenital defect, cancer, and even death may occur in lights of groundwater.

Acquiring knowledge about the groundwater systems might be advantageous to a thorough understanding of issues relating to pathogens, and their refinement. Indeed, dissimilar groundwater systems having various hydrogeological characteristics exist. Considering features such as the type of geological formations, the aquifer's depth, and the anthropogenic influences, viz. groundwater over-exploitation, can complicate the issue, and impose requirements on hydrogeological studies in terms of self-purification.

Purified water is one of the most important elements in the health of human societies, so trying to purify water through water treatment plants is justifiable even with high costs. Surface waters often have a greater variety of pollutants than underground waters, and for this reason, treatment processes may be more complicated for such waters. In water treatment plants, the purification process starts through the inlet pipe to the treatment plant and enters the urban water stream by passing through garbage collection structures, aeration, microstrainer, rapid mixing, superpulsator, sand filter and tank. Like the concentrator, the recycling tank and the contaminated mechanical dewatering are divided into two parts that can be treated and cannot be treated, and the non-degradable solids are directed out of the tank.

This article has investigated the construction method and performance of different parts of water treatment plants in an executive and scientific way by reviewing reliable scientific databases and the experiences of the authors.

The performance of different parts of the treatment plant and their construction methods have been analyzed and the importance and position of each part has been discussed.

The process of water purification from the time of entering the water treatment plant to the time of its exit was investigated in detail, including the construction method, which provides useful information for planners, designers and activists in this field

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the most important air pollutants that can threaten human health and cause respiratory problems, headaches, dizziness and previous attacks. SO2 is the predominant sulfur oxide in the atmosphere, which is non-flammable, non-explosive and colorless, and at concentrations above 3 ppm has a pungent odor and can be fatal. Airway narrowing, bronchospasm, severe cough, eye and respiratory tract irritation, decreased respiratory function and shortness of breath, decreased respiratory depth, and ultimately exacerbated cardiovascular and respiratory complications from the health effects attributed to SO2 It counts. This pollutant in combination with hydroxide and reducing the pH of precipitation, falls in the form of acid rain on the ground and acidifies water and soil, with adverse environmental consequences. On the other hand, SO2 plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry, especially air pollution, and is one of the most important Photochemical smoke fog. SO2 can also alter the earth's radiative balance through photochemical interactions by radiation induction. Therefore, it has a great ability to create climate change by disrupting the energy balance of the Earth system and changing the mechanism of cloud formation. It is estimated that more than 15 sensors are continuously active in monitoring air pollution and atmospheric chemistry and provide the necessary data to those interested. Therefore, many studies have been performed using remote sensing techniques to monitor SO2. The GOME-2 sensor, which was placed on the MetOp-A satellite on October 19, 2006 for data collection of several important gases (O3, NO2, CO2, CO, SO2,), is the basis of research. There was a lot of SO2 monitoring. Good horizontal resolution along with daily time resolution make this sensor suitable for long-term monitoring purposes. SO2 contamination in Iran has been reported by foreign and domestic researchers. However, although SO2 has been studied from several aspects in Iran, but due to the health risks to people living in contaminated areas, there are still many questions about temporal-spatial distribution, trends, hotspots, Its spatial differences and similarities are present in the troposphere of Iran. Therefore, the focus of the present study is to analyze the concentration of SO2 in Iran between 2007 and 2020 using the observations of the GOME-2 sensor of the MetOp-A satellite to answer the questions.

The GOME-2 sensor covers a wide range from 240 to 790 nm, with a spectral resolution of 0.26 to 0.51 nm and has an equatorial the time of the passing of 9:30 local time in the Sun-Orbit. The spatial resolution or size of each pixel of this sensor for the main channels is in the form of 80 × 40 km and scan width of 1920 km and 40 × 40 km with scan width of 960 km, which covers the whole world on a daily basis. The use of GOME-2 sensor SO2 products, due to good spectral resolution and optimal calibration compared to similar instruments, has been the basis of numerous studies in the world in the direction of atmospheric SO2 monitoring. In this study, the tropospheric SO2 observations of the Gome-2 sensor in the period of 2007-2020 were used. The data used is an estimate of the weight of SO2 micrograms per cubic meter of tropospheric air, expressed in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³). This data was extracted from the website (http://www.temis.nl) with monthly and spatial separation of 40×40 km and after applying quality control and necessary processing, it was converted into monthly, seasonal and annual values. Accordingly, the dimensions of the arrays created are 168×1030 for the months and 56×1030 for the seasons, respectively. The data used, which is digital and the value of SO2 is a numerical value per pixels, was converted into network data and data tables by applying geostatistical algorithms in specialized software environment (Arc GIS, ENVI) Necessary was extracted and analyzed as a raster based on the geographical border of Iran.

The mean concentration of SO2 in the troposphere of Iran was 28.5 µg/m³ and the maximum and minimum values were estimated to be 200.9 µg/m³ and 1.70 µg/m³ with a standard deviation of 15.9 µg/m³, respectively. Spatially, Khuzestan province has the highest average SO2 concentration in Iran, followed by Ilam, Bushehr, Tehran, Alborz, Gilan, Mazandaran and southern Kerman. The amount of SO2 over Tehran is also significant. Among the reasons for the high level of tropospheric SO2 over Tehran, we can mention several factors, including geographical and human factors. The location of the city of Tehran in the semi-enclosed environment of the southern slope of the Alborz highlands, causes the Alborz mountains in the north and east to prevent air conditioning as a barrier and provide conditions for the persistence and continuity of tropospheric SO2. The dominance of temperature inversion conditions and the continuous establishment of high-pressure systems are other climatic features of the region that create the conditions for intensifying air pollution in Tehran in some days of the year. In addition to the natural factors mentioned, the establishment of factories and industries in the city (especially in the west and southwest), power plants and refining companies can be added to the amount of tropospheric SO2. The coastal area of northern Iran (Mazandaran and Gilan provinces) has a high population density due to the location of Neka power plant on the one hand and on the other hand due to the favorable weather conditions and relatively favorable infrastructure development. Other areas also experience relatively high concentrations of SO2 during the year due to their industrial nature, dilapidated fleet, and the existence of cement plants and power plants based on diesel or fuel oil (southern Kerman province). These areas are contaminated with tropospheric SO2 according to air quality standards. Analysis of the tropospheric SO2 time series during 168 consecutive months (2020-2007) shows the decreasing trend of SO2 emission in the surface troposphere of Iran. The decrease in tropospheric SO2 concentration in Iran has occurred while Iran joined the Kyoto Protocol in 2005 and has announced cooperation in reducing greenhouse gases.

The aim of the present study is to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of tropospheric SO2 in Iran using the observations of the GOME-2 sensor of the MetOp-A satellite during the years 2007-2020. The results showed; The average tropospheric SO2 in Iran is 28.5 µg/m³, among which, the highest/lowest values observed are 200.9 µg/m³ and 1.7 µg/m³, respectively, with a standard deviation of 15 µg/m³ It has been. In terms of spatial distribution, the highest concentration of tropospheric SO2 pollutant over a continuous range from northwest of Kermanshah province to the west of Hormozgan province and the provinces of Tehran, Alborz, Gilan, Mazandaran, Isfahan and south of Kerman province. The average of this gas has decreased by 25% from 35 µg/m³ in 2007 to 26 µg/m³ in 2020. Analysis of the output related to the seasonal average of SO2 distribution showed that the seasonal maximum of SO2 occurs in autumn and its seasonal minimum occurs in summer. The highest average monthly SO2 emissions were observed in October, November and January and the lowest in June and July respectively. Higher SO2 concentrations in the colder months and seasons of the year, on the one hand due to more active sources of emissions such as higher fuel oil consumption, increased traffic volume, increasing the amount of fossil fuel consumption to provide Heating of residential and service spaces and on the other hand due to the prevailing meteorological conditions in this period of the year (occurrence of the phenomenon of temperature inversion and reduction of the thickness of the atmospheric boundary layer). The study of the spatial distribution of tropospheric SO2 concentration also indicates its significant spatial differences in the geographical area of Iran. The difference is due to the heterogeneous distribution of tropospheric SO2 production and emission centers in Iran.

Multiple dangers and dangers of the deadly COVID-19 virus started in the world since December 2019 Initially, it was expected that the treatment of this virus would be available to everyone quickly and according to the progress of science, and the virus would not reach all over the world. But despite everyone's misconceptions and beliefs, the virus spread quickly around the world and caused many environmental problems. One of the crises that viral pollution can cause is the crisis of pollution of drinking and non-drinking water by the virus's influence on underground and surface water resources. Although drinking and non-drinking water is not given to people in all parts of the world without strong disinfection, in a few circumstances, water pollution may bring into the human body and other living creatures and lead to infections. This research, which is of a descriptive-analytical type, investigates the possibility of coronavirus affecting water resources around Tehran, as well as measuring the probability in case of positive or negative conditions.

In today's world, various methods are being applied for obtaining pollution amount and its emission in different environments (water, soil, and air). Laser sheets is a new method to study the diffusion of contaminant in a liquid medium. In this study, the images resulting reflecting from the visible light shone on the pollutant in a liquid environment are processed. The camera records this reflection, and then the data is pixelated using the image processing and simulated by the code written in MATLAB software. According to the results of experiments on the effect of temperature on the liquid environment, the highest diffusion coefficients are in warmer, isothermal and colder environments, than the pollutant temperature, respectively. According to the experimental results, due to the effect of temperature on the kinetic energy of molecules in the liquid medium, the highest diffusion coefficients are in the liquid medium with warmer, isothermal, and colder temperatures for pollutant, respectively. Based on the experimental results of the surface tension phenomenon, the elastic property of water increases the surface injected pollutant diffusion compared to the sub-surface injection in the liquid medium.

Abstract With increasing industrial activities and discharging untreated wastewater which contains various environmental pollutants to aquatic environments, problems such as reducing the penetration of light, anaerobic conditions and complications such as allergies and cancer for humans and other living organisms will occur. Surface absorption is one of the most effective and efficient methods for the removal of environmental pollutants and among the common methods for treatment of wastewater, applying natural adsorbents are more efficient than the other methods and is more economic. Since there are many natural adsorbents in nature, they are very inexpensive, they are even free in some cases; adsorption of contaminants by these materials can be a suitable way to remove the toxic substances of contaminated water and industrial wastewater. In this paper, we study some of bioactive adsorbents in order to remove contamination from industrial wastewater.

Dust is an atmospheric pollutant that is considered as one of the major environmental problems all over the world. This phenomenon is problematic, especially in agriculture, health, and transportation sections. Dust causes considerable environmental problems for agriculture and human health in Iran every year and so attention must be paid to the negative consequences of this phenomenon. Therefore, this study was conducted to quantify the effects of dust on growth and yield of red bean, weeds growth, and the competitive balance between weeds and the crop.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a replacement series based on a complete randomized design with three replicates in Ilam University, Ilam, from late October 2017 to early March 2018. The treatments consisted of soil dust (with and without), two weed species (Echinochloa crus-galli and Chenopodium album), and mixtures of 100% crop, 75% crop+25% weed, 50% crop+50% weed, 25% crop+75%weed, and 100% weed. The speed of photosynthesis, amount of chlorophyll α, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids content of leaves, number of pod per plant, one thousand seed weight, and crop seed yield, crop and weed biomass were measured.

The results showed that the speed of photosynthesis amount of chlorophyll α, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll content of leaves, carotenoids, number of pod per plant, one thousand seed weight, biomass, and seed yield of the red bean as well as biomass of weeds were significantly affected by dust. In addition, the effect of weeds on crops was increased by an increase in the weed proportion in the mixtures, which was worsening by the dust. The dust caused a 39.7% reduction in the yield and 52.8% in biomass of bean on average. The bean yield (gr/plant) in the 50% mixture in competition with C. album with and without dust effect were 7.5 and 4.7 gr/plant, respectively, while the corresponding values for E. crus-galli were 16.9 and 8.4 gr/plant , respectively. On the other hand, E. crus-galli as a narrow leave species was less affected by dust than C. album as a broad leave species and thus biomass reduction due to dust in C. album and E. crus-galli were 10.6% and 7.1% in comparison with the control , respectively. Moreover, the red bean was affected by dust more than weeds.

The growth and yield of red bean were significantly affected by competition with weeds and also the competitive effect of C. album was more than E. crus-galli. In addition, the dust had significant effects on the growth of red bean and weeds (C. album more than E. crus-galli). This might be due to the morphological characteristics of each species, because the broader leaves of the red bean and C. album may have caused more absorption of dust particles. In general, the dust phenomenon caused a reduction in crop growth and yield and also affected the competitive balance between weeds and crops.

Olfaction is one of the fundamental senses to detect odors from long distances in sturgeons, and it plays an important role in feeding behavior and orientation fish. This sense can be a reliable criteria to investigate the effect of pollutants on aquatic organisms. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate effects of silver nanoparticles on olfactory feeding behavior of Persian sturgeon. This behavior was investigated following exposure to 0.01, 0.005 and 0.001 mg L-1 AgNPs for 7 days (each group with 3 replicates) and 6 amino acids were used to evaluate the olfactory behavior. During the course of the experiment, solution containing amino acids was introduced into the aquarium for 3 min. Then the number of fish and their behavior was counted every30 sec after the start of each trial. The results showed that the concentration of 0.01 mg L-1 AgNPs significantly reduced the olfactory attractiveness of alanine, glycine and leucine amino acids. Also, olfactory behavior responses were significantly reduced only at a concentration of 0.01 mg / L. but responses to the repellant amino acids (tyrosine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid) were not significantly different in none of the concentrations of silver nanoparticles.

Abstract Irrigation of the vegetables by polluted wastewater leads to accumulation of heavy metals in these plants. Heavy metals fixation in-situ using inorganic amendments is a method for reducing heavy metals absorption by plants. The goal of this study is to determine the efficiency of five types of amendments in heavy metals fixation in the waste-water-irrigated soils around Tabriz city. For this purpose, solutions containing Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, and Zn were added to 0.5 g of five amendments including calcite, hematite, zeolite, illite, and bentonite and to 10 soil samples taken from the nortwest of Tabriz city. After shaking for 2 hours, concentration of these five elements in the solutions filtered by atomic absorption instrument was determined. The mean percentages of these elements were compared and the best amendments were determined by Dunkan method. There were significant differences among the amendments in terms of heavy metals retention. Calcite had the highest Cd, Ni, and Zn absorption capacities; hematite had the highest Cu and Pb absorption capacities; and illite had the least absorption capacity for the five elemnts. Calcite, zeolite, bentonite, and hematite showed a significantly higher Cd, Ni, and Zn absorbtion capacity (5%) as compared to the 10 soil samples. The highest Pb absorption capacity by calcite and hematite (without significant differences) were observed. Discussion and Calcite, hematite, and zeolite had the highest absorption of Cu. However, the highest absorption of Cu belonged to hematite with a significant difference of 5% as compared to the other two amendments. Among the five amendments, calcite and hematite showed a similar results and led to a significant increase in absorption capacity (by 5%) for the five pollutants when added to the 10 studied soil samples. These ammendments led to the reduced absorption and accumulation of the mentioned elements in the plants cultivated in the agricultural lands around Tabriz city.

Colors are one of the most important pollutants of water, and only one entry into the water can significantly reduce the quality of water. In addition, due to the synthetic origin and the presence of complex molecules in the structure of colors, the purification process is sometimes accompanied by some problems. Colloidal nanoparticles play an important role in technology, especially in the manufacture of glass and ceramics, and are used as a suitable method for cleaning pollutants in water and wastewater. In this study, a chemical regeneration method was used to synthesize colloidal silver nanoparticles. Then, to evaluate the efficiency of synthetic silver nanoparticles, several solutions of dye and pigments such as sulfur, azo, reactive, cationic and anionic dyes were prepared and synthetic material was used for degradation of different colors. Finally, the effect of this colloidal nanoparticle on each of them was studied and compared. The results showed that silver colloidal nanoparticles have the ability to degradation and removal of methyl orange and methyl red dyes from aqueous samples, and these nanoparticles can be used for treatment the water and wastewater containing these dyes.

Microplastics as emerging and unfamiliar contaminants have been considered by researchers during the last decades. These small particles and fragments, typically have a size less than 5 mm and could penetrate into the marine environments by different ways, threatening the environment and animal health. Therefore, in this study, according to the studies by different researchers, this pollutant is introduced and some of its effects are mentioned in marine environments. One impacts of microplastics on marine organisms, such as marine vertebrates and invertebrates, arise from direct ingestion of plastic fragmentS by the marine biota leading into internal injuries. They also can have negative effects on the distribution of certain species of marine organisms, which they oviposit on the surface of these contaminants. Chemical adsorption is the most important impact of microplastics in marine environments, which not only transfers pollution, but also increases environmental resistance of these contaminants. Recent research works on the effects of microplastics pollution in the marine environment emphesis that permanent and continous monitoring of these materials and discovery of the pollution hotspots is crucial in environmental issues.

Depending on the fuel type, the main vehicle exhaust emissions are nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon oxides, sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon particles, heavy metals, water vapor and hydrocarbons including aldehydes, single hydrocarbons and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, olefins, alkyl nitriles that along with secondary pollutants such as ozone, have negative effects on plant health. Agricultural lands which are adjacent to urban areas, are increasingly vulnerable to vehicle pollution.
The plants suffer a lot from the pollution caused by exhaust of vehicles because they can not move away from the source of contamination.
Plants exposed to exhaust of vehicles, show many disruptions in their general appearance, which are referred to as "visible injuries". In fact, these visible damages to the plants reflect the physiological changes that come with the contaminants. These physiological changes may be considered as "hidden injuries".
There is concern about the compounds of contaminants, because there is an evidence that the plant response to multi-pollutant mixtures may be different from plant response to a pollutant. For example, one hour exposure to combination of SO2 gases with concentration of 1310 micrograms per cubic meter and NO2 with concentration of 940 micrograms per cubic meter resulted in low leaf damage, while none of the gases do not cause damage alone in this concentrations.
There are many reports on the effects of pollutants on the anatomy, physiology and morphology of different plant species.
The importance of stomata in plant protection against air pollutants has been investigated and it has been shown that the closure of stomata helps to protect plants from pollution damage.
Vehicle contaminants affect photosynthesis and cause oxidative stress in plants.
Air pollution caused a significant increase in membrane peroxidation in Lavandula officinalis Chaix. and Ligustrum vulgare L. planted in the margin of the streets of polluted and cleaned areas of Tehran.
The activity of Antioxidants enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) increased in different levels in contaminated areas compared to clean areas.
There are not enough researches on the effect of gasoline exhaust pollution on leafy vegetables, especially spinach.
According to the considerable amount of cultivated spinach, especially in Iran are in outdoors and on the side of the roads or contaminated urban areas, therefore, the effects of the gasoline exhaust pollutants on some anatomical, physiological and morphological characteristics of spinach (spinacia oleraceae var virofly) was investigated.
Material and

The experiment was conducted in factorial test based on a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse of Isfahan University of Technology.
12 small chambers (length: 100 cm, width 70 cm and height: 70 cm) and an exhaust generator for transferring the contaminants to the chambers were constructed.
VARIOPLUS MRU device was used to analyze the output gases and determine the concentration of contaminants from burning gasoline.
The seeds of Spinacia oleraceae var. viroflay were directly cultured in pots No. 4 which were filled with sand and soil mixtures of 1:2.
When the spinach seedlings reached to 4-leafy stage, transferred to the chambers and exposed separately to the gasoline exhaust pollution for three hours in three different exposure times (10, 20 and 30 days) and after the exposure time, their anatomical, physiological and morphological traits of plants were measured and compared with control plants.
The relative water content was measured by the method of Ritchie et al. (1990). Electrolyte leakage was measured by Lutts et al. (1995).
The total chlorophyll content and carotenoid content of leaves were extracted by 100% acetone solvent method. The absorbance of light at 661.6 and 168.8 for total chlorophyll and 470 nm for carotenoids were read.
The chlorophyll fluorescence concentration was measured by a chlorophyll meter machine (OS-30P model manufactured by Opti-science, UK) and the Fv/Fm ratio (photochemical effect of photosystem 2) was reported.
Factors related to leaf gas exchange were measured by a portable photosynthesis measurement (LCi model manufactured by ADC Bioscientific Ltd, UK). The amount of proline was measured using the Bates method (1973).
Catalase activity was measured using modified Aebi method (1984) at 240 nm wavelength. Ascorbate peroxidase activity was estimated by modified Nakano and Asada (1981) by absorbance reduction at 290 nm. The activity of the guaiacol peroxidase enzyme was determined by the Chance and Maehli method (1955) with a slight change.
Anatomical traits were observed by optical microscope and measured through the Edn-2 software.
Statistical analysis of data of all traits were performed using statistical software Statistix 8 and comparison of meanings performed based on minimum significant difference test (LSD) at 5% probability level.
Discussion of

Anatomical, physiological and morphological characteristics of spinach plants affected by gasoline exhaust pollution in every three exposure time.
Exposure to contaminants for 10 days, significantly increased total chlorophyll content, CO2 intracellular concentration, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate compared to controls.
No reduction was seen in all anatomical, physiological and morphological characteristics of spinach plants exposured to contaminants for 10 days compared to the controls.
The number of stomata, proline content and antioxidant enzymes activity including catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase in plants exposed to contaminants for 20 days showed significant increase compared to the control plants.
Dry weight, relative water content of leaves and stomatal conductance of plants exposed to contaminants for 20 days showed a significant decrease compared to the control plants.
Plants exposed to the pollutants for 30 days, showed significant increases in antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase, proline content, electrolyte leakage and the number of stomata per unit compared to controls. But total chlorophyll content, carotenoid, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, relative water content of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight and length of stomata significantly decreased compared to control plants.
Stomata pores in spinach plants that were exposed to the pollutants for 30 days shrinked due to closure of stomata by the pollutants as against other exposure days and control plants.
Significant differences in the xylem and phloem of plants that had the highest and the lowest exposure time to the pollutants were not observed.

Exposure to contaminants for 10 days, significantly increased total chlorophyll content and leaf gas-exchange parameters that are most likely because of the contents in contaminants and also the role of CO2 in photosynthesis process and the presence of nitrogen and sulfur in NO2 and SO2 gases.
Between the three time of exposure in this study, the most trait changes were observed in plants exposed to pollutants for 30 days.
Significant increase in antioxidant enzymes, proline, ion leakage and number of stomata was observed in spinach plants exposed to pollutants for 30 days compared to control plants. The highest increase in this interval was related to the activity of the guaiacol peroxidase enzyme and then the amount of proline.
Among the anatomical traits, the highest change was shown in the number of stoma (62.20%) of plants exposed to pollutants for 30 days compared to controls.
Significant decrease in total chlorophyll, carotenoid, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, relative water content of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight and length of stomata in spinach plants exposured for 30 days was observed compared to control plants.
The highest decrease in plants exposed to pollutants for 30 days compared to controls was observed in stomatal conductance (39.21%) and the lowest reduction was observed in the amount of chlorophyll fluorescence (2.56%).
The results showed that the exposure of spinach plants to pollutants, especially 30-days exposure, caused morphological, physiological and anatomical reactions due to contaminants that could be considered these reactions as the adaptation of these plants to the stress of contamination, in order to adapt or to deal with stress conditions and thus to survive the plant under pollution stress conditions.

Phosphate is one of the most important contaminants entering recipient waters (rivers, lakes, and seas) by wastewater disposal and causative agent of eutrophication due to the enrichment of aquatic ecosystems. In bioremediation process, the phosphate-removing bacteria accumulate polyphosphate intracellularly and take it away from the environment. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the bacteria which remove phosphate from industrial wastewater.
In this study, phosphate-removing bacteria were isolated from wastewaters of Aq Qlala industrial park of Golestan province. The isolates were identified based on the creation of clear zone in the bacterial lawn, leading to phosphate removal on the specific agar plate Seperb. Finally, the isolates were identified by macroscopical, microscopical, biochemical, and molecular methods.
Findings: In total, 3 out of 30 isolates had high ability in phosphate removal regarding their large clear zone on agar. Molecular identification of isolates by 16S rDNA typing method indicated that the isolates belong to the genera Brevundimonas, Ochrobactrum, Exiguobacterium.
Variance analysis using SAS 9.2 software indicated a significant difference in phosphate removal by the isolates. The obtained results demonstrated that the isolates are highly efficient in phosphate removing from wastewater and they are suitable candidates for bioremediation along with other methods.

Compost is extracted from the Latin word “Compositus”, meaning compound or mixture and sometimes it is known as mixed fertilizer in Persian language. Regarding the economic values of spoilable substances, producing fertilizer from waste not only will help to ues this value, but also in this way, the waste and its recycling can be controlled. Thus, construction of compost factories for hygienic repulsion and production of valuable fertilizer, are the main preferences of urban waste management in the country. Objective of this study is evaluation of physical and chemical quality of compost fertilizer, produced in Zahedan Factory, and its comparison with the standards in Iran and the world.
In this study, the compost fertilizer produced in Zahedan Factory was investigated during 9 months. To determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the compost produced in this factory, the factors such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, azoth, phosphor, lead, cadmium, zinc and copper were evaluated. Microbial specifications of the produced compost are also specified by determination of culiferoum, Salmonellae, and parasite zygote.
Evaluated factors are: average percentage of carbon (4.2 ppm), percentage of azoth (1.98 ppm), percentage of lead (89.98 ppm), percentage of cadmium (2.695 ppm). The microbial quality of the produced compost was in B level of Environmental Protection Organization of America.
Results demonstrated that the produced compost, in terms of heavy metals, was in the range of UN, America and Canada standards (AAFC, CCME, and BNQ) and was reasonable according to the National Standards of Iran. Carbon and azoth percentages meet the compost standards in most cases. However, considering that the ratio of carbon is higher than the ratio of azoth, it is necessary to add vegetable and fruit wastes - that contain higher nitrogen - to the compost ingredients. Amount of phosphor is placed in rank 2 of National Standards of Iran. pH is almost higher than standard levels; in this case adding a little sulfur will solve the problem. Compost fertilizer samples are applicable as soil reclamation factor. Waste segregation at source and establishment of thermophilic conditions in mass are two effective strategies that should be concentrated to improve the quality of compost fertilizer.

This research was done on wastewater in Minoo industrial Co. to existing concerns about the quality and quantity of wastewater industries and its effects on human andenvironment as well as existence of different contaminant in this kind of wastewater system and lack of information about the parameters status and its influence on wastewater system operation. For determination of wastewater quality, we took samples from 18 stations of different wastewater treatment plant and production points during 10 times. The pH,Temperature, Oil & Grease BOD5, COD, TSS about all stations have been determined. The measurement of effluent in entrance point of wastewater treatment plant was done using an installed flow meter. Finally, the relationship between results at different months and stations was done using ANOVA and correlation variance test in SPSS software. According to the results influent discharge varied in range of 100-150 m3/day, pH, TSS, BOD, COD, Oil & Grease at different stations varied in range of 3.95-10.96, 0-1637.7, 1.9 59674, 6- 99600, 0 -1008 mg/l respectively. The removal efficiency of COD, BOD, TSS, Oil & Grease in wastewater treatment plant varied in ranges of 94-99.7%, 99-99.8%,89-98.5%,92.7 100%, respectively. This study shows that changing of seasons, time, type and amount of waste water production effect on pollution and calculation of the BOD5/COD ratio at influent discharge depicted that by using this type of biological wastewater treatment system is selected properly and can change 10-15% used water in factory to the wastewater.

In order to determine the groundwater quality of Tehran city in 2010 and 2011, seventy one wells were considered for water sampling. The groundwater quality was evaluated using WHO index and the quality was worse in 2011 in comparison with 2010.Furthermore, eastern and southern areas show more index values which indicate the lower groundwater quality for drinking use. According to the results gained in both years, the majority of northern sampling stations lie within the good range while the ones in southern areas are mostly addressed as poor quality. Uncontrolled water discharge, regular droughts as well as leakage of anthropogenic pollutants like NO3- and SO4— may be addressed as the major causes of groundwater quality degradation within the study area. Regarding the remarkable weight of NO3 in index quality interpretation, the key role of this pollutant in groundwater quality determination is manifested. Such quality degradation trend may reach a critical status in near future and should be seriously taken into consideration.

Performance of wastewater treatment plant is function of wastewater quality, management of treatment plant and environmental issues. The purpose of this research is to develop the efficiency of the artificial neural network model to evaluate the performance of Ekbatan treatment plant and to estimate quality parameters.