جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « contingent valuation method » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

The Asiatic Cheetah is a carnivorous species that is currently the country's most important flag species and is regarded as a national and international symbol. The Asiatic Cheetah once roamed much of Asia, but now it only exists in Iran. It has attracted significant national and international conservation efforts and budgets over the last 20 years or so, and it is predicted that if effective conservation measures are not applied, this species will be extinct forever. The conservation value of Asiatic Cheetah in Iran was investigated by completing a questionnaire by households across the country, using the contingent valuation method and logit model.The findings revealed that education, price, participation in NGOs, and household income all influence people's willingness to pay for the Asiatic Cheetah's conservation. In addition, 58.90 percent of individuals are willing to pay for the Asiatic Cheetah's conservation, with an average willingness to pay of 62,051.157 Tomans per year. As a result, the government should pay at least 872,293,425,265.81 Tomans per year, equal to 37925801.09 dollars per year, and an average of 72691118772.15 Tomans per month, equal to 3160483.42 dollars to protect this valuable species through government institutions such as the Environmental Protection Organization, NGOs, individuals, and the participation of local communities and international organizations. The practical and executive framework of NGOs in the field of natural resources as environmental caregivers and spokespersons for the natural world is required by the role of people and grassroots organizations in natural areas, which includes culture building, information, and public participation.

The purpose of this article is to review scientific research related to air pollution and deaths caused by the corona virus and the costs of premature death and Disability Adjusted Life Years.

The present research method is a review study. The statistical population of the research is all the studies conducted in international and national scientific databases based on the index (DALY) and its relationship with pollutant particles with an emphasis on the pollutant of suspended particles with a diameter of 2.5 microns (PM2.5), as well as the effect of air pollution on The COVID-19 virus and their Willingness to Pay (WTP) in Iran and the world. The research findings were analyzed using the coding technique based on the keywords of air pollution, Contingent Valuation, Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) and COVID-19.

survey of environmental disease studies shows the contribution of environmental risk factors including PM2.5, have been according to the DALY index because of death or disability. Also, the study of articles are mostly about statistical analyses on the measured concentrations of PM2.5 and infection and death data by COVID-19 in different countries.

The results of the studies show a strong and significant correlation between the concentration of PM2.5 pollutants and the rate of infection and death caused by the corona virus. which shows that by controlling the concentration of pollutants, the rate of infection and death caused by the corona virus can be reduced.

Valuation of functions and Non-Market services of environment are important for many reasons such as identifying and understanding the environmental and ecological benefits by humans, presentation of environmental issues to decision makers and planners, providing link between economic policies and natural revenues and assess the role and importance of environmental resources in support of human welfare and sustainable development.

In this study, recreational value of Bamou Park is estimated and measured with using two methods of contingent value and travel cost. For this purpose, 315 questionnaires from visitor to extract the required data have been matched.

Based on estimated results, variables: inhabitance, distance from park, first visit, number of visit, Deontologist, education, travel cost, visitors income, museum existence, and existence of Animal species such as deer, wolf, wild ram and cinereous vulture is effective variable on willingness to pay of visitor in 2011. Results show that monthly expected willingness to pay of consequentialist and deontologist visitors is 51397 and 61028 Rial respectively. Finally, recreational value of Bamou Park estimated in 2 methods is 1.085 and 1.975 Billion Rial respectively in 2011.

  Since that travel cost method used market price information and revealed willingness to pay and also 90.7 percentages of visitors are Zone inhabitance and travel cost function was ideal form econometrics theoretical aspect, preferred using travel cost method instead of contingent value method to valuating the Bamou National Park in 2011.

The aim of this research is to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) of local communities in Hormozgan province for the protection of endangered large mammal’s species in Geno protected area and biosphere reserve. In this study, 150 local people in hormozgan province were near the Geno biosphere reserve and protected are as a natural habitat of wildlife, chosen via the simple random sampling and interviews face to face. A questionnaire comprising items about the people’s demographics as well as their willingness to pay for protection of large mammal’s species. Subsequently, analysis of gathering data was carried out with applying a Logit model under maximum likelihood procedure by using SPSS (version 21) and Eviews (8) Software. Result showed that, 78 percent of the local people had positive willingness to pay for protection of large mammal’s species. The average payment of WTP for the monthly and annual protection value of large mammal’s species was estimated 53416.97 RLs (1.65 $) and 641003.7 RLs (19.8 $) respectively. Furthermore, the result showed that the literacy level, membership in environmental organization, species recognize and bid have statistical significant effects on willingness to pay for financial supports of large mammal’s species protection in Geno biosphere reserve.

Estimating the preservation economics value of environmental resources by using individual’s willingness to pay
Valuation of non-market functions and services of the natural resources and the environment is important due to some reasons including understanding the environmental and ecological benefits by humans, feedback of the importance of environmental issues to the planners, creating the relation among economic policies and incomes from natural resources, measuring the role and importance of the environmental resources in improving the welfare of society and sustainable development, adjusting and reforming the national accounts such as gross national product (GNP), and preventing the uncontrolled destruction and exploitation of natural resources. The maximum willingness to pay (MWTP) by the users for non-market goods such as improving the quality of the environment, wildlife, and forests represents the economic value of the resources (Kealy and Turner 1993). In recent years, economists and policy makers have used CVM to estimate this value and the other economic values.
The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is applied as a standard and flexible tool to measure the use and non-use values of the environment for which there is no market (Amigues et al. 2002). This method was firstly introduced by Ciriacy and Wantrup in 1947 and also it was for the first time used by Davis in 1963. This method specifies the individual’s willingness to pay (WTP) in the form of hypothetical tools (Han and Lee 2002). The evaluator in this method refers to the people in order to determine the economic value of the goods and environmental services of the environment such as wetlands and then measures their preferences based on the offered prices. That’s why CVM is often called as the preferred method, too (Venkatachalam 2003).
The objective of this research is evaluation WTP of the individuals who were categorized into two different groups of consequentialists and deontologists to estimate the conservation value of the Abar watershed of Shahrood that located in the Semnan Province. Also, was determined the factors affecting on the WTP to estimate the conservation value of the study area.
Matherials & Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used in this research to determine the conservation value. The WTP is determined under the certain hypothetical market scenarios. Dichotomous Choice (DC) methods are more consistent than the other methods of extracting the WTP due to motivating the respondents (Lee and Han 2002). In this research Double –bounded Dichotomous Choice (Hanemann 1994 and Carson 1985) questionnaire was designed to do the interview and to extract the respondents WTP to determine the conservation value of the region in order to make aware the respondents completely from the condition of hypothetical market. The questions of questionnaire were about the socio-economic characteristics affecting individual preference (Such as the age, gender, education, the number of family members and so on) and the WTP for each member of the family. Finally, the individual WTP was questioned using a Double –bounded Dichotomous Choice. The simple random sampling method was used as for sampling in population
To determine the offered prices in the Double –bounded Dichotomous Choice Method, 35 open-end questionnaires were completed and the respondents were asked about the maximum WTP. Finally, the offered prices were calculated. The WTP amount (middle, minimum and maximum) was obtained through asking the basic questions. In accordance with the statistical procedures, 20,000, 10,000, 20,000 Rials have been stated respectively as the middle, minimum and maximum offered prices to protect the Abar watershed of Shahrood. The Logit model parameters were estimated using maximum likelihood by Shazam software.
Discussion of The results have been presented 60% of the respondents were male and 80% of the respondents were married. The average age of the respondents was 37.4 years. The average of the variable of cost were 16.44 billion Rials per month. The average household size of the visitors of the region was 3.7 persons. Almost 1% of the respondents were members of the environmental organizations. The average number of the times that the region was visited was estimated to be 3.4. 18 % of the respondents declared their willingness to participate in the conservation of the region. Based on the results, most of the respondents stated that they are willing to pay to protect the vegetation cover in the region due to the regulatory functions of vegetation cover including climate regulation, carbon dioxide absorption, reducing soil erosion and so on. According to the results, the questions of the WTP are asked in this way that the middle option is firstly asked. If the respondents give a negative answer to the question, then the lowest offered price will be asked of the respondents and if the respondents give a positive answer, then the highest offered prices will be asked. Based on result, 63 individuals of the respondents (18%) are willing to pay for the conservation of Abar watershed.
Based on the logit model results, the coefficient of the variables of age and income are significant at the level of 1% and the variables of the financial Affordability, gender, married, cost, visit number and bid are significant at the level of 5% and effect on the willingness to pay. Based on the theory, the sign of the estimated coefficient of the bid is negative which indicates that if the offered price for protecting the area increases the probability of the acceptance for paying a given amount will decrease. LR test statistic was used in the Logit model to assess the significance of the whole model and goodness of fit. The amount of this statistic was 62.68. Being significant of this statistic indicates that the estimated model is significant in general. The results reveal that almost 91% of the respondents were correctly allocated to predicted WTP either ‘yes’ or ‘no’ in the model, indicating a relatively good fit to the data. Based on the results of the study, mean of willingness to pay for preserving was estimated about 10574 Rials and preservation value of family was about 126889 Rial in year. Also annually preservation value of watershed was about 27353.6 Million Rial in year.
Carrying out this study in the current situation is an important step to protect the protected areas and the natural resources and to move towards the sustainable development. The economic, political, and social planners and decision-makers always emphasize on the cost-benefit analysis in their decisions. Such analyses are based on the quantity and the monetary units. Therefore, the economic valuation of the protected areas is important and as long as the fans of the nature and its conservation cannot determine the value of the services based on the monetary units, the important services and functions of the protected areas and natural resources which are largely out of the market will be ignored. In terms of the management, results of this research are very hopeful especially because the results indicate that the natural resources and specially the Abar watershed are important for people. The results can justify planners, authorities, and policy makers to protect the quantity and quality of the natural resources and to prevent of putting aside the natural resources and the environment due to the lack of supporting by the governments.
The estimated economic conservation value does not represent the value of the entire ecosystem of the region. In the other words, the ecosystem of the study area has many other values that can be demonstrated. Some of them consist of the biological control of pests, pollination, water and soil conservation, medicinal plants and byproducts, capture and storage of carbon dioxide and producing the oxygen, biological diversity, preventing soil erosion, combating with the air pollution, reducing the noise, adjusting and softening the climate, creating green space and landscape and natural scenery, increasing the groundwater resources and flowingly the springs and rivers, and so on that their values should be estimated.

Stated preference methods are a set of methods for economic valuation of environmental goods and services which elicit individual preferences for goods and services using hypothetical market behaviour situations. They include the contingent valuation (CVM) and choice experiment (CE) methods which share a common theoretical basis in explaining the behaviour of choice. Based on neoclassical economic theory, WTP/ WTA estimates derived by the CVM and CE should be the same. However, several recent studies have shown that they differ. The goal of this article is to compare the ability of the CVM and the CE to elicit WTA for the conservation and environmental status improvement of the Hara forests. To achieve this goal, the WTA of local communities living in the areas adjacent to these forests was evaluated based on data derived from questionnaire surveys. The CE and CVM questionnaires with a dichotomous choice format were carefully designed with WTA measurement and local people were asked about their preferences for reduced access to the Hara forests under hypothetical scenarios in which they would receive monetary compensation for reducing or forgoing forest utilization. The collected data were analyzed using conditional logit and binary logit models. The results showed that, when people are faced with different format hypothetical questions they present different behaviours. The results of the conditional logit model showed that more than half (57.75%) of local respondents tend to receive compensation for increases in environmental risk associated with conservation programmes. They prefer recreational opportunities to other two attributes (Hara cutting and fishing) with a compensation of 233940 IRR day-1. The results of the binary logit model for CVM survey data showed that 99 percent of respondents were willing to accept a reduction in their forest utilization and participate in the protection programmes. The mean WTA was estimated at 331,411 IRR/household/day (9,942,330 IRR/month). Then the welfare values estimated by the two methods were compared. The findings from this comparison showed that the welfare value estimated through the CVM (331,411 IRR/household/day) is much smaller and approximately one-sixth that obtained by corresponding CE (1,959,000 IRR/Day). The results also suggest that the CE method has a greater capacity to explain the choices made by consumers. This is because, in the CVM, only a single attribute – price - is used to describe the interested good and the choice of individuals is affected only by the amounts bid and socioeconomic variables; while in CE, the multiple attributes are used for describing the good and environmental change alternatives which results in the choices of people affected by interaction with the socioeconomic characteristics of respondents. Meanwhile, the CE method is effective for estimating welfare changes at different levels of environmental change; the CVM method, in contrast, estimates the value of a change in a single level, which is also a high level of protection. Due to the divergence of the results, it is impossible to say which method is more credible. It can only be acknowledged that the CE method can help decision makers and policymakers to prioritize different aspects of decision-making by gaining useful information about the final WTA of community members for the various attributes that improve on the project or the proposed design.

Today, according to the increasing importance of green space and environment, decision making about environmental policies is growing at the national and international levels. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the information that could be used to promote efficient environmental decision making.
In this study, the economic benefits associated with Azadi Park in Shiraz, are estimated using a double-bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation survey design. The model is estimated applying the Bayesian method. Data for this study was collected with the help of 215 respondants in 2012.
Findings: The model was calibrated for the years 1992-1996 and validated for the years 1998-2000. The coefficient of determination (R2) for monthly flow was equal to 0.82 and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (Ens) was equal to 0.8 in the calibration period, while in the validation period these coefficients were 0.77 and 0.73, respectively.
The results indicate that income, household size, quality and beauty of the park have a significant positive effect and history of visiting has a robust negative effect on the acceptance of bid price. Äisitors are willing to pay 4390 Rials per person per day on average, resulting in aggregate benefits of 14000 million Rials yearly. The present value of these aggregate benefits equals to 190000 million Rials, using a social discount rate of 7.2 %.

Because of the increasing need to recreational centers in our country, study of ecotourism is a necessity. Several methods of evaluating the environmental satisfaction have been introduced. But the efficiency of each method has not been much discussed in case-studies. In this research, the recreational value of the district was determined in order to study the satisfaction value of the recreational district "Taleghan dam". So, in the present study, the effective elements of willing to pay in Taleghan dam 's visitors and also the average estimation of their willing to pay were determined by contingency valuation method and two-stage Heckman model. The necessary data were gathered through filling the questionnaire and verbal interview of 314 visitor in spring and summer 2011. The results show that 86 % of under-studt visitors had the willing to pay for recreation. Using the contingency valuation method, the willingness to pay per person per visit was estimated $1. The variables of the recommended cost, monthly revenue of family members, educational level, satisfaction rate, nativeness, the willingness to revisit, the seasons of spring and summer, satisfaction level are effective elements of the willingness to pay in this method. Also, by means of two-stage Heckman method, the average rate of the willingness to pay was 1 cent. Monthly revenue, educational level, satisfaction rate, occasions of visiting the competitor places of Taleghan dam and satisfaction rate are the effective elements of people 's willingness to pay in this method. The results show optimized method for determining the recreational value of Taleghan dam was two-stage Heckman method.

The economic evaluation has a important effect on the optimization of the environmental policies. These systems provide necessary mechanism to increase welfare. So, to make these sources quantitive and recognizable is of high importance. This study tries to evaluate and estimate recreational value of Sorkhe Hesar forest park in Tehran province with completed 230 questionnaires dichotomous choice and analyzes parameters affecting individual public preferences in 2013. Willingness to pay (WTP) of individuals was specified, using contingent valuation method (CVM) and Logit regression model. Also effective factors on WTP, were studied based on the maximum likelihood parameters coefficients of the model. The variables of suggested fee, family monthly revenue, the educational level, satisfaction rate, age, the inclination to revisit, and spring and summer has a meaningful effect on people 's inclination to pay for taking advantage of recreational use of this park. the meaningfulness of three variables the suggested fee, family monthly revenue and the educational level is similar to research findings in another forestall parks. The willingness to pay for recreation of the forestall park Sorkhe Hesar was measured $1 per person per visit. In comparison with control group, this is considerably lower. The differences of the rate of attractiveness of these parks has caused a considerable difference in the inclination to pay for recreation. Age was a significant variable in this study in contrast to the results of the other park, Older people due to high attraction of forest, are willing to pay.

With regard to non-marketing values of environmental resources and evaluating them with real prices, this research has tried to analyze and compare both practical recreation and conservation of Lar Lake’s dam which has a crucial role as an important natural resource in Iran. Therefore, in this research such diverse methods, as a Contingent valuation method, the questionnaire of Double Dichotomous Choice and Logit qualitative model have been used. The information related to this study was collected from 230 visitors based on random sampling in 1391. Here, a recreational value of Lar Lake’s dam was estimated 7626.2 rial ($2- 3) per person per visit. The average of inclination to monthly pay per person, in order to estimate a preserved value of this place was 3716.6 rial ($1.3). According to the results of both estimations, there were same outcomes for suggested variables, monthly revenues, and the rate of satisfaction. The level of education has a significant impact on pursuing people to accept the suggested fees for conservational values than recreational ones. Apart from that, ethnic minorities have noticeable desire to keep conservational values of this resource safe, compared to the other visitors.

Mountainous region of Tuchal, with a height about 3962 meters above sea level, is located in north of Tehran, capital of Iran. With regards to population growth, and increasing urbanization, and air pollution issues, it is known as one of the most important recreational area for health recovery and relaxation among people living in Tehran. As these spaces are known as public goods with free access, most of the visitors are not informed from its real utility and values. This usually decline efficient and optimum use of these spaces and causes their degradation. The economic values of natural recreational regions not only increase their conservation by users, but also create more accurate information for decision makers to improve properly other natural regions. It can also be effective in forecasting requirements, omitting deficiencies and developing tourism industry in the recreational areas.

In this study, recreational value of Tuchal region is estimated with contingent valuation method from 227 respondents. The method is used in open-ended way. Two stages method of Hickman has been chosen to recognize factors affecting on decision in willingness to pay in first stage and other factors affecting on deal of willingness to pay in the second stage. Required data was gathered via questionnaires and personal interview with 227 visitors. After deletion of incomplete responses and protest zeros, 47% of respondents were willing to pay entrance fee for recreational use of the region. Table 1 show estimation results of Tobit Model for willingness to pay for recreational use of Tuchal region.

Household size, impressiveness of pollution in work or living places of visitors, kind of houses (apartment or villa) are the next effective variables (meaningful in 5%) on deal for WTP, in order. Although, education level is important factor and it is significant in 20% level. The age and geographic variety of work place affect just decision to WTP in the first stage and not deal of it. With regards to high recreational value estimated per hectare in the region, it is required to pay more attention to conservation of natural recreational regions. This is more important in big cities such as Tehran where habitants suffer from many kinds of pollution and deficiency of green spaces. The average WTP was 9444 Rls per visitor and recreational value of Tuchal area was estimated about 137888240 Rls per hectare, in summer 2012.

With regards to high recreational value estimated per hectare in this region, it is required to pay more attention to conservation of other natural recreational sites with more responsibility. This is more important in big cities such as Tehran with high level of air pollutions and deficiency of green spaces per capita.