جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "urban space" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

Uninterrupted urban development has brought significant changes in urban spaces, and the concept of the collective memory of space users has also been affected. These developments have been associated with social isolation and reduced social interactions. Collective memory is defined as the shared experience of people in social and spatial groups. Therefore, the present research aims to achieve results such as how to form factors affecting the formation of collective memory in the minds of different groups using the space. A semi-structured, in-depth interview technique was employed to identify the nature of the influential factor in collective memory. Interviews were conducted with 90 people who referred to the urban space. To analyze the data, the qualitative content analysis method and Atlas-ti software were used, and critical points were extracted and linked in the form of codes from the primary texts of the interviews. Then, these codes were used to describe the relevant content in the interviews, and maps and graphical outputs were created to analyze the intensity of the impact of each quality according to different groups of visitors to the spaces. Finally, the Arc-GIS software and the Euclidean distance tool were used to analyze the points specified for the expression of each quality based on the explanations of the interviewees until the distribution of the qualities in the studied urban space and the intensity of their impact. The research results underscore the crucial role of the physical elements of urban spaces and their social interactions in forming and transmitting collective memories. These findings demonstrate that social interactions, physical elements, and various events are intertwined, shaping the city's cultural, social, and mental image, which are instrumental in creating collective memories.

The service and social inequalities resulting from poor urban conditions underline the necessity of focusing more on children, who constitute a vulnerable and crucial segment of society. Meeting children’s needs and demands within the framework of child-friendly city principles is essential. This study aims to assess the status of child-friendly city components and indicators in Amol, prioritizing them based on feedback from children and their parents. The research methodology involves surveys, questionnaires, and interviews with children as the analysis units and the entire child population of Amol as the statistical population. Through Cochran's sampling method, 250 samples were chosen using cluster random sampling. Data analysis employed the one-sample t-test and Friedman's test. The findings indicate that not all components of a child-friendly city are deficient and exhibit a notable deviation from the desired level. Moreover, there is a significant variance in the importance levels of these components; notably, access to services ranks highest in priority, while participation and valuing of children rank lowest. This suggests a lack of attention to fulfilling children's needs and desires within the context of child-friendly city components. Children have not been adequately acknowledged as stakeholders in development decisions. To enhance child-friendly indicators, prioritizing children's participation and recognizing their value are imperative.

The quality of life and improvement of the quality indicators of the space entered the urban planning literature in the 80s. Many thinkers believe that improving the quality of life is something city planners and managers should always look for. This fundamental research aims to explain specific and practical indicators for future normative and operational research. Therefore, in this article, by reviewing the international and domestic literature, we tried to classify the indicators of quality of life and this word from a completely conceptual and abstract form and its objective and subjective components that should be considered in research. to check the primary indices, according to the existing foundations and the existing global indices, with the help of content analysis and the topics of the keywords used by the theorists of this index, which in some cases have differences and similarities, have been identified. The quality indicators were classified in two subjective and objective dimensions and six economic, social, environmental, environmental, health, transportation, and transfer components were converted and the relationship between these elements and components was determined theoretically. The indicators extracted in each part of the theoretical foundations were refined by interviewing experts and considering the background and context of Iran, especially the Tajrish field and its culture and target audience, and finally, a conceptual and theoretical model of the quality improvement indicators of the environment separately up to Quality of life is presented as a step for practical research in this field for researchers.

Urban design, considering social, economic, and environmental needs, organizes urban spaces in a way that both meets the needs of citizens and enhances social interactions and quality of life. This process, focused on sustainability and efficiency, creates environmentally friendly and economically beneficial spaces that strengthen residents' sense of belonging and improve the living environment. Good urban design enhances the quality of urban spaces and, ultimately, the quality of urban life by emphasizing aspects such as accessibility, safety, and social connectivity. In this process, combining analytical methods with various stages of design aids in idea development and continuous assessment, increasing the likelihood of project success. This study examines the application of space syntax on Queen Street in the central trade district of Oakland City to answer the question: "How would the urban space quality of this street be evaluated using space syntax, and what challenges might arise in this evaluation?" Space syntax theory, which analyzes spatial layouts and their impact on human behavior, provides a tool for assessing connectivity, accessibility, and the integrity of pathways within the urban network. This tool is particularly valuable for understanding how spatial configurations influence social behavior. Using a mixed-methods approach, this research incorporated both quantitative and qualitative data; quantitative data was analyzed through DepthMap software, while qualitative data was collected to understand Queen Street’s role in the social and cultural context. The findings show that Queen Street benefits from adequate connectivity within the urban network and, as a key route, supports pedestrian activity and vibrancy in the central trade area. However, improvements such as enhancing pedestrian safety and optimizing traffic flow could further increase the street’s functionality. Analyzing Queen Street with space syntax revealed several challenges, including the complexity of data analysis and the subjective interpretations that may influence results. Additionally, temporal factors and cultural sensitivity are necessary to ensure that design recommendations align with local values. This study concludes that space syntax is a useful tool in evaluating urban space quality; however, ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration and integrating these analyses with qualitative insights can provide a more comprehensive understanding of urban spaces, fostering environments that are more sustainable and aligned with community needs.

The announcement of time has played a crucial role in shaping the rhythm of daily life in Islamic cities, much like public clocks in European urban centers demonstrated technological prowess and controlled urban life. Islamic urban architecture, particularly during the Safavid era, emphasized the integration of time-keeping structures into public spaces such as mosques and squares. This research investigates the architectural and cultural significance of time-announcing mechanisms in Iranian Islamic cities, focusing on Naqsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan, which housed diverse time-keeping structures like the "Shah Clock."

Theoretical Framework:

The study explores the historical role of public clocks and time-keeping mechanisms in Islamic urban planning, emphasizing their integration into architectural elements and their role in public and religious life. Drawing on historical texts and the interpretative-historical method, the research connects the development of these structures with advancements in Islamic mechanical engineering and urban design.

This qualitative research employs interpretative-historical and descriptive-analytical methods. Primary historical texts and documents were analyzed to trace and identify urban clocks and their functions. The study categorizes these mechanisms based on their technology, cultural significance, and spatial organization in urban environments. Specific examples, such as the Shah Clock of Naqsh-e Jahan Square and the time-keeping structures of Kashan and Yazd, were examined in detail to reconstruct their role in shaping public life and urban identity.

Findings indicate that time-keeping structures, such as the Shah Clock, played a multifaceted role in Islamic cities. These mechanisms combined advanced engineering, artistic craftsmanship, and architectural design. They served religious, social, and political purposes, including the announcement of prayer times, structuring urban life, and symbolizing the authority and technological sophistication of ruling powers.The study highlights the integration of Islamic, Persian, and European time-keeping methods, as evident in the Shah Clock and the Portuguese mechanical clock in Naqsh-e Jahan Square. The presence of artistic elements, such as moving figurines and musical features, added an educational and entertaining dimension, enhancing their public appeal. Moreover, the spatial arrangement of these structures in key urban areas underlined their cultural and social significance.

The study concludes that time-keeping mechanisms in Islamic cities were more than functional devices; they were integral to urban identity, cultural heritage, and public life. The Shah Clock and other similar structures in Isfahan, Yazd, and Kashan exemplify the intersection of technology, art, and religion in Islamic architecture. The absence of many of these structures today underscores the need for further research and preservation efforts to uncover their historical and cultural importance.This analysis provides valuable insights for contemporary urban planning by emphasizing the cultural and architectural integration of functional and aesthetic elements. Reintroducing such culturally significant structures in modern cities could foster a renewed appreciation of historical identity and urban harmony.

Empowerment in women's development is a way to define challenge and overcome the obstacles in their lives,  Through which they increase their ability to shape their lives. The empowerment process can not only improve their skills and access to productive resources, but will also be successful in improving the quality, status and place of work in society. women's empowerment creates a powerful influence on the norms, values and ultimately the laws that govern these societies. In this regard, the aim of this study is to integrate and synthesize the results of studies on the  feasibility of urban women empowerment.

Theoretical framework:

The idea of ​​empowerment is often linked to the concept of power relations, which specifically refers to gaining more or less power among actors.However, women's empowerment differs from the empowerment of other disadvantaged groups due to intra-household dynamics.Women's empowerment and gender equality are often considered two sides of the same coin: progress towards gender equality requires women's empowerment, while women's empowerment helps to increase gender equality. In the case of gender inequality or discrimination, it is generally believed that women are disadvantaged or excluded in terms of decision-making and access to economic and social resources.All definitions of women's empowerment refer to women's ability in certain areas, particularly in controlling their lives, having freedom to make decisions, and having input into changing life choices. Women's empowerment is usually combined with the position that women hold, which is often demonstrated by their acquisition and control of resources, which include not only material and financial resources, but also social and human resources; Resources that can enhance women's ability to exercise their choices. Examples of these resources include age, education, employment, social capital, networks, and asset ownership. Women's empowerment is a multidimensional concept, and women who are powerful and empowered in one dimension are not necessarily powerful in another. It has also been proven that women need resources and a sense of agency to achieve their life outcomes. The multidimensional concept of agency encompasses various domains, including decision-making authority, control over finances, and freedom of movement. Having decision-making authority and excessive use of money is a more accurate and accurate description of women's power.

The present research is based on a qualitative approach and in terms of the purpose of a applied research. In this study, a systematic review of 43 studies in the period from 2007 to 2024 was conducted using the meta-synthesis method.  The statistical population consisted of books, articles, theses, dissertations, and scientific documents related to the  urban women, empowerment ,and the research resources were selected by convenience sampling.

The results indicate that the empowerment of urban women depends on the realization of 24 sub-categories and 166 codes. Based on the results of integrating research data in the meta-synthesis process, the main development discourse category accounted for 33.73 percent of the total extracted codes. The category of the type of knowledge required for development accounted for 32.54 percent, the category of empowerment stages accounted for 6.03 percent, the category of capacity building accounted for 18.67 percent, and the category of institution building accounted for 9.03 percent of the total extracted codes. Therefore, the majority of extracted codes belong to the main development discourse category. The Kappa-Cohen coefficient of the present study is equal to 0.774 with a significance of 0.000, which indicates a valid agreement and the appropriateness of reliability (higher than 0.6). 

The present study, by combining and synthesizing the results of previous studies, has been able to present a model of the conceptual framework of women's empowerment and has provided the ground for its application in urban places.

Today, graffiti is considered as a street art that is carved with paint, brush, spray, stencil or with various tricks on walls, vehicle bodies or spaces, and in which the message of the oppressed or deprived class of society is reflected. Urban space has been evaluated by thinkers from two physical and social aspects. This means that the view of architects was mostly focused on physical studies and social studies were from the perspective of urban sociologists, planners and urban geographers. Graffiti is the product of the last decades of the 20th century in America. But the political murals of Athens in the contemporary period go back to the occupation period of the Axis powers in 1941, the civil war of 1949-1941 and then the dictatorship period of 1974-1967. In these periods, it is different from the modern concept of graffiti as an art form. A new form of Athens’ graffiti appeared in 1998 at an international festival celebrating Athens' winning bid to host the 2004 Olympic Games. From that period until now, the walls of Athens have been the stage for the transmission of political messages. So that this city has been described as "the most stained and saturated city in the world".Until the 20th century, art, philosophy, science and social institutions were not separate from each other, the urban space represented the community and there was no difference between the form of the urban space and its function. With the beginning of the 20th century and the spread of modernism, modernism considered the urban space to be the result of the social functions that take place in the city, and relying on functionalism, the separation of urban elements, zoning and dividing the city into four main functions of residence, work, leisure and commuting left the urban space in the hands of oblivion. In fact, modernism considers the existence of any cultural and historical information in urban spaces not only unnecessary but also harmful and uses all its efforts to erase these works. This is the achievement of modern rationalism in modern times. In the sixties, the modern attitude towards urban spaces, which assumed it to be something infinite and abstract, was questioned, and the modernist view of urban space was questioned, and since then, urban space in its true sense was raised again. In new perspectives, the urban space is a space full of crowd and includes various economic, social, political and cultural uses and a new understanding of the space of perception in the fields of philosophical, psychological and sociological thoughts. is presented. The experts of this period consider urban space to be the result of the art of communication and believe that since space is nothing but society, changing the environment means changing social relations. Graffiti, as a form of modern art, which, like many other types of art, has its roots in the depths of history and prehistory, has the deepest social characteristics of the place where it is seen. Social issues may appear in different ways depending on the cultural, political and geographical features of a region. Group ritual gatherings, traditional or classical shows, singing and hymns, etc., each one shows a form of art in which the culture of that people can be evaluated. Graffiti is one of these forms of art that is more connected with the modern urban space. So that sometimes it is felt that some citizens use it to pretend to enter the modern age and break from the previous traditional atmosphere. Graffiti art has a common root in the history of the West and the East. Athens graffiti were the product of a protest movement in response to the deep economic crisis of Greece in the last one or two decades, which were different in context, how they were presented, and the subject and content; but they were all a protest reaction to a situation that was not managed. The purpose of this research is to know the experience of the Athens’ graffiti movement as a function of urban art in overcoming the crisis as a modern method of protest. This research has a theoretical approach in terms of purpose and is descriptive and analytical in nature; The author has purposefully selected 27 works from Athens’ graffiti. The provided data based on documentary and field studies are analysed with a qualitative method. The artistic experience of chaotic Athens with its graffiti may not be very pleasant to the mayor and visitors of this city, but for those who have the experience of the war-torn cities of the Middle East, this experience has been a fascinating period. Athens’ graffiti artists have considered this city as an ideal place to express their requests; with the new attraction it has created for tourists and foreigners, the city also shows an artistic reaction from the intellectual sublevels of its own society. These cultural and political views in which they are crystallised are interesting for many foreigners and they also find a part of their contemporary history in them. Among the graffiti works, there are messages with radical anti-materialist, socialist, anti-Nazism and fascism content. The Greek government's response to graffiti is not only directed at its content, but also includes the volume and size of advertisements. They had to accept the new look of the city and then appreciate some works of art; By explaining that they were forced to distinguish between art and the labels without aesthetic value that they were determined to destroy. From the very beginning of the new wave of graffiti design in Athens, parts of the government also agreed with it. During several decades of activity of graffiti artists, the existing works are now recognised as symbols and signatures of Athens, and government institutions hold ceremonies in their commemoration from time to time. Athens' graffiti boomed after the country's Great Depression. In them, the protesting cry of the voiceless class of the society against the existing situation was clear. In 2009, the first aspects of Greece's economic collapse were seen, and the government declared a high budget deficit and received financial aid for reforms from the Eurozone and the International Monetary Fund. The first reactions of the society towards the economic strictures, the next year in 2010. A year later, private investors forgave half of their outstanding claims from the government; but an opening was not achieved and the government changed. In 2012, the second foreign support package was injected into the Greek economy. But in the same year, the Greek government changed for the second time and again for the third time. In 2013 and 2014, austerity measures intensified and protests were formed accordingly. In the first month of 2015, for the fourth time, a new leftist government led by Alexis Tsipras took office. He also put the capital control program on his agenda. In the same year, a referendum was held and people voted against these plans; but the ruling party turned to new austerity reforms. In 2017, the International Monetary Fund announced the end of aid programs to Greece, and in 2018, Europe joined this decision. The international financial aid packages did not lead to financial stability and regulation of the economy, but instead led it to a long-term deep recession and skyrocketing unemployment. The effects of the austerity packages weighed heavily on low- and middle-income households, leading to deep poverty for the working and "ruined" middle classes, upward redistribution of wealth, the closure of thousands of small businesses, and a dramatic decline in living standards for the majority of people. With the conducted investigations, three spectrums of Athens’ graffiti performers can be identified. In the first row, there are parties. They usually do a large part of their goals and messages not officially, but through their fans. Due to the legal aspect and party responsibility, they refrain from destructive methods and present their message often in relatively appropriate ways. These messages often appear on public spaces under the control of the government and in the urban space at certain times when election campaigns are peaking. The mentioned economic collapse of Greece has provided the necessary social context for the slogans of leftist parties. Together with the radical nationalists (although both of them are opposites), they make strong slogans for fundamental changes. The second range of performers consists of six political, citizen, anti-totalitarian, religious and ecological groups. Religious messages in Athens’ graffiti are considered the third spectrum. Religious images with moral themes are often executed by experienced graffiti artists. The third spectrum belongs to the works of individuals; whose voices do not resonate in any group, they do not find any significant groups of like-minded people or they cannot be proposed in public spaces at all, and it may even have consequences for them with legal prosecution.

The city of Tabriz, with a rich history in urban design, is currently facing challenges such as declining urban landscape quality, the prelude to increasing environmental pollution, and a lack of proper management of public spaces. These issues negatively impact the physical and mental health of citizens as well as their social interactions. Furthermore, the shortage of safe sidewalks and suitable environments for physical activities has pushed residents toward using private vehicles, resulting in reduced physical activity and an increase in chronic diseases. This underscores the critical need to pay attention to urban landscape quality.This research aims to examine the impact of urban space landscapes on the physical and mental health and social interactions of Tabriz residents. It also seeks to provide solutions for improving the design and management of public spaces to enhance the quality of life for Tabriz citizens. The main research question is: "How do urban space landscapes affect the physical and mental health and social interactions of Tabriz residents?"

Theoretical framework:

Based on the theoretical foundations reviewed, the landscapes of urban spaces have significant impacts on the physical, mental, and social health of residents. Access to green spaces, areas suitable for physical activity, and public spaces that facilitate social interactions can significantly improve urban quality of life. Proper urban design can lead to a reduction in physical and mental health issues and an increase in social interactions, while poor design may negatively affect public health and well-being. Considering these foundations, the present research will take a closer look at the impacts of urban space landscapes on the health of Tabriz residents.

This study employed a quantitative research method based on Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The statistical population included the entire population of Tabriz (1,643,960 people), with a sample size of 384 determined using Cochran's formula and selected through stratified random sampling to ensure diversity in gender, age, and location. Data were collected using a three-part questionnaire addressing demographic information, physical health, and mental and social well-being. Tools such as DASS-21 and GHQ-12 were utilized to assess mental health. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (above 0.70), and validity was ensured through expert review. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software, and SEM was employed to explore the relationships between variables.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of urban space landscapes on the physical and mental health and social interactions of Tabriz residents. The findings revealed that urban landscapes play a decisive role in enhancing the quality of life for citizens. The statistics highlight the tangible effects of urban landscapes in various domains.The quality of green spaces, with an average score of 3.7, indicates a relatively adequate level of access in Tabriz, though certain areas still require improvement. These spaces, with a factor loading of 0.83, significantly reduce stress and improve the mental health of citizens. Sidewalks and pathways, with an average score of 4.1 and a factor loading of 0.89, are among the most important factors in enhancing both physical and mental health, though further standardization is needed in parts of the city.In terms of physical health, the average daily physical activity of residents, with 6.1 steps per day, suggests a moderate level of physical activity. However, this could be improved by enhancing pedestrian areas and public sports spaces. The Body Mass Index (BMI) of residents, with an average of 25.5, indicates a near-overweight condition, underlining the need for expanding spaces for sports and physical activity.In mental health, stress and anxiety levels, with an average score of 3.4, point to a moderate level of stress among residents. Urban landscapes, particularly green spaces and well-designed public areas, play a crucial role in reducing stress and increasing life satisfaction. The sense of security in urban spaces, with an average score of 3.5, suggests that improvements in security, especially in poorly lit and less frequented areas, are necessary.Regarding social interactions, the number of daily social interactions, with an average score of 3.8, indicates a reasonable level of interaction among residents. Public and social spaces, with a factor loading of 0.90, have the most significant impact on increasing social interactions and fostering a sense of community belonging.The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis demonstrated that urban landscapes have a direct impact on physical health (path coefficient: 0.65), mental health (path coefficient: 0.58), and social interactions (path coefficient: 0.62). Additionally, the indirect effects of urban landscapes on mental health through intermediary variables such as physical health and social interactions were confirmed.

The results clearly underscore the importance of improving urban landscapes in reducing stress, enhancing social interactions, and promoting physical health. Urban managers and planners in Tabriz should prioritize actions such as increasing green spaces, improving sidewalks, and developing public spaces, based on these findings, to transform Tabriz into a healthier, more beautiful, and more socially engaging city.

In the modern world, urban spaces, on the one hand, and contemporary citizens, on the other hand, are heavily influenced by the effects of smart and virtual spaces and technologies. Hence, it is pivotal to establish spaces that would simultaneously meet the health needs of contemporary humans and pay special attention to the smart dimensions of contemporary life. The concepts of a healthy city and a smart city are emerging ideas that were introduced towards the end of the twentieth century, driven by the rapid growth of urban populations and the resulting challenges, along with economic and technological changes brought about by globalization. The concept of healthy cities was developed within an initiative framework by the World Health Organization and was introduced in the wake of the search for promoting health by a general entity of the international sphere (Taylor, 2010). The concept of smart cities was also initiated by technological companies in the private sector and refers to the utilization of innovations and technological sources in urban infrastructure and services. Accordingly, just as there are a large number of innovative approaches, there are common indicators used both in healthy cities and in smart cities. Assuming a general health priority, the subject of smartization in urban space is regarded as a strategic objective, causing the fatality of pandemic and non-pandemic diseases to be fewer and thus helping to create a prosperous and competitive economy. The present study aims to explain the components affecting a smart and healthy urban space and to provide a general conceptual framework in this connection.

From a goal perspective, the study was applied, and from the nature of information and its analytical perspective, it was qualitative, falling under documentary research. The present study was also considered a mixed research method. In this direction, the dimensions and components of a healthy and smart city, raised by professionals and experts, were first collected and were then coded by using content analysis, leading to the determination of a general healthy and smart city framework. Next, the determined indicators were firstly incorporated and then scored and ranked by ten experts by using the five criteria of urban space scales, health and smartization relevance, easiness of access to information, measurability, and spatial diversity changes via the Goeller scorecard method. Because the five criteria are not equally important, the AHP method and Expert Choice software were used to assign weights to the criteria. To calculate the final score, the score of each indicator was multiplied by the weight of the relevant criterion, and then all the scores resulting from the indicators were added up, leading to a final score of 10. The indicators that received a score of higher than 5 were selected and the “general conceptual framework of a healthy city with a smart city approach” was explained. Finally, to control the quality of the extracted framework, the Cohen’s Kappa Index was used to compare the researcher’s view with an expert’s to finally provide an ID of indicators.

The explained conceptual framework consisted of 5 economic, social, managerial, physical and environmental dimensions, encompassing 12 components and 52 indicators of a healthy and smart urban space. The economic dimension consists of the component of economic prosperity and the indicators of strengthening local markets, tourism, and business diversity. The social dimension consists of the component of social communications with the indicators of social engagement, social and ethnic plurality, participation in social life, the component of social facilities with the indicators of accessibility and the awareness-raising of cultural events, accessibility and the awareness-raising of recreational events, access to sports amenities, access to welfare services, access to high-speed Internet, wireless coverage, and finally the component of health with the indicators of access to healthy food, promoting bodily exercises, awareness-raising and training health principles, and access to healthcare services. The managerial dimension consists of the component of urban management that involves the indicators of cultural heritage preservation (regeneration), citizens’ satisfaction with urban management performance, administrating the effective programs of garbage collecting and recycling and traffic management. The physical dimension consists of five components titled as accessibility with the indicators of access to public transportation, access to pedestrian zones, access to cycling paths, access to places of rest, access to green spaces, access to clean public spaces, access to washrooms, access to parking lots, safety with the indicators of the safety of cycling paths, the safety of pedestrian zones, traffic safety, the quality of urban pathways, security with the indicators of lighting and illumination of urban spaces, 24-hour land uses, the new generation of rescue police, social monitoring (urban smart cameras), transportation with the indicators of various and diverse options of vehicles, providing the Internet in public transportation, timers indicating the time of arriving at the destination, the applications showing the position of the public vehicles, the quality of public transportation (using sensors to improve public mobility), non-motorized public transportation (EVs, hybrids, and scooters), and environmental design with the indictors of land use diversity, design proportionate to peoples’ needs, diverse greenery, the quality of urban furniture, and place attachment. The environmental dimension consists of two components of energy with the indicator of using renewable sources and the environmental quality with the indicators of air, sound, and visual quality, water quality, and surface water collection and disposal.

According to the scores calculated, the environmental dimension with a score of 9.4 held greater importance than other dimensions and should be paid special attention in urban planning and designing. As all indicators of environmental quality received a score of 9.9, a key requirement for creating a healthy urban space with a smart city approach is to focus on air and water quality, reduce sound and visual pollution, and manage and collect surface waters effectively. The physical dimension with a score of 8.6 ranked second, followed by the social dimension (a score of 8), and economic and managerial dimensions with scores of 7.6 and 6.9, respectively.

People in a society become sophisticated when they face unfamiliar and unknown social and public challenges and spend part of their daily lives in the public arena. This issue raises the level of solidarity of people and makes the place a familiar one. The spaces we face daily, engage us socially, culturally, and communicatively. And by creating a high environment, they build a sense of peace and improve the spirit of society. (Cattell et al. 2008.) Since the urban space is incomplete and undefinable regardless of its social processes, many thinkers consider the importance of social space more than physical space. Social space is a social product, and every society produces its own space. The centrality of daily social attitudes and actions in space is considered concerning the importance of spatial aspects of the social organization of space. Therefore, the space is at the center of the continuity of historical and social processes and includes the confrontation over meanings and values. Continuous relationships between elements through shape, color, texture, and continuity patterns form the perception of organizational elements in the space and prevent any change and interruption in the space. The existence of sociable public spaces is an important supplement for people's socialization. The sociability of public spaces promotes the spirit of solidarity and individual growth of the city's people, regardless of race, age, socio-economic status, and gender. (Najari and Mehdinejad, 2019) Since urban space is incomplete and incorrect, regardless of its social processes, many thinkers consider the importance of social space more than physical space. Social space is a social product and each society and its production method produces its own space. Therefore, engaging in environmental links with the undeniable part of daily social and individual biological experiences and strong visual communication and spatial visualization causes that even with relocation, one's thinking develops. Living cities all have systems with active and identifiable public spaces for the city, where people can meet, move, and communicate with each other. Physical space, to respond to social needs with the necessary opportunities to acquire social business, and public space in cities, can respond to these needs. But in contemporary societies, the downward trend of audience presence in public spaces and the weakening of the social sense, causes the experts of architecture and urban planning, in connection with the issues of social quality of the place, the amount of audience attraction, and the promotion of social belonging in the public space, researchers. Knowing the factors from the point of view of thinkers to understand the concept of concepts and its effect on the urban body and to investigate how to promote social needs and environmental connection in the Pamenar neighborhood is the main goal of this research. To answer this; The study investigates the interconnectedness of social interaction and the urban body and its environmental connections with a qualitative method of case study and analytical perspective, and by inferring the relevant findings and opinions of social science experts in the urban field to provide a reliable definition of the interaction between the body of the city and social interaction, and finally to explain the criteria for promoting interaction. Social presence is studied in the local plaza as one of the most effective public spaces in cities. The neighborhood studied in this article, Pamenar, is located in the heart of the historical context of Tehran. It is also a residential neighborhood whose residents can play an active role in maintaining and promoting its identity. The research findings indicate that the two primary indicators in the development of social interaction are the physical body and the creation of a social event (activity). The revitalization of this context depends on the development of social interactions. Therefore, the present article considered the two main factors of attention to the urban physical body and the reproduction of social events as endogenous factors in shaping urban revitalization. It examines the origin of the Pamenar revitalization within its context, exploring the historical background as a source of inspiration for generating fresh ideas. According to the particular location and the subject of the research, and based on the research and field investigations and multiple visits to the target site, designing a plaza with a revitalization approach is one of the best options in this place. Furthermore, the architectural significance of plaza design entails the creation of public and urban spaces comprising various elements like amphitheaters, cafes, galleries, bookstores, small vendors, and other necessary public areas. These communal spaces will be meticulously designed, evaluated, and scrutinized.

Nowadays, most urban public spaces, including streets, have strongly been under the control of cars and lost their liveliness because of irregular increases in the use of motor vehicles. The street, a place for human interactions and activities, has changed into a place to pass and be taken up by cars. The people who used to talk and trade in the street, the children who considered the street to be a place to play, the young people who come into the street for amusement, and people who are the case in increasing liveliness, all of them have become pedestrians, who are only permitted to pass the pedestrian crossing. Therefore, according to the issues raised and available evidence, it is important to consider the needs of all citizens, including children and the young, by increasing their intellectual and psychological health and a feeling of relaxation due to a suitable space to be present. Meanwhile, the complete street is one of the appropriate strategies that can bring security, relaxation, and easy access for drivers, pedestrians, cycling, and public transport drivers simultaneously and revive the interactions and social liveliness of the past years. So this present research aims to investigate the affected factors in spatialsocial liveliness by complete street principles. Methodolgy: This present research has been conducted with a qualitative approach and the method of grounded theory. This theory is data-driven and avoids the only test of deductive hypotheses. In this regard the researcher tries to discover dominant processes of social context from the vision of subjects.

The data from interviews with 79 and 39 citizens of Shirazi and Hamadan in order were coded in three stages: open (initial), central, and selective. Open codes include 25 concepts that relate to Shiraz and 35 concepts that relate to Hamadan and central codes include three major categories, which include dynamism, attractiveness, and people and activities (active and passive). Social-spatial justice was identified as the central core of the present research.

According to the results of the research, the core category (selective code) is "spatial-social justice". This category covers all the other categories. The citizens participating in this research have explained social-spatial justice as a major factor in increasing spatial-social liveliness. The grounded model of this explanation consists of a series of conditions that include causal conditions, contextual conditions, and mediating conditions, which lead to the emergence of activities and interactions. The consequences of these activities and interactions are social-spatial justice. The causal conditions of this model are favorable urban management, which plays an essential role in creating lively spaces in cities. On the other hand, responding to the needs of all people has a great impact on the presence and enjoyment of space. Correct behavioral activities are the mediating conditions that create interest in using space. All these conditions lead to a series of activities and interactions that create social-spatial justice.

The promotion of social interactions is one of the most important manifestations of successful urban spaces. But in the present era, the increasing use of cars and the gradual domination of pedestrian movement has reduced the social participation in urban spaces. This issue, while addressing the importance of social interactions in urban life, raises the need to return to the category of pedestrians. Therefore, the present study is based on identifying and evaluating the factors affecting the promotion of social interactions in pedestrian streets. The present study was conducted as a case study in Chaharbagh Abbasi Pedestrian Street of Isfahan. This research is of applied type and descriptive-analytical research method and an attempt has been made to determine the importance of each of the effective criteria and indicators using the opinion of experts. Therefore, effective criteria for promoting social interactions were identified in three components: physical, social and activity-functional. Then, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Choice software, the importance coefficients of the criteria, sub-criteria and their prioritization were determined. The study population consisted of experts who were randomly selected to answer the questionnaire questions. The results indicate that , the physical criterion with a weight of 0.31 is more important than the other criteria and the sub-criteria of visual diversity and permeability of the main physical criterion with a weight of 0.29 have the highest coefficient of importance in the process of promoting social interactions from the perspective of experts.

The researches carried out in the relics of the history of architecture and urban planning of Iran in the field of architectural studies and urban planning have been more closely related to the body of these relics. In the meantime, social factors, cultural, religious and customary structures and the opinion of the master craftsman, architect or even the king and the courtiers have been neglected in the form of regulations, despite their undeniable effect. It seems that Iran's architecture has principles based on which architects have acted in relation to durability and long useful life of buildings. The creation of desirable and high-quality architectural works that have the capacity to last and adapt to life and the passage of time has been happening in Iran for a long time. This article seeks to answer the question of whether the regulations related to architecture during the Qajar era until the constitution were involved in increasing the lifespan and quality of the  relics, or did they take steps to reduce it? This study has been carried out in the context of a part of history, from the time of the rule of the Qajar kings to the emergence of constitutionalism. In this era, with the emergence of the first forms of urban organization, regulations play a more prominent role than in the past. In this article, the data collected and analyzed systematically during the research process have been used. Based on this method, first open coding is done up to the stage of theoretical saturation, and then classification and analysis of the codes is done up to the stage of selective codes. The purpose of compiling this article is to first read the documents belonging to the mentioned period and extract the existing regulations at that time and then measure its effect on increasing or decreasing the useful life of architectural  relics. Therefore, firstly, the regulations related to architectural constructions or urban spaces from the Qajar era to the Constitution have been summarized and then the relationship between these factors and the useful life of the building has been investigated. According to the nature of the Qajar period and the emergence of factors that reduced the lifespan and quality of architecture, the classification has been separated into two general categories: increase and decrease in durability.

Holding different custom and rituals in every society strengthens the social ties of that society. Meanwhile, in Shi’a culture, Muharram mourning ceremonies have been valued semantically and create the basis for a set of rituals which gradually found diverse social functions and became part of popular culture. During Qajar period, unlike the previous periods, due to the role of religion and religious ceremonies in the social life of this period, special places were crated for holding these ceremonies, most important of which were Ashura rituals. In Nain, the space system of Husseinieh square (consisting of bodied squares and the physical form of Husseinieh) was influenced by these traditions during the Qajar period. The present study, as a case study seeks to explain how ceremonies and rituals interact especially Muharram and Safar mourning ceremonies as an identity and cultural factor of the city of Nain. Results of the questionnaires along with theoretical analysis, showed that in the interaction between the Ashura rituals and the city of Nain in terms of physical characteristics, they created certain elements and spaces in the Qajar period in Nain (Heptad Husseinieh squares) which are considered as the most important spatial and ritual elements which formed urban space and central neighborhoods and also considered as an important factor in the structure of the spatial system and its physical integrity. Also, mourning ceremonies have influenced the spaces associated with it due to their accordance with the beliefs of city’s resident and was effective in the identifying the spaces and their sense of belonging. Performing t is carried out in all aspects with the role and participation of people, and as a result of the experience of this group work in working together, provides the for creating social consistency and local integrity in the course of holding such ceremonies.

The expansion of urban societies caused significant changes in the living environment of humans. These changes caused many problems, including the increase in thermal tensions and lack of thermal comfort in the cities. Among these changes is the presence of artificial surfaces in urban spaces, which have replaced natural surfaces and include a high percentage of the surface of cities. The difference in the characteristics of the artificial surfaces has made their impact on the thermal comfort conditions of the environment different compared to the natural surfaces. In this research, sidewalks, which include a large part of artificial surfaces in cities, are the subject of study, and the effects of changes in their characteristics on thermal comfort in open spaces are evaluated. Field measurements and numerical simulation methods were used in this study. Field measurements were carried out by a data logger on the campus of Imam Khomeini University of Qazvin. Also, numerical simulations were performed for the hottest day of the year (July 25, 1401) by modeling the site using Envimet software. The results of the data obtained from the simulations were validated with the measured data. Then two characteristics of pavement materials, albedo (reflection coefficient) and material thickness, were investigated in different amounts of simulation and the results obtained from their impact on the thermal comfort of the environment were evaluated by two indices of Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). According to the results, albedo has a greater effect on thermal indices, and reducing its value from 0.8 to 0.2 to a maximum of 3 and an average of 0.4 degrees Celsius will cause a decrease in the thermal comfort index of PET. The thickness of the pavement materials was also evaluated, and the related results indicate the very small and partial effect of changes in this characteristic on the thermal comfort of the environment.

Men have always played a fundamental role in shaping the city and urban spaces, so women's needs, including the need for security, have not been taken into account when creating spaces. Urban spaces, as arenas that are the physical embodiment of peoples' social objectivity, must be able to provide the necessary platforms for strengthening the safe presence of women, because compared to men, women have a different experience of security in urban space. Pages The research method was descriptive-analytical. Library surveys were used to collect data along with a questionnaire developed by the researchers. The sample size was 369 questionnaires obtained using the Cochran formula. Structural equation method with partial least squares was used for data analysis using SmartPls software. The results showed that six social, physical-environmental indicators, accessibility and mobility, land use and utility, environmental well-being and connectivity and integrity were effective in ensuring safety in the creation of urban spaces in Khalil Ab ad informal settlement. in the vicinity. Of the six indicators, the social conditions index with a standard factor load of 0.92 had the greatest impact, while relations and comprehensiveness with a standard factor load of 0.599 had the least impact. Finally, the urban space design variable indirectly explains 72% of the variation in the women's safety variable in the Khalilabad neighborhood of Tabriz city.

The realization of a sustainable university as an institution that prioritizes environmental, social, economic, and cultural sustainability in its strategies, policies, and practices; As a strategic center, it plays a central role in urban environments, and in the last few decades, it has been the focus of urban planning and designer researchers. A university, as a higher education institution that provides three areas of educational performance: educational space, educational experience in context, and natural environment, plays an important role in the balance and interaction of social activity, built-physical environment, and natural environment. They play Providing a method and a tool to evaluate the level of stability of the educational space as a physical-spatial space is the subject that is addressed in this research. For this purpose, various types of assessment tools are introduced, and then the graphic assessment tool of sustainability in the university (GASU) is examined as one of the analytical tools. This research is based on its interpretative approach, following the introduction and application of an evaluation method to measure the sustainability of university campuses as a special type of urban public space. Based on this, this research has used the strategy of reviewing the research literature using library resources (a heuristic approach). The results are presented in two parts: the framework of GASU indicators and the rereading of this method for its application in the university with the aim of turning it into a public space in the city. The results indicate that the general indicators are centered on the institutional core of the university campus in order to create a vision for information and public participation; economic indicators are another part of the institutional core, seeking to draw the conditions of competition, benefit, and public participation in the economic field; And finally, the environmental index to describe a nature-friendly environment is based on local values and technology-based energy efficiency.

The development of information and communication technology in the 20th century and the entry into the information age in the field of change in the global political and economic environment have seen many developments. Entering the information age has provided the foundation and root of the construction of the neoliberal government since the 1970s, and it has included changes in the current structures in its projects. Under the banner of these changes, the reorganization of capitalism can take place by describing the changes by informants. The economics of information provides an overview of the components of the economy and new changes, considering Castells' belief in connecting those components in the concept of "space of flows" as opposed to "space of places". Because of this, the city faces a new nature of space. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to reread the concept of space and urban space and its changes under the influence of the development of information and communication technology.

For this purpose, using the systematic review method, articles related to the effects of information and communication technology development on the city and urban space and place have been extracted, examined, and analyzed. This started by searching for valid articles and was done by studying the abstract and research results of more than 100 articles, monitoring them, and finally selecting 42 articles after entering the Excel software environment. The published articles are in English and between the period of 30 years, 1990-2020.

The review and analysis of the articles have separated the sub-branches related to the change of urban space and place due to the development of information and communication technologies into four main areas: urban design, urban planning, urban participation, and travel patterns. According to the results of the analysis, the areas and sub-areas effective in creating changes in the urban space and place were extracted, and shared spaces and dedicated spaces related to the four main areas were presented.

The development of information and communication technology will affect urban spaces and places in different ways and different aspects. Therefore, there is a need to reorganize urban activities and urban space and place. Information and communication technology can play a role as a factor in strengthening urban space, improving the quality of public spaces, and improving the performance of urban spaces. Therefore, the valuable location values multiply and affect the issue of location. Keyword

The increase in size and population and the spatial elements of cities has caused physical-spatial complications in cities, so that it is hardly possible to understand urban relations and to know the main structure of cities and their morphology based on the analysis of all the city components. Analyzing the spatial structure of cities needs methods that can respond to these complexities. Among the theories and methods that study the structure and configuration of urban space is the theory of space syntax. Spatial integration as a spatial value in the analysis of the spatial structure of cities is a concept developed based on the method of space syntax. In this article, using the spatial structure analysis method, the existing spatial structure of Bandar Abbas city has been explored as a case study. The research carried out shows that the growth and expansion of the city in different directions and the expansion of the physical extent of the city has caused many changes in the spatial configuration of city, which is necessary for effective methods and techniques in solving the problems. One of these methods is the method of space syntax, the use of which will be very effective in understanding the complexities of the physical structure of city and the pathology of the spatial structure of localities. Just as the improvement of underdeveloped urban neighborhoods, without an accurate understanding of the spatial structure of the neighborhoods in relation to the structure of the metropolis, will cause the project to fail, the ability to be lost, and the neighborhood to become more isolated, the analysis shows that it is not possible to Revival of spatial structure and separation of all tissues suggested a solution; Because the problem of some of these tissues is not internal and is the result of the lack of proper structural connection between the tissue and the city. Therefore, it is necessary to know the structure and spatial organization of urban tissues in relation to the structure of cities, and the use of space layout method in the analysis and predictions of designers will be useful.