جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آسیب پذیری » در نشریات گروه « پدافند غیرعامل »

Throughout history, territories have always been exposed to natural hazards (earthquakes, floods, etc.) and human hazards (war) and have caused a lot of human and financial losses. Therefore, the importance of passive defense before and after the crisis in order to control and reduce the damages is undeniable. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to evaluate the use of urban land with an emphasis on passive defense, which was carried out in Ardabil city as a case study. The research method is analytical-descriptive and SWOT model is used to determine the strategies. The findings from the implementation of the mentioned model show that the highest weighted score is related to threat points with a value of 3.64 and the lowest weighted score is related to strengths with a value of 2.87. be The research results indicate that land use planning in Ardabil city is closer to defensive strategies in terms of passive defense, and Ardabil city lacks comprehensive planning in the field of passive defense. Considering that the highest weight score obtained is related to the external factor (threat) of land use in Ardabil city, it is necessary to take necessary measures to solve them.

Since the distant past, environmental hazards (natural and human) have been integral parts of human life. Deep knowledge of areas and territories and considering the necessary arrangements helps us in facing risks. But the most important factor that leads to a crisis when natural and human disasters occur is the physical vulnerability of buildings. Vulnerability of urban settlements, defenseless spaces, unsafe neighborhoods, cities with wrong architecture, all of them are factors that threaten urban and social security. On the urban scale, passive defense is a strategy to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience against both natural and man-made hazards. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the vulnerability of the houses in Mahabad city from the point of view of non-active defense. The type of applied research and its method is descriptive-analytical. GIS and Expert choice software were used for data analysis. The findings of the research show that after the pairwise comparison of the research indicators with the AHP model, the building quality index with a weight of 0.137. It has the most points. and indicators of building life and unusual habitation and hazardous uses respectively 0.112, 0.11 and 0.101 is placed in the second, third, and fourth places, and at the end, the slope of the land and the width of the roads are at the 0.022 The irregular geometry of the urban fabric of Mahabad, the natural growth of the city, the existence of informal settlements and old and worn-out fabric in the central part of the city, the presence of residential plots with a smaller area in the southern and central fabric of the city, have made possible the vulnerable areas of the urban fabric and in In the event of natural and human crises, these tissues will be severely damaged and will cause a lot of financial and human losses.

Passive Defense in a country like Iran can be used to plan and create barriers to deter enemy attacks and minimize vulnerabilities in cities and in line with the issues of sustainable development and security of cities, communities and important urban infrastructures. In this regard, the present research has dealt with the zoning of Urmia city with a defense-oriented approach. The type of research is based on applied goals and a descriptive analytical nature. For this purpose, first by studying the sources related to the approach of defense and non-active defense, the number of 6 criteria and 22 sub-criteria have been selected according to the availability of information for the city of Urmia. The index weights were calculated using the ANP network analysis process in the Super Decision software. Then, by entering the indicators into the GIS environment and implementing them on the city, maps related to each indicator were produced; From the integration of sub-criteria maps related to each criterion, a zoning map was obtained based on that specific criterion, and finally, from the integration of these 6 maps, the final zoning of the defense area of Urmia city was obtained. The results of the criteria overlap map show that about 17% of the city is in the high vulnerability zone, 26% in the medium vulnerability zone and 55% in the low vulnerability zone. In the following, the SAW decision-making model was used to rank the regions, which indicates the vulnerability of regions 2 and 4 more than regions 3 and 1.

What in this research it has been addressd vulnerability  review and assessment transportion networks  and its interaction analysis Emphasis on urban air ports against man made threats and proposals to reduce vulnerability based on the principles and foundations of passive defense is. Airports by providing  fast shipping platform and passenger and with high capacity between regions with a long distance to the comprehensive development of countries and even the provinces help a lot so that it as one of the symbols of development Civilian airports are currently considered as one of the vital and valuable assets in any country that is considered as one of the air borders, and will be very important, so that taking measures to reduce their vulnerability to threats is necessary and unavoidable, so that The slightest disturbance in its functioning or damage to its body causes huge material and moral damages. The current research is an applied research, and it is in the category of descriptive-analytical research, the required information has been collected using documentary methods, including library documents, observations and field. For this purpose, a number of 32 experts were chosen as experts and FEMA method was used for risk analysis and the information was analyzed using Expert choice software and AHP technique. The findings of the research show that the assets of city airports in different sectors are seriously vulnerable to military attacks and man-made terrorist acts Of course, according to the type, nature and function of each of the infrastructure elements, the degree and level of vulnerability is different And it is possible to explain the factors of increasing vulnerability and the ways to reduce it for each key asset, with the aim of ensuring the continuity of activity and maintaining the airport infrastructure and protecting human lives.

Social engineering is the art of deceiving people in a way that no use of force and threat, something to do or provide that information to social engineer . Social engineering can follow self-interest or organizational or national interest. Hackers, criminals, spies, saboteurs and ... all use social engineering to achieve their goals .social engineer uses Various techniques. In this study, the effect of this techniques on the vulnerability of people looked at the combined method (qualitative and quantitative ) to measure this effect .First, various social engineering techniques as well as their vulnerability conducted by reviewing previous research and the interviewing with the experts in the field of engineering social was obtained and different techniques in a variety of technical, social, physical and technical – social were categorized. Afterwards in quantitative stage, By creating a questionnaire and various Items In the form of Likert scale and Provide the questionnaire to the target community(Employees of Tehran Municipality) The degree of vulnerability of people to a variety of social engineering techniques was obtained. It was found vulnerability of the target population is more than to the techniques of technical, social, technical – social and physical respectively . to prevent social engineering, human –driven and technology –based solutions were proposed that human –centered mainly on training personnel and IT solutions based on the provision of the right equipment, computers and creating a right information access cycle in organizations .

The term of passive defense refers to a set of unarmed actions that increase deterrence, reduce vulnerability, guarantee the continual of essential activities, promote national stability and facilitate crisis management in the face of enemy threats and military actions. The electrical power grid is an infrastructure, vital for the country and any disruptions in the grid, affects other infrastructures of the country. In such circumstances, many problems emerge which have significant effects on different sections of society and cause serious challenges to the administration of the country. Hence in this article, first the factors affecting power blackouts around the world are analyzed, then regarding the causes of blackouts, the threats and vulnerabilities of the national power grid are identified and appropriate solutions are provided to reduce the vulnerabilities and to improve the stability of the national power grid. In order to implement the principles of passive defense against blackouts, these solutions are proposed with consideration of the main principles of passive defense. Finally, the strategies of passive defense required for enhancing the national power grid security are determined based on the proposed solutions. The result of these strategies is the continuity of electricity supply for the society and the proliferation of national resilience against threats and dangers.

Vulnerability can be attributed to an inherent defect in the specific dimensions of the city 's environment, which is prone to damage due to the biological and physical properties or design characteristics. Studying the structures of a city and micro-zoning its vulnerability from the perspective of passive defense is a step towards the future prospects of a safe city. The main purpose of the present study is to study the vulnerability challenge in urban infrastructure from the civil defense point of view, and the anticipated approach is the application of modeling for identification of these infrastructures. The domain of the present study is the Boroujerd city with the population of 240654 and the area of 33065884 square meters. This research is applied-research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical research (based on the approach of spatial-model studies) in terms of methodology. The indicators of special infrastructure, emergency, general, public and management services are classified and extracted in the form of 1062 infrastructures. In order to measure the proximity pattern, 14 layers which are effective on vulnerability are identified and using Anp-dematle-GIS combined analysis, the weighting of distance maps for them is designed and standardized. The FUZZY OVERLAY tool in ArcGIS software is used for spatial distribution and micro-zoning of urban infrastructure vulnerabilities. Spatial results and micro-zoning of vulnerability in Boroujerd city show that 539 infrastructures, namely 50.47% of the infrastructures are in a totally vulnerable situation. It should also be noted that about 59% of the city's area is in a situation from vulnerable to absolutely vulnerable, which shows the importance of the principles and requirements of passive defense in this city.

Fuzzers can reveal vulnerabilities in the software by generating test input data and feeding inputs to software under test. The approach of grammar-based fuzzers is to search in the domain of test data which can be generated by grammar in order to find an attack vector with the ability to exploit the vulnerability. The challenge of fuzzers is a very large or infinite search domain and finding the answer in this domain is a hard problem. Grammatical Evolution(GE) is one of the evolutionary algorithms that can utilize grammar to solve the search problem. In this research, a new approach for generation of fuzz test input data by using grammatical evolution is introduced to exploit the cross-site scripting vulnerabilities. For this purpose, a grammar for generating of XSS attack vectors is presented and a fitness calculation function is proposed to guide the GE in search for exploitation. This method has realized the automatic exploitation of vulnerability with black-box approach. In the results of this research, 19% improvement achieved in the number of vulnerabilities discovered compared to the white-box method of NAVEX and black-box ZAP tool, and without any false positives.

Inter-component communication and specifically pendingintents have expanded the development of android application. Although PendingIntent is used in many android applications, its improper use carries risks and can lead to various attacks such as denial of service, Privilege escalation and data leakage. Therefore, it is important to detect vulnerabilities associated with PendingIntent before android apps are published by Android app stores. One of the challenges of analyzing and detecting vulnerabilities for Android markets is the running duration of the vulnerability detection tools. In this paper, a new method has been proposed to detect vulnerabilities associated with PendingIntent. PIVATool is a tool based on static analysis for detecting PendingIntent-related vulnerabilities that takes less time to detect vulnerabilities without compromising precise. For evaluation, PIVATool is compared with PIAnalyzer tool. The results on 51 selected program benchmarks showed that PIVATool detects vulnerabilities on average 27% faster than PIAnalyzer with the same precise.

Vulnerability and damage assessment, planning for awareness, and reducing risk before an earthquake are essential. As the city of Yasooj is located in a high-risk area, the occurrence of a major earthquake in this city will cause lots of damages, and therefore hospitals are classified as the most important buildings. It is very important to respect the principles of passive defense in the construction of hospitals, as they are referred to, for helping the injured during earthquakes. Therefore, this research has been conducted by descriptive-analytical research method and with the aim of evaluating and comparing the vulnerability of Yasooj hospitals by two methods passive defense and ATC (Applied Technology Council). The results of this study showed that according to the ATC method, Shohadyeh Gomnam hospital (S = 2), Imam Sajjad hospital       (S = 2.3) and Shahid Jalilfar hospital (S = 5.5) were the most vulnerable, respectively. According to the scores of the final structural evaluation of these hospitals against seismic vulnerabilities, the Shahid Jalil, Imam Sajjad and Shohadyeh Gomnam hospitals were classified as having complete, acceptable and unacceptable safety (possibly dangerous), respectively. Also, according to the approach of passive defense, in the order of rising vulnerability, Imam Sajjad hospital (A_T=8.01), Shahid Jalilf hospital (A_T=7.26) and Shohadyeh Gomnam (A_T=6.22) were the most vulnerable. Finally, based on these two methods, the vulnerabilities of Yasooj city hospitals were compared and it was founded that Shahid Jalil, Shohadyeh Gomnam and Imam Sajjad hospitals have the least vulnerability, respectively.

Multi-facet dependency of human life on computer networks and its widespread vulnerability has made network robustness a necessity. With cost as a limiting factor, network robustness is considered as a great challenge for network administrators. This goal would be achievable by prioritizing the vulnerabilities based on their risk and choosing the most hazardous ones for elimination. Nowadays, CVSS is being used as the most widely used vulnerability scoring system. In CVSS, vulnerability ranking is based on its intrinsic features while temporal features such as the probability of developing exploitation tools, are ignored.  So, dynamic risk evaluation is not possible with CVSS and it is incapable of performing effective vulnerability discretion. This is because, only limited number of vulnerabilities are available for prioritization of infinite number of vulnerabilities. In addition, CVSS only ranks single step attacks whilst a wide variety of attacks are multi-step attacks. In this paper, a security system is proposed that is an improvement over CVSS and some other existing vulnerability scoring systems. It performs dynamic risk evaluation of multi-step attacks by considering vulnerabilities' temporal features. As the introduced model is developed based on security metrics of the security model, security evaluation of multi-step attacks is now possible by CVSS. Also, the capability of risk evaluation of zero-day attacks is one unique feature of the proposed system which cannot be accomplished by the present vulnerability scoring systems. In CVSS, the impact of exploiting 35.5% of vulnerabilities on confidentiality, integrity and availability are scored the same. But, in the proposed  system, by considering the relative priority of the three mentioned security parameters, vulnerability  discrimination of risk score of the mentioned percentage of vulnerabilities may be possible. On the other hand, the continuity of the probability assessment function of the proposed method in comparison to the discrete one in CVSS, improves the score diversity.

Nowadays, critical infrastructures are more vulnerable to natural events, malicious physical and cyber-based attacks or intrusions. Since most societal functions rely heavily on critical infrastructures’ functionality, disturbances in any of them, can yield fatal consequences for interdependent infrastructures and subsequently, for the depending society. Therefore, critical infrastructure protection (CIP) has become an important research field in this century. In our country, to strengthen critical infrastructures and reduce the likelihood of willful attacks, possible vulnerabilities and negative consequences, it is imperative to consider the requirement of passive defense. Hence, critical infrastructure protection against any types of threats, as one of the goals of passive defense, would be achieved by developing and expanding appropriate strategies and guidelines. In this paper existing methodologies and national strategies for critical infrastructure protection is described. Resilience as a novel concept in common practices and strategies that have been applied in various countries to establish national protection plans, is investigated. In the concluding remarks, a set of strategic goals and also the most important challenges and requirements for developing critical infrastructure protection frameworks with a futuristic outlook are proposed. Thus, comparative research methodology is used to analyze the primary requirements of our national critical infrastructure protection strategy which could be counted as an effective step in achieving passive defense objectives.

The purpose of this study is to provide solutions to reduce environmental vulnerability in Zabol. For this purpose, after full introduction of Zabol city geographically, socially, culturally, economically and environmentally, 30 questionnaires were prepared and distributed among professors, PhD students and postgraduate students in environmental engineering and used in statistical analysis. External and internal factors evaluation matrix was used to evaluate environmental factors and SWOT analysis was used to determine appropriate solutions to reduce the 120-day wind damage. Results show that filing a complaint with the international community to halt the dam project on Hirmand in Afghanistan is the most important strategy to reduce vulnerability of Zabul City to the microdust phenomenon in order to promote national security. Subsequently, providing special facilities for farmers in Zabul and Sistan and Baluchestan province to use wasteland for agriculture, creating protected areas, banning cattle herding in the area prone to desertification on the western edge of the city, efficient drip irrigation technology and construction of settlements off the sand displacement path are among the key strategies to counteract this phenomenon and reduce environmental vulnerability. Also, to deal with environmental damage in Zabol city, in this study 20 strengths, 30 weaknesses, 20 opportunities and 30 threats were identified for the environmental situation. Accordingly, the environmental status of Zabul city in the defensive zone whilst facing dust storms was determined using the SWOT method and a set of appropriate environmental strategies with a defensive approach was presented.

Humans have continuously experienced war scenes and military confrontations during the history and very few regions have been immune to this pestilence. Reinforcing the urban defensive facilities, embedding escape routes from danger and improving the service state is necessary in times of defense and an inevitable matter. From this manner, the effort of humans for survival has made them desperate to be equipped before the threats. Nowadays, city as the most important inhabitance of humans must provide different human requirements. Based on the importance of    the subject, the present study is evaluating the subject in the Turkmen port city with an     applicable- developmental approach and a combination of descriptive- analytical methods. In our proposed method, the city and its urban elements which are effective in passive defense are analyzed regarding their distance from the city center by which we have sought decreasing the probable damages caused by human and natural disasters. Occurrence of natural and human disasters creates heavy damages. This matter makes consideration of aspects of vulnerability and reaching urban welfare standards from the passive defense perspective inevitable. In order to recognize the vulnerability elements with the passive defense approach in the city of Turkmen port considering the previous studies in this subject, the AHP method was used. In this manner, after identifying the criteria, the effort was made to conduct the location database in the geographical information system (Arc GIS). After standardizing these criteria with the AHP method, in the software atmosphere each criterion was given a certain weight using the identification tools. Then with combination and collaboration of these criteria, based on the AHP model, the final map which defines vulnerable areas in three categories (low, medium and high) was drawn. The effective urban criteria such as distance from medical centers and public transportation centers, etc. were also evaluated and based on them the urban zoning and vulnerability were presented.

The main objective of this research is to assess the vulnerability of infrastructure in West Azarbaijan province. For this purpose, the process of evaluation has been taken using the GIS. The research method is descriptive-analytic. In this research, a multi-criteria decision making model has been used to overlay the layers. The relevant spatial data has been collected from official centers and authorities of the country, and for measuring and determining the criteria, documentation in form of written sources, and questionnaires filled in by local residents and experts have been used. The results of this study indicate that the spatial distribution of infrastructure in the West Azarbaijan province is concentrated and follows a cluster pattern, and this kind of distribution multiples the spatial vulnerability of the infrastructure. Also, 10 percent of the infrastructure of the province is considered as a sensitive and important infrastructure (from provincial viewpoint), of which 45 percent of the infrastructure of the province is exposed to very high vulnerability, 16.6 percent high vulnerability, 14.2 percent moderate vulnerability, 16.4 vulnerability and 12.5 very low vulnerability. Also, the results show that the border areas of the province such as Sardasht, Piranshahr, Oshnavieh, Salmas and Maku are vulnerable regions, which need urgent attention if new infrastructures are established. Also, the results of the research particularly the density of vital and sensitive infrastructures of the province in areas of high and very high vulnerability indicate the lack of optimal management of spatial deployment of infrastructure in the province.

Urban vulnerability is the quality and extent up to which the components and elements of a city are damaged in the event of an incident. The study of a city’s structures and the zoning of its vulnerability from the perspective of passive defense is a step towards the future prospects of a safe city. This paper studies the vulnerability challenge in city structures from a passive defense point of view and it is the expected modeling approach to identify these infrastructures. The statistical society of this paper is Dezful city, Khouzestan province; as the center of war provisions. This is a practical study from an objective point of view and an analytical descriptive study methodologically. It is based on space-modeling studies approach with10 formats of characteristics being identified and with the assistance of mixed analysis of AHPFUZZY-GIS, weighing distance maps has been designed and standardized. OVERAL FUZZY tools in ArcGIS application are used for spatial distribution and studying defense vulnerability. The results indicate that in analyzing indexes, police stations and warehouse indexes were the most significant ones in passive defense with weighs of 0.116 and 0.113. In Dezful's microsphere of urban structures, the following places were in danger of air strike attacks and had a completely vulnerable situation: 28/41 warehouse centers, 29/84 residents, 38/62 shopping centers, 32/35 business offices, 100 terminals and restrooms, 27/18 religious centers, 28/39 education centers and 38/33 the roads. According to these results it is clear that the situation of Dezful city from passive defense view is precisely not suitable for the times of air strikes and in case of any attacks the city will face major problems.

It is crucial to predict the other side possible actions in any conflict, especially in cyber security and cyberwars. In this paper, based on game theoretic analytical model, the decision-making process of two rivals during detection of vulnerability is discussed in cyberspace. Comparing the earlier approaches, the assumptions are made more realistic, such as possible retaliation of the opposed side, asymmetrical payoffs and risk of failure during usage of vulnerability and penetration. In order to achieve this goal, a new structure is proposed based on real conflicts in cyberwar. The proposed game is in extensive form with imperfect information in which the vulnerability is detected by chance for players. Based on Nash equilibrium concept, analytical approach proves that whenever players’ ability for cyber-attack are close together, both sides will attend aggressive acts. The ability to detect vulnerabilities has less impact on strategy.

Advances in technology and above all Internet and network, have today affected all the everyday activities of citizens and organizations. With this regard, data centers are an important storage space in immunization of volumes of information. These centers continue to function and retain information, as the information source suppliers of critical services such as banks and military bases from the perspective of passive defense are emphasized. Accordingly, in this study, evaluation of the vulnerability of building data centers against the threats posed by dynamic loads has been addressed. 8 main indicators have been loaded and designed including the foundation, structural frame, cross members, structural systems, wall coatings, building materials, ceiling and floor, and 24 variables have been extracted. Using multi-criteria decision-making techniques including smart way and saw and distributing a questionnaire among experts, indocators have been prioritized and weighted. Design and loading indicators have been the most important ones weighing 0.221 and then the structure skeleton with 0.17 and structural system with 0.163 were in the following places. After calculating the weights, the risk assessment process and the vulnerability have been addressed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate "Human Factor Factors Affecting Reduction of Railway Locomotive Purchase Vulnerability", the main research question "What are the Human Factor Factors Affecting Reduction of Railway Locomotive Purchase Vulnerability?" And the main research hypothesis The humanity of the selected purchasing group has been characterized by being aware of legal issues, political issues, personality traits and the necessary training to reduce the vulnerability of locomotives in the process of purchasing railways. " This research is applied and descriptive. The statistical population of this study included all managers, deputies, chiefs, experts and staff of RA Railway Company, university professors with a master's degree, ten years of work experience and familiarity with the rail transport fleet, its functions and vulnerability reduction strategies. In buying locomotives make up. The statistical population is estimated at 200 people. The sample size, based on Cochran formula, was estimated to be 88 and the available sampling was used. Data collection was done through field and library. The validity of the measuring instrument (questionnaire) was obtained through expert opinion on the subject and validity of the questionnaire by the so-called Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The findings of the study indicate that the human factors of the selected purchasing group, including knowledge of legal issues, political issues, personality traits, and education, reduce the vulnerability of locomotives in the rail purchase.