جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زیست توده » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Heavy metal contamination in soil refers to the excessive accumulation of elements called heavy metals, which are capable of causing significant levels of biological toxicity. These metals, in concentrations higher than of tolerable threshold of plants, often cause metabolic disorders, inhibition of growth and physiological process and eventually lead to death of plants. Lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn), as the two common coexisting mineral heavy metals around the world, accumulate in the soil due to mining activity and can adversely affect the crop productivity, the agro-ecosystem components and ultimately the human and environmental health. Biochar, as a potent soil amendment agent, is often obtained by pyrolysis of agricultural organic wastes such as crop residues under low oxygen pressure condition. Trichoderma harzianum, as a plant growth promoter, has capability in stimulating plant growth under varying environmental stresses and therefore, inoculation of plant roots with this fungus could be a conceivable approach to cope with the heavy metal stress. Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) is a winter annual forage species that shows better growth performance than the other forage legumes such as alfalfa or clover under the severe environmental conditions, especially winter frost and drought.phosphorus supplementation and their interactions on the growth, physiology and P, Pb and Zn uptake by hairy vetch in heavy metal-polluted soil.

The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. Heavy metal contaminated soil was collected from wheat fields around Angouran village (Angouran Rural District, Angouran District, Mahneshan County, Zanjan Province, Iran), downstream of the Zanjan's lead and zinc processing plant (Calcimin® Co.; 36°34'13.2"N 47°37'21.4"E), from a depth of about 0 to 25 cm. Two levels of biochar application (non-biochar control, 5% peanut hull-derived biochar), two levels of Trichoderma inoculation (non-inoculation control and inoculation with conidial suspension) and three levels of P supplementation (0P, non-supplementation; 11P, 11 mg P.kg-1 and 22P, 22 mg P.kg-1) were applied as the three experimental factors. The feedstock of peanut hull (PH) used in the present experiment were purchased from the local market. After thorough washing, PHs were air-dried and then well ground with a lab-scale mill and sieved using a 100 mesh sieve size. T. harzianum Rifai - T22 isolate acquired from the Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili was revived on PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium and further incubated for at least one week at 28 °C. This experiment was conducted in an open-air vegetation yard with mean day/night temperatures of 25/17 °C, respectively. The experiment lasted for 50 days, in the period from May 16, 2020 (sowing the seeds) until July 5, 2020 (final sampling). In each plastic pot (25 cm in diameter × 20 cm in height), pre-filled with the pot mixture according to the treatments, 20 surface-sterilized hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth., Local landrace from Ardabil, Iran) seeds were sown and irrigated with tap water (EC = 0.21 dS m-1 and pH = 7.2) to 100% field capacity. Throughout the experiment, all the pots were re-irrigated when the soil water content dropped to 70% of the field capacity.

Application of biochar and Trichoderma fungus at not using phosphorus (P0), resulted in higher aerial biomass. Trichoderma fungus alone or with P11 level had a better result in increasing plant height. The concentration of chlorophyll a was in highest level by biochar combined Trichoderma, and P0 phosphorus applied, as well as the application of Trichoderma caused the highest concentration of chlorophyll b. The changes in relative leaf water content ranged from 85.5 to 90.5% among the treatment combinations. Phosphorus consumption at the maximum level (P22) showed the same effect in improving leaf protein compared to the P0 level. Moderate phosphorus consumption (P11) combined with biochar and Trichoderma caused the highest soluble sugar content. The highest proline content of leaves was obtained by using Trichoderma without applying biochar and phosphorus. The use of biochar alone or with Trichoderma could improve the amount of phosphorus absorption as much as the use of phosphorus fertilizer alone. Combined application of biochar and Trichoderma fungus with P11 and P22 fertilizer levels increased phosphorus absorption by 41.6% and 22.3% respectively compared to P0 level. Trichoderma fungus had no significant effect on the amount of Pb and Zn absorption in the aerial parts, but biochar significantly reduced their absorption in the aerial parts of Hairy vetch plants.

Based on the results, the application of biochar alone or in combination with Trichoderma fungus improved the vegetative traits and physiological characteristics, including increasing the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, the relative content of leaf water and soluble sugar, the content of protein and proline in the cluster flower vetch. Phosphorus absorption increased significantly when using biochar and Trichoderma. It seems that biochar helps to increase photosynthesis by creating suitable conditions in soil porosity, humidity, increasing cation exchange capacity and reducing the concentration of heavy elements, with better absorption of elements and thus improving plant growth and development. Trichoderma fungus with biological control increases the availability of elements including phosphorus by increasing the transfer of sugar and amino acids and creating induction resistance and stimulating the growth of beneficial microorganisms, and by making changes in the physiological characteristics, it increases the resistance of the plant against the stress of heavy elements.

Hur al-Azim wetland in the southwest of Iran has become one of the major sources of air pollution in Khuzestan province in recent years due to widespread fires. Sustainable harvesting of this huge source of biomass and controlled combustion, in addition to reducing current pollution, can play an effective role in sustainable renewable energy production. Therefore, in this study, it is tried to estimate the amount of sustainable harvestable biomass from this wetland. In order to identify and estimate biomass amount, NDVI index was used in satellite images. Also, by visiting 30 points with different NDVI index, and harvesting biomass, yield per hectare was estimated. Also, the thermal characteristics of the reed plant were investigated for use in a biomass burning power plant. Based on the results of the estimation, approximately 3,500,000 tons of reeds can be harvested annually from the total of 33,712 hectares of reeds in the Iranian part of Hur al-Azim wetland, and according to the average biomass moisture (65%), the amount of dry biomass that can be harvested annually will be about 300 thousand tons, which is a very significant number. Also, according to the results, the calorific value of the reed plant (about 20 MJ/kg), the amount of ash, the composition of the ash, as well as the composition of the elements of the reed plant organs are comparable with reference energy plants, which makes it possible to use as a fuel in biomass power plants.

This research was conducted in order to investigate competitive ability of four rice cultivars in competition with in interference with barnyard grass.A field experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on RCBD with three replications in Babolsar. Factors included rice cultivar (Tarom Hashemi, Shiroudi, Deylamani and Hasani) and and barnyard grass density (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 plants m-2).The highest and lowest amount of barnyard grass biomass was observed in Tarem Hashemi at a density of 50 plants m-2 and Shiroudi at a density of 10 plants m-2 (301.3 and 68.3 g m-2, respectively). The highest and lowest biological and seed yield of rice were observed in Shiroudi at weed-free conditions and Hasni in interference with the density of 50 plants m-2, respectively. The amount of decrease in grain yield in the conditions of interference with the investigated densities of barnyard grass compared to weed-free condition are 2.6-30, 3.2-18.8, 2.8-31.5 and 5.6-30.8%. , it was in Tarem Hashemi, Shiroudi, Deylamani and Hasni cultivars, respectively.The rice yield data cultivars fitting in competition with barnyard grass densities indicated that Shiroudi cultivar had higher competitive ability than other cultivars. So this cultivar can be recommended for cultivation in paddy fields with a history of high sorghum weed infestation. The use of its higher competitive power against the weed of barnyard grass reduced the use of herbicides and minimized the harm caused by their use, and took a step towards achieving sustainable agriculture.

AbstractQuinoa is an annual plant belonging to the Amaranthaceae family with high adaptability and acceptable yield in different environments. In order to determine the most suitable planting date and quinoa genotype, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of university of Jiroft in 2018-2019 season year. Sowing date in three levels August 23, September 11 and October 2 were as main plots and quinoa genotypes in ten levels Red Carina, Titicaca, Giza1, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29 and Q31 were as sub plots. The results showed the highest plant height (122.9 cm), number of panicles per plant (18), number of spikes per panicle (12.1), biomass yield (9760 kg.ha-1), seed yield (4243.3 kg.ha-1) and protein yield (374.3 kg.ha-1) was related to Q12 variety on the first sowing date. However, Q26 and Q29 genotypes were not significantly different from Q12 genotype in most of the investigated traits. In general, the planting date of September 1 is the best planting date and the Q12, Q26 and Q29 genotypes are recommended for Jiroft region, due to the higher yield and better growth characteristics, it can be recommended on the first of September under the same conditions as this research, although it is necessary to repeat the research for more definitive results.IntroductionQuinoa belongs to the Taj Khorosian family, it is an annual plant, dicotyledonous, self-growing, broad-leaved, one to two meters high, and has a deep root system (Jacobsen et al., 2003). Ecologically, quinoa is a plant resistant to acidic soil conditions, drought, frost (Valencia-Camuro, 2004), hot and dry weather. Sowing date due to the change in temperature, day length, temperature, and relative humidity has a significant effect on the growth and development of the plant during the growing season and is one of the most important management factors affecting the production of crops (Khichar and Niwas, 2006). The autumn sowing date of quinoa varies from September to late November. In general, according to different climates and temperature during planting and harvesting, the date of planting can be determined for each region (Bagheri, 2017). This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the history of different cultivations in different cultivars and genotypes of quinoa in the subtropical region of Jiroft.Material and MethodsIn order to determine the most suitable planting date and quinoa genotype, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of university of Jiroft in 2018-2019 season year. Sowing date in three levels August 23, September 11 and October 2 were as main plots and quinoa genotypes in ten levels Red Carina, Titicaca, Giza1, Q12, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29 and Q31 were as sub plots. Quinoa seeds were cultivated manually with a distance between rows of 50 cm and a distance between plants of 5 cm (Bagheri, 2017). A drip irrigation system was used for irrigation.The origin of genotypes Q12, Q18, Q19, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q27, Q29, Q31 is Chile, Red Carina of Egypt and Titicaca of Denmark (Bazile et al., 2016). The genotypes used in this research were obtained from the Research and Education Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources in the south of Kerman province, located in Jiroft city. At the end of the growing season, yield traits and yield components were measured per unit area after removing the margin effect. Seed protein concentration was measured by modified Bradford method (Lorin and Matolis, 2005). Data were analyzed using SAS software and means were compared using the least significant difference (Dancan) at the 5% level.Results and discussionThe results showed the highest plant height (122.9 cm), number of panicles per plant (18), number of spikes per panicle (12.1), biomass yield (9760 kg.ha-1), seed yield (4243.3 kg.ha-1) and protein yield (374.3 kg.ha-1) was related to Q12 variety on the first sowing date. However, Q26 and Q29 genotypes were not significantly different from Q12 genotype in most of the investigated traits. Delay in planting date caused a significant decrease in seed yield. Comparison of the average effect of planting date on seed yield showed that the highest seed yield was obtained from the first and second planting dates with an average of 3,397.6 and 3,163 kg.ha-1, respectively, and the lowest was from the third planting date with an average of 2,093.3 kg.ha-1. Parger et al. (2018) observed the highest seed yield among the studied quinoa genotypes in the Zeno genotype with 2430 kg. Seed yield had a positive and significant correlation with plant height, stem diameter, number of panicles per plant, number of spikelets per panicle. The results of protein yield showed that genotype Q12 had the highest protein yield with 585.9 kg.ha-1 and Red Carina and Titicaca cultivars (224.1 and 193.6 kg.ha-1) had the lowest protein yield. The amount of quinoa seed protein is a function of the improvement of traits such as the number of panicles per plant, the weight of 1000 seeds, the harvest index and the biomass weight, which occurs following suitable temperature conditions with different phenological stages of the plant.ConclusionIn general, the planting date of September 1 is the best planting date and the Q12, Q26 and Q29 genotypes are recommended for Jiroft region, due to the higher yield and better growth characteristics, it can be recommended on the first of September under the same conditions as this research, although it is necessary to repeat the research for more definitive results.

Crop simulation models provide the possibility to study the effect of agronomic management practices on agricultural production activities in a given location. The models are mechanistic and process-oriented that are able to simulate different agricultural systems (including arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran) through different sub-models (biological, environmental, managerial, and economic sub-models) connected with the main engine of the models. The APSIM-Barley model can be used to evaluate the management practices on barley crop. The current research was carried out to evaluate the APSIM-Barley model in relation to simulating the growth, development, and yield of three barley cultivars (Azaran, Jolgeh, and Bahman) under different conditions of nitrogen and irrigation supplies.

 In order to evaluate the APSIM-Barley model regarding simulating and quantifying the phenological stages, biomass, and grain yield of different barley cultivars, some independent experiment datasets were used. For crop model calibration, an experiment was conducted in a factorial split plot design at the Agricultural Research Center of Hamedan in 2019. The main factor consisted of three irrigation levels (30-40, 60-70, and 90-100% of the field capacity) and sub-factors included cultivar levels (Azran, Jolgeh, and Bahman as early, mid, and late cultivars, respectively) and three nitrogen levels (zero, medium, and optimum). For model validation, another series of independent datasets in different years consisting of published articles and research projects were used. For assessing the efficiency of the crop model and comparing the simulated and measured values, R2, nRMSE, d-index, and MBE indices were used and OriginPro software was considerd for all statistical analysis and drawing of figures.

 The simulation results of APSIM-Barley model in the calibration step showed that nRMSE for days to flowering and maturity was 2.43 and 2.4%, respectively.  Also, under full water and nitrogen conditions, nRMSE for the leaf area index of Azaran, Jolgeh and Bahman cultivars was 13.5, 14.1, and 10.7%, respectively, and under severe water and nitrogen stresses, it was 16.5, 18.6, and 26.5% respectively. At this step, and nRMSE and d-index for biomass and grain yield were 24.9% and 0.98 and 15.2% and 0.96, respectively.  In model validation step, nRMSE, d-index, R2, MBE were 15.02%, 0.96, 0.82 and 0.34 t ha-1, respectively, for grain yield.

In general, the results showed that the APSIM-Barley model was able to simulate the growth, development, and grain yield of different barley cultivars with acceptable accuracy under different water and nitrogen management conditions in different years and regions. Therefore, the APSIM-Barley model can be used as a reliable tool in future studies such as climate change assessment, yield gap analysis, agricultural zoning, and etc. by other researchers.

 The great importance of identifying, studying, evaluating, and protecting native ecotypes of medicinal plants as human heritage, collecting agricultural medicinal plants and ecological evaluation of their native ecotypes, and introducing their compatible ecotypes is a necessity for farmers. Considering the few studies in the field of the agricultural role of non-native plants such as Dragon's head in Iran to meet the country's nutritional needs, the present research aims to study and evaluate the performance of local medicinal and multi-purpose plant stands of urban sycamore and also to obtain new scientific materials in the case of these local masses has been done in the research farm of University of Tabriz Faculty of Agriculture. It is necessary to explain that in recent years, due to the crisis of water shortage and drought, this plant is in line with changing the cultivation pattern of the region from plants with high water requirement to plants with low water requirement or dry land has been added to the official cultivation pattern of East Azerbaijan province and is being promoted among the farmers of the region.

 To evaluate and investigate the agronomic characteristics and performance of 49 selected Dragon’s head stands from different regions of the country, an experiment was carried out in the form of a simple 7*7 square lattice design with three replications. A field experiment was carried out at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture of University of Tabriz, located in building number 2 of the Faculty of Agriculture in Basmanj. According to meteorological maps, the climate of this region is among the steppe and semi-arid climates of the world. In this area, although rain sometimes occurs in the summer season, it generally has a dry season in the summer. The area is located at an altitude of 1360 meters above sea level, with a latitude of 38 degrees and five minutes north and a longitude of 46 degrees and 17 minutes east, and its annual rainfall is 285 millimeters. The average annual temperature is 10 degrees Celsius, the average annual maximum temperature is 16.6 degrees Celsius, and the average annual minimum temperature is 4.2 degrees Celsius.

In the comparison of the average traits, the best ecotypes in terms of yield were the ecotypes of Kolvang local population 10 and 15, Tabriz local population 3 and 4 and Ahar local population 1 respectively, simple correlation analysis, stepwise regression, and causality showed that biomass traits, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds in capsule and weight of 1000 seeds are the most important factors affecting the increase of seed yield. By analyzing it into components, the first four components explained 80.44% of the changes related to primary traits. Ecotypes Kolvang 10, Tabriz 3, and number Tabriz 4 yield 1661, 1464, and 1404 kg ha-1 respectively, and 3848, 4119, and 3848 kg ha-1 respectively. They produced 4581 kg ha-1 of biomass and were superior in most traits related to economic performance.

Taking into account the crisis of Lake Urmia and the lack of water in most regions, especially the Azerbaijan region, the medicinal plant Dragon’s head is one of the few plants that can be placed in the spring cycle in most areas of rainfed and irrigated cultivation and in improving the water balance. Lake Urmia and agriculture in the region can play a positive role. Therefore, the ecotypes of Tabriz native population 3, Kolvanagh native population 10, and Tabriz native population 4, which had more grain yield and were superior in most of the traits related to yield, can be considered the most suitable ecotypes of Dragon’s head for use in water conditions and the air of the region advised the farmers for the next crops.

Chickpea is an important source of energy and protein of the Iranian people’s diet. Iran is one of the main centers of genetic diversity of this crop. The cultivation of chickpea nowadays is practiced using irrigation or supplemented irrigation in many parts of Iran, as more challenging by climate change, precipitation decline, and salinization of underground water resources. On the other side, there is no enough fresh water to meet the full water requirement of chickpea. Although chickpea consider as a salt sensitive crop but there are some reports that show some variable reaction to salinity amongst different chickpea genotypes. A collection of cold and drought stress tolerant chickpea genotypes are maintained in Mashhad Chickpea Collection (MCC) in the Plant Science Research Center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Therefore, testing the tolerance of different genotypes and landraces of this crop to salinity stress is of important, and this experiment is arranged to test salinity tolerance of chickpea genotypes in this collection.
 

In order to identify and assess of chickpea genotypes salinity tolerant, seeds of 206 Mashhad Chickpea Collection genotypes were kindly prepared by Plant Science Research Center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM). The experiment was carried out in the research green house of Faculty of Agriculture of FUM at the spring of 2021 which light was normal, and temperature and humidity were controlled. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications and each treatment consist of 10 plants for each genotype. Seeds were sown in the shallow trays in the lab at 25 degrees centigrade and emerged seedling were transplanted in the sand culture medium. Saline water prepared by adding NaCl to tap water till its EC reached to 12 dS.m-1. Salinity imposed after a week of transplanting through the Hoagland nutrient solution and continued for four weeks. Nutrient solution was renewed each week and 12 dS.m-1 NaCl dissolved in that solution. Measured traits included the height difference at the beginning of the imposing of salt stress and for weeks later, number of branch per plant, survival percentage, and biomass accumulation. Sodium and potassium content of shoots. Data were analyzed using Minitab for windows 17 and standard error and cluster analysis arranged using JMP4 software.
 

 The results showed that 31 genotypes have a survival rate of 76-100% which 10 genotypes showed survival rate of 100%. Plant height, biomass, and number of lateral branches per plant decreased as survival rate decreased. Significant increase in shoot Na+ concentration was only found in survival range of 0-25% while the shoot sodium content was the lowest in in group of 57-100% survival compared to the other three groups. Biomass accumulation also reduced more rapidly in low survival group (0-25%) compare with 76-100% survival group by 66%. The correlation analysis showed that survival rate, plant height and number of lateral branches per plant, biomass, plant height difference and shoot K+ concentration showed significantly positive correlation. Based on factor analysis, three factors were selected that in total 79% of the total variation was explained. The first and second factors were explained high percent of variation that include survival rate and plant height and number of lateral branches per plant, biomass, plant height difference and Na+ concentration. Genotypes MCC1782, MCC197 ,MCC1703 ,MCC1568, MCC1573, MCC1737, MCC1209, MCC1516, MCC1493, MCC1832, MCC1957, MCC1721, MCC2016, MCC1704, MCC1641, MCC1815, MCC1775, MCC178, MCC1754, MCC1627, MCC1716, MCC1918, MCC1827 ,were selected as the superior genotype under salinity stress of 12 dS.m-1  for four weeks. According to the result of cluster analysis, the genotypes were classified in four clusters. The genotypes of the third and fourth clusters had a high average salinity tolerance compared to other clusters with the investigated traits.
 

While chickpea is not traditionally considered a salt-tolerant crop, the observed variations among genotypes suggest that further efforts are required to screen and identify salt-tolerant genotypes and landraces for potential inclusion in breeding programs. It's important to note that the current study was conducted in a controlled environment, with only a few weeks of exposure to salinity treatment. Consequently, we propose a more extensive experiment that includes those genotypes exhibiting superior performance in terms of survival rate, biomass accumulation, low shoot sodium content, and high potassium content.

Water and fertilizer stress have a negative effect on many physical and chemical processes related to the efficiency of water productivity in soybean, thus leading to a decrease in the yield and quality of the plant. Predicting yield response for evaluating irrigation and fertilizer management strategies is of particular importance for making decisions. One of the decision support models in soybean is the CSM-CROPGRO-Soybean model, which is included in the DSSAT software package. The researches in the farm to determine the optimal solutions are done in agriculture and this item, in addition to the cost, is also time consuming, so the aim of this research is to use the DSSAT simulation model to evaluate the yield and water productivity in soybean plant under the conditions of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer were in Hormozgan province.

The current research was idone in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in 3 replications, in Hormozgan province and in Haji Abad city in the years 2021 and 2022. The main factor includes no irrigation and supply of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of water requirement and the sub-factor of nitrogen fertilizer amounts included consumption of zero, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/hectare. The data and information needed to implement the model include location, meteorological information, soil information and agricultural operations, and the estimation in the model was done using a combination of graphic and statistical methods. Comparison of values and distribution of simulated and measured data was presented with 1:1 graph and line.

The amounts of water use in the treatments of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 percent of water requirement in 1400 were 265, 354, 444, 533 and 623 mm, respectively and in 1401 were 259, 347, 435, 541 and 632 mm, respectively. The root mean square of the relative error (RMSEn) based on the years 1400 and 1401 showed that the yield of seeds, pods and biomass and the water productivity based on the yield of seeds, pods and biomass in the first year were 0.162, 0.161, 0.099, 0.304, 0.454 and 0.223%, and in the second year it was 0.195, 0.172, 0.106, 0.349, 0.485 and 0.247%, respectively. Wilmot agreement index (d) in the year 1400 for seed yield, pod and biomass respectively 0.902, 0.891 and 0.939% and for water productivity based on seed yield, pod and biomass respectively 0.828, 0.810 and 0.970 percent. In 1401 were for seed yield, pod and biomass 0.872, 0.885 and 0.936 percent respectively and for water productivity based on seed yield, pod and biomass respectively 0.889, 0.766 0 and 0.961 percent. The closeness of this index to the number one, it indicates the reliability of the simulated values.

In general, based on the statistical results, the simulation of seed, pod and biomass yields under the effect of different irrigation requirements and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer was acceptable and it seems that the use of the model as a useful tool to support scientific research and improving decisions in water use management in soybeans in the study area are recommended.

The agriculture sector, as the biggest consumer of water to produce more food, has faced the challenge of water shortage. One of the problems ahead in the agricultural industry is the sustainable use of available resources such as land, water, and labor to increase agricultural production and development, which requires proper planning and management policies. Plant models can be used to investigate the long-term effects of quantitative and qualitative changes in irrigation water on crops, soil salinity, evaporation and transpiration, deep infiltration, and surface runoff. One of the widely used plant models is the AquaCrop model, which was presented and developed by the World Food and Agriculture Organization. The Aquacrop model is one of the crop yield estimation models that can be used for a wide range of crops including fodder crops, vegetables, grains, fruits, oil crops, and tubers. In this model, the state of various stresses including water and soil salinity, simulation of lack of irrigation, and crop yield are considered. Various studies have been conducted regarding the calibration and validation of crop forecasting models in our country, and much research has been conducted on wheat at the global level. In this research, the AquaCrop model was used to predict the biomass and grain yield of wheat in Qazvin. This model can be a good substitute for field measurements and can be used in areas where there is a lack of ground information.

In the present research, the data of water wheat cultivation in a lysimeter in Ismailabad, Qazvin were used. The input information of the AquaCrop model includes information on climate, soil, management, and plant characteristics. To calibrate and verify the model, some farm information was needed to be compared with the output of the AquaCrop model. The biomass of the wheat plant was determined by taking random samples of the 0.5×0.5 m2 with two replications per sampling hectare. To measure grain yield in the fields, four samples were taken at the end of the growing season at the end stage. The validated AquaCrop model was used to estimate the effect of three planting dates and three low irrigation conditions on wheat grain yield. In this step, the average regional information around the farms was used so that the implementation of the model is not unique to the conditions of a particular farm.

In terms of the investigated meteorological factors, the model has moderate sensitivity to maximum and minimum temperature and low sensitivity to rainfall. The change in the maximum temperature in this region increases the error of the simulation on average. Regarding the soil parameters, the sensitivity of the model to the crop capacity moisture, wilting point, saturated moisture, and saturated hydraulic conductivity, especially in saturated conditions, is low to medium. The most sensitive of the AquaCrop model was the change in the reference harvest index. The model simulated biomass values with higher accuracy than yield. In the calibration stage, the values CRM, NRMSE, and d for biomass were -0.15, 0.17, and 92% respectively. These values were obtained in the validation stage for biomass -0.1, 0.24, and 92 % respectively, and for yield -0.03, 0.06, and 80 % respectively. By running the model in different climatic scenarios, it was determined that the maximum delay in the planting date is on November 15. A 25% reduction in irrigation water reduced grain yield in wet, normal, and dry years by 15%, 20%, and 28 %, respectively, and a 50 % reduction in irrigation water reduced its amount by 20, 25, and 45 %, respectively.

Evaluation of the AquaCrop model for common plants in a region plays an important role in comparing crop performance in different conditions. In this research, the ability of AquaCrop 6 model to estimate the yield and biomass of wheat in Ismailabad Qazvin was investigated. The results showed that the model is capable of simulating these factors with high accuracy. The accuracy of the model in biomass simulation was higher than the grain yield. By implementing the calibrated model in different climatic scenarios, planting dates, and irrigation deficits in two regions, it was determined that to achieve optimal performance, the wheat planting date should not exceed 15 November. It was the use of calibration coefficients by spending a long time in the AquaCrop model so that a calibrated model can be used in many areas with proper accuracy. More accuracy in the simulated results can be achieved by using more calibration factors, but it is clear that the use of more calibration factors requires spending more time and money. Finding a general recalibrated model that can be used in large areas is a good solution in crop management at the farm-to-regional scale. Comparing the statistical parameters obtained in this study with previous studies on wheat yield modeling by the AquaCrop model shows that the results of this study are within an acceptable range.

Cover crops are one of the methods of weed control. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2016-2017. Experimental treatments include control (without cover plant), rye (Secale cereale L.), common vetch (Vicia sativa), chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus) and panonica (Vicia panonica) and methods of management of cover crops including used as forage and as cover at the field level. The results of this experiment showed that the highest amount of fresh forage was obtained from rye treatment (6.4 t.ha-1) and the lowest was obtained from common vetch (2.8 t.ha-1). Also, in terms of forage harvest of cover crops, weed density increased by 18% compared to maintaining them in the soil surface. Rye and panonica treatments had 25% and 22% more weed control than other cover crops, respectively. The highest potato tuber yield was obtained from the control treatment. Compared to rye, common vetch, chickling pea and panonica cover crops treatments, 19, 29, 16 and 11% for cover maintenance management and 10, 12, 14 and 11% for cover removal management, respectively, had higher potato yield in the control. Potato yield in weed free treatment was higher compared to cover crops treatments including rye, common vetch, chickling pea and pannica in cover maintenance management 19, 29, 16 and 11% and in cover removal management 10, 12, 14 and 11%, respectively.The results of this experiment showed that although cover crops reduce weed density, their presence at the time of cultivation of the main crop reduces potato yield.

In this research, different amounts of glyphosate herbicide were applied at different times of plant growth. It has been used as a non-selective herbicide in agriculture in the past and present decades due to the development of resistant and resistant weeds. This scientific research was carried out in Shushtar city with the use of different amounts of glyphosate herbicide to evaluate the damage and performance of Tomato, Cucumber and Bean. Glyphosate herbicide was applied in the amounts of 1.51, 2.51, 4.56, 6.55, 8.50 grams of effective substance per hectare. Glyphosate was used in early vegetative and early reproductive stages. The results showed that there was minimal to no damage, reduction in growth and yield for the local cucumber plant of Chambar with the use of herbicides. 14 days after applying the treatment with the amount of 6.55 and 8.50 g/ha, tomato damage was observed with 28-42%. With the application of 8.50 grams per hectare, a 68% decrease in commercial yield was observed. Tomato also showed more sensitivity when exposed to this herbicide in the reproductive stage than in the vegetative stage. Beans were the most sensitive product investigated in this experiment. Damage 14 days after application of treatment after using herbicide with application rates for beans was more in the vegetative growth stage compared to reproductive stage. Also, reduction of plant height and accumulation of biomass occurred for beans. On the other hand, with the application of 8.50 grams per hectare, 13% of the relative commercial yield of beans was observed

It is predicted that at least 10 million people will be hungry and malnourished in the world by the end of this century. To reduce the food insecurity, crop production will have to be doubled, and produced in more environmentally sustainable ways. This can be achieved by expanding the area of crop production, increasing per hectare yield and improving crop quality. Furthermore, during the second half of the past century, rise in per hectare crop productivity was due to improved or high yield potential. The productivity of plants are strongly influenced by environmental stresses. In the water scarcity condition, using deficit irrigation and appropriate cultivar are the most strategies to improve water productivity. A new generation of dry-tolerant forage varieties would allow for landscape development in stresses environments and where fresh water is limited or not available for irrigation. Hence, the present study was to design with the following

To determine yield and morphogical parameters of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and forage sorghum) sorghum bicolor), verities at different levels of irrigation and plant densities.

A field experiment was conducted during 2015 and 2016 at Aghghala salinity station. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design in form of factorial split plot factorial experiment and replicated four times. At this research effects of irrigation frequency at four levels (irrigation after 5, 10, 15 and 20 days), and plant density at three levels (11.1, 16.7 and 33.3 plants per m2) on quinoa (Santa Maria and Sajama Iranshahr) and verities of KFS3 and Speed feed sorghums were investigated. Sowing date was the time of soil temperature reaching to 12 °C and the harvesting date was the time of 5% flowering of each plot. For yield estimation, after removing borders, 6 m2 harvested. Data were analyzed using SAS. Treatment means were compared using LSD at the 95%probability level.

Results showed that, the difference in most treats between treatments was significant. Investigation of dry forage yield at irrigation treatment showed, irrigation every 5 days interval with dry yield of 6.01 ton ha-1 had the highest yield and yield components of dry forage. With increasing plant density and dicrasing irrigation frequency dry matter dicreased but this dicreasing mostly accurse at interaction affect of irrigation every 20 days interval and plant density of 333000 plant ha-1. Plant density of 11.12 plants per m2 with yield of 4.98 ton ha-1 had the highest yield. The suitable treatment was variety of Santa Maria at 11.1 plants per m2 with dry yield of 4.77 ton ha-1 had the highest dry yield and variety of Speedfeed sorghum at plant density of 33.3 plants per m2 with yield of 2.53 ton ha-1 had the less ranking.

In all, in order to high quantitative yield irrespective of variety, most frequently irrigation had higher yield than less and intermediate irrigation regime. Though, when comparing the four varieties, quinoa (Santa Maria variety (significantly with dry yield of 4.42 ton ha-1 produced higher dry forage yield. The present findings suggest that in semiarid environments (where saving water is important) it seems that incrasing irrigation frequency is effective for good stand establishment in the saline soils could be insured if proper management is applied in the farms.

In recent years, due to the large amount of agricultural wastes, the production and use of biochar as a carbon-rich material has become very important in order to recycle plant residues, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, preserve nutrients and remove pollutants and heavy metals from the soil. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of pyrolysis temperature, type of biomass and modification with mineral salts on the characteristics of produced biochars.

To carry out the research, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental factors include the type of feedstock in 2 types (sugarcane bagasse and rice straw), the pyrolysis temperature in 2 levels (300 and 500 ºC) and the type of biochar΄s modification in 4 models (control or without modification, modification with FeCl3, ZnCl2 and KH2PO4). At first, biochars were prepared (16 samples in 3 replicates) and then their physicochemical properties were measured and analyzed.

The results showed that with the increase of pyrolysis temperature in control and all modified biochars, the amount of ash, fixed carbon, electrical conductivity (EC), acidity (pH), specific surface area (SSA), carbon content and C/N ratio increased and yield, volatile matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), oxygen and hydrogen content decreased. In rice straw biochars (control and modified), oxygen content, O/C and O+N/C ratio at both temperatures and CEC value at 500 ºC are higher than sugarcane bagasse biochars and Its SSA was less. Modification with mineral salts increased the amount of ash, yield, CEC, SSA, EC, oxygen content, O/C ratio and decreases pH, carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen content in biochars produced at both temperature levels and two types of biomass. The highest amount of CEC was observed in sugarcane bagasse biochar produced at 300 ºC modified with phosphorus (58.94 cmol.kg-1) and the highest SSA in sugarcane bagasse biochar produced at 500 ºC modified with iron (94.49 m2/kg). The rice straw biochar produced at 500 ºC without modification with a pH of 8.83 had the highest pH value, and the rice straw biochar produced at 500 ºC modified with iron with EC of 9.23 had the highest EC value and the highest percentage of ash (49.07%) compared to other biochars. The most fixed carbon was related to unmodified 500 ºC sugarcane bagasse biochar (51.4%) and 500 ºC sugarcane bagasse biochar modified with zinc (48.7%). Th 300 ºC rice straw biochar modified with iron had the lowest percentage of fixed carbon and the highest ratio of H/C, O/C and O+N/C and in biochar modified with zinc produced at 500 ºC, these ratios had the lowest value compared to other biochars, which probably indicates their greater stability.

The results of this research showed that the biochars produced at 300 ºC, especially the types that modified with phosphorus and iron, have properties that are expected to remove pollutants from water and soil and improve soil fertility, and the biochars prepared at 500 ºC, especially the types that modified with zinc, have the characteristics required for application in order to carbon sequestration in the soil. Of course, more research needs to be done to provide more accurate results. In general, the use of mineral salts to modify biochar can be effective in optimizing its characteristics, according to the purpose of application.

In recent years, the use of organic acids has increased due to their role in the quantitative and qualitative yield and resistance to environmental stresses. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is one of the important antioxidants and plays a role as the primary substrate in cyclic pathways to remove toxicity and neutralize superoxide and single oxygen radicals. Ascorbate is also involved in the regulation of cell division and photosynthesis and has nutritional value for humans and is probably important for the tolerance of plants against photo-oxidative stress. Oxalic acid is a metabolic end product in plants that has many physiological functions, the main ones is the induction of resistance to disease and environmental stress by increasing the activity of enzymes involved in resistance and secondary metabolites such as phenol, flavonoid, etc. Considering the importance of the physiological traits of the plant in the production of quantitative and qualitative yield of strawberry and on the other hand, the lack of sufficient information about the effect of external application of ascorbic acid and oxalic acid on the physiological traits of the plant, the present research work aimed to investigate some physiological and qualitative traits of strawberry leaves and fruits affected by foliar spraying of ascorbic acid and oxalic acid.

The experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in Darkalate village of Ramiyan city of Golestan province to investigate some physiological responses of strawberry cv. Camarosa to the foliar application of organic acids. The experimental treatments consisted of three levels: non-spraying as control, spraying with 1 mM ascorbic acid and 1 mM oxalic acid, which was performed in three stages (from end flowering stage to the green fruit stage) at 6 days intervals. Finally, three plants were selected from each experimental unit and leaf samples were taken and transferred to the laboratory to measure physiological traits i.e. leaf area, fresh and dry weights, total chlorophylls, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, total carotenoids, total sugars, total phenols and flavonoids. Also, when at least 75 percent of the fruit surface turned red, the fruits were harvested from each plot separately and immediately transferred to the Plant Physiology Laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The physicochemical traits of strawberry fruits including total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), flavor index, vitamin C, total phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity, total anthocyanins were measured. Analysis of data were performed using SAS 9.2 statistical software and comparison of mean data were undertaken based on LSD statistical test.

The results showed that the foliar application of ascorbic acid and organic acid had a significant effect on the leaf area, fresh and dry weights, total chlorophylls, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, total sugars, phenols and flavonoids. The highest mean leaf area (314.08 cm2), leaf fresh and dry weights (1.78 and 0.56 grams, respectively), chlorophyll a (0.43 mg/g), total carotenoids (0.29 mg/g), total sugars (1.43 µg/g), total phenols (0.70 mg/g) and flavonoids (0.19 mg/g) were observed in the application of oxalic acid. The control had the lowest mean in all studied traits (except carotenoids). The application of both ascorbic acid and oxalic acid resulted in an increase in photosynthetic pigments, elevating the total chlorophyll content by an average of 22% compared to the control group. Additionally, foliar spraying with ascorbic and oxalic acid led to higher levels of total soluble solids, increased antioxidant activity, and enhanced total flavonoid content in the fruit compared to the control group.Moreover, fruits harvested from plants treated with oxalic acid before harvest exhibited higher levels of total anthocyanin and phenol compared to fruits from plants treated with ascorbic acid before harvest and the control group. Fruits of plants treated with ascorbic acid compared to plants treated with oxalic acid had lower vitamin C and titratable acidity and higher flavor index. The physiological influence of oxalic acid was more superior than that of ascorbic acid and had higher positive effects in the studied traits were recorded. However, since ascorbate is one of the precursors of oxalic acid biosynthesis. Therefore, the changes caused by oxalic acid are indirectly influenced by ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid acts as a cofactor in photosynthetic reactions and prevents the destruction of chlorophylls and carotenoids due to its antioxidant property, and by interfering in cell division and increasing the surface area of leaves; it increases photosynthesis and the production of carbohydrates. In general, according to the results, it was found that the application of ascorbic acid and oxalic acid improved the quality characteristics and the content of health related compounds of Camarosa strawberry fruit by increasing photosynthetic pigments and biomass.

In order to evaluate yield and yield components in intercropping barley with vetch, a two-year field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Miandoab. The arrangement consisted of 9 mixing treatments with densities of 200 Vetch plant + 300 Barley plant, 200 Vetch plant + 500 Barley plant, 200 Vetch plant + 700 Barley plant, 400 Vetch plant + 300 Barley plant, 400 Vetch plant + 500 Barley plant, 400 Vetch plant + 700 Barley plant, 600 Vetch plant + 300 Barley plant, 600 Vetch plant + 500 Barley and 600 Vetch plant + 700 Barley plant per square meter and sole culture of both crops. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. The result showed The highest spikes per square meter, thousand kernel weight, biological yield, and grain yield in barley were observed in the sole culture of barley. Also, the highest plant height, number of seeds per plant, thousand kernel weight, biological yield, and grain yield in vetch belonged to the sole culture of vetch. However, the highest Land equivalent ratio (LER) belonged to treatments of 200 Vetch plants + 500 Barley plants by 1.49,

The utilization of lignocellulosic crop residues, which remain after the final product in the agricultural sector, can be considered as a valuable resource for generating renewable energy. However, due to their dispersed distribution and the high cost associated with their collection, this task poses significant challenges. Currently, the application of spatial modeling to assess the sustainable potential of lignocellulosic residue biomass for renewable energy production in the agricultural sector is limited. Moreover, no such studies have been reported in the country to date. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the renewable energy production potential and identify suitable locations for bioenergy facilities that process lignocellulosic residues using cluster analysis within a geographic information system (GIS) environment.

To accomplish the objectives, descriptive-quantitative data regarding the production level and production area in the agricultural sector for the crop year 2020-21, as published by the Ministry of Agriculture, were collected and analyzed. Furthermore, spatial information pertaining to agricultural farms in Golestān province was gathered through satellite imagery, which was subsequently processed using cluster analysis and hotspot analysis within a geographic information system (GIS) framework. The biomass quantity in each field was estimated for four conventional crops: wheat, rapeseed, rice, and soybean, on a per-unit area basis. Subsequently, separate projection was conducted for each of these crops within the case study of Golestān province.

In the crop year of 2020-21, the total arable land area amounted to 12.9 million hectares, with a nationwide crop harvest of 91.8 million tons. Cereals accounted for the highest proportion (71%), while grain products had the lowest share. Golestān province, ranked 7th, possessed an agricultural area of 661 thousand hectares, contributing 4.27% of the country's total crop production, which amounted to 3.9 million hectares. Among the cereal production group, wheat had the highest production level at 63%, while grain corn had the lowest. Notably, Gonbad-e-Kavoos and Bandargaz counties exhibited the highest production levels and the largest areas for the cereal production group. Through the spatial analysis, the estimated amount of harvestable residue biomass was 840,000 Mg, derived from a total of 84,104 identified farms, with the largest proportion being wheat straw. The cluster analysis of the identified farms revealed that out of a total of 35,508 clusters, 15% belonged to the cold cluster category, while 18% fell into the hot cluster category. Furthermore, hotspot analysis identified four suitable sites for bioenergy sites within the study area. The available biomass can be transported to these potential sites at an average cost of $20.83 per kilometer per megagram.

The findings of this study highlight there is substantial biomass quantity within the agricultural sector of Golestān province, a significant portion of which is currently burned annually, resulting in the generation of large amounts of greenhouse gases and widespread environmental pollution. However, this biomass resource holds significant potential for the production of renewable energy if effectively harnessed with support from both the public and private sectors.

A new dimension in agricultural science has been opened up by the rapid development of computer-based information systems. Physiological processes of plant growth and development can be represented mathematically with a plant simulation model. Many studies have used simulation models to quantitatively analyze the effects of different environmental and management factors on the processes of agricultural plants due to the capability to simulate different processes. Since there is limited data on the ability of CERES-Maize to simulate maize under different nitrogen management treatments in Mazandaran, It took place in Qaemshahr city, and involved recalibration of the CERES-Maize model based on graphical representations and statistical analyses of the performance and physiological traits of this crop.

In order to simulate the physiological traits of maize using CERES-Maize model in different nitrogen treatments, an experiment was carried out in Qarakhil, a research farm of Mazandaran Agricultural Research Center, during 2017 and 2018 as randomized completely block design in four replications. The 10 treatments used in this research included: N1: not use of nitrogen (control), N2: use of 60 kg n ha-1 before planting, N3: use of 120 kg n ha-1 before planting, N4: use of 180 kg n ha-1 before planting, N5: Use of 60 kg n ha-1 in two stages (50% before planting + 50% in stage R1), N6: Use of 120 kg n ha-1 in two stages (50% before planting + 50% in R1), N7: use 180 kg n ha-1 in two stages (50% before planting + 50% in R1), N8: 60 kg n ha-1 in 3 stages (one third before planting + one third in stage R1 + one third in stage R3), N9: 120 kg n ha-1in 3 stages (one third before planting + one third in stage R1 + one third in stage R3), N10: 180 kg n ha-1in 3 stages ( One third was before planting + one third at R1 stage + one third at R3 stage).

It was shown that the model had an acceptable accuracy in simulating the yield, biomass and nitrogen level of a shoot at harvest time. It has also been shown that the trait model does not accurately simulate the leaf area index as well as other traits. According to linear regression analysis, R2 coefficients for the calibration and validation data of the model were 0.69 and 0.57, respectively,. Model validation showed a coefficient of explanation of 0.81, while calibration showed a coefficient of explanation of 0.79. Based on the two-year data, the simulated nitrogen value does not differ significantly from the measured value at 0.95 probability level. The model provided a 0.87 explanation coefficient for the difference between simulated and measured shoot nitrogen, thus indicating its accuracy in simulating total shoot nitrogen over the two-year period.

As a result of this research, the highest yield was achieved in the years 2017 and 2018 with 120 kg n ha-1 applied to the soil as 50% of the base + 50% in R1 stage. In view of the obtained results, the CERES-Maize model can be used as a suitable simulation model to find the optimal nitrogen fertilizer management strategy for maize. For generalizable results, this model can also be applied to interpreting climate data in the northern region of the country in terms of potential production, limitations, and reduction of long-term field experiments.

In order to improve the tolerance of German chamomile cultivars to moisture regimes, this factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in three replicates, in the agricultural college of Tehran university in 2013-14 cropping season.

Experimental treatments included moisture regimes (control and severe stress, i.e., 13% and 57% of allowable soil moisture depletion, respectively), two cultivars of chamomile (German Badgold and Hungarian modified cultivar) and foliar application with putrescine (with a concentration of 0.1 mM and 45 days after transfer to the pots).

The results showed that the simple effect of putrescine polyamine on plant height and biomass was significant at 1% level and on harvest index at 5% level. Plant height did not have a significant response to putrescine in control conditions, but in severe stress (57% of soil water depletion), the effect of foliar application showed a significant boost (13.5%). The simple effect of putrescine on percentage and essential oil yield (at 1% level) was significant. Also, the interaction effect of moisture regimes and foliar application with putrescine on essential oil content (at 5% level) and essential oil yield (at 1% level) was considerable. Under optimal moisture conditions (13% of soil water depletion), putrescine resulted in a significant increase in essential oil content by 38%. But its foliar application in drought stress increased the essential oil content by only 4%. Foliar application of putrescine reduced the amount of farnesene and bisabolol B oxide in both conditions. Another important compound was bisabolone oxide A, wherein putrescine treatment had a positive effect on its accumulation so that under favorable conditions of moisture its concentration increased by 87%, but under conditions of stress its effect decreased, showing only 35%.

The use of putresin in chamomile is economically justified due to increased tolerance to dehydration stress and increased target secondary metabolites.

This study investigates the production of flooring from oriented strand board (OSB) made with urban and garden tree pruning waste, with the aim of reducing urban management costs and creating stable income. Two types of directional chipboard flooring were produced: "B," using 45% garden tree pruning and 55% urban tree pruning, and "T," using 100% garden tree pruning and urea formaldehyde resin. The study varied the percentage of resin in two levels (10% and 12%) and the percentage of cake moisture in two levels (12% and 14%). Several tests were conducted based on international flooring standards, including surface wettability, free fall impact resistance, surface hardness, concentrated loading, and abrasion resistance. The results showed that OSB type T flooring had less moisture absorption and shrinkage in the surface wettability test, while T-type OSB flooring had better surface hardness, wear resistance, and resistance to force in the concentrated load test at point 2 compared to other types. The study concludes that producing flooring with 100% garden tree pruning chips, 12% urea formaldehyde resin, and 14% cake moisture can yield the best results. Based on the results, it is possible to use all four types of finished flooring in humid climates and high-traffic environments such as industrial buildings, companies, and residences. It is suggested that the biodegraded pruning of trees be used in the production of other engineered boards to preserve forests as the source of oxygen and habitat for animal species.