جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سودوموناس » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Water limitation is one of the most important abiotic factors that can limit plant growth and yield due to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like H2O2 and the reduction of chlorophyll content. To protect against oxidative stress, plant cells produce both antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX), and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as low weight molecules like proline, sugars and ascorbate. Also water limitation disturbs the mineral-nutrient relations in plants through their effects on nutrient availability and numerous of physiological and biochemical destruction in the vegetative and reproductive periods of plant development. Several strategies have been suggested in order to improve yield under abiotic and biotic stresses in plants, among them application of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and nano particles such as nano iron-silicon oxide play a key role in yield improvement. A better understanding of physiological responses under water limitation may help in programs which the objective is to improve the drouht resistance of crop. During the course of these stresses, active solute accumulation of compatible solutes such as proline and the activities CAT, POD and PPO enzymes are claimed to be an effective stress tolerance mechanism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bio-fertilizers and nano iron oxide and nano oxide on some physiological and biochemical (i.e., antioxidant enzyme activity, chlorophyll, protein, soluble sugars and proline) responses of triticale under water limitation conditions.

An experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replicates at the research farm of faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2021. The experimental factors were included of irrigation in three levels (full irrigation as control, irrigation withholding at 50% of booting and heading stages as severe and moderate water limitation respectively (BBCH 43 and 55 respectively), application of bio fertilizers in four levels (no application as control, application of Azospirilum, Pseudomonas, both application Azospirilum and Pseudomonas) and nanoparticles foliar application at four levels (foliar application with water as control, nano iron oxide foliar application (1 g.L-1), nano silicon oxide (50 mg.L-1), both application nano iron-silicon oxide). Psedomunas and Azospirilum were isolated from the rhizospheres of wheat by Research Institute of Soil and Water, Tehran, Iran. For inoculation seeds were coated with gum Arabic as an adhesive and rolled into the suspension of bacteria until uniformly coated. The strains and cell densities of microorganisms used as PGPR in this experiment were 1×108 colony forming units (CFU). In each plot there were 5 rows with 2 m long. In each experimental plot, two marginal rows and 0.5 m from beginning and ending of planting lines were removed data were measured from the middle lines. The used nano silicon-iron oxide had the average particle size less than 30 nm and special surface of particles was more than 30 m2.g-1. They were product of Nanomaterial US Research which was provided by Pishgaman Nanomaterials Company of Iran. Nano iron oxide and nano silicon powder added to deionized water and was placed on ultra sonic equipment (100 W and 40 kHz) on a shaker for better solution. Foliar application of nano silicon oxide and putrecine were done in two stages of period growth BBCH 21 and 30.

The results showed that total chlorophyll content (48.16%), quantum yield (36.05%), relative water content (35.83%) and grain yield (43.28%) increased in dual application of bio fertilizers and nano particles foliar application under full irrigation conditions compared to no application of bio fertilizers and nano particles under irrigation cut off at booting stage. But under such conditions, electrical conductivity, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content decreased 35.67, 53.16 and 56.32% respectively compared to no application of PGPR and nanoparticles under irrigation withholding in booting stage. Also, the application of PGPR and nanoparticles under irrigation cut off in booting stage increased the activity of catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes (47.06, 55.69 and 36.53% respectively), proline and soluble sugars content (45.41 and 46.93% respectively) compared to no application of PGPR and nanoparticles under full irrigation conditions.

Based on the results of this study, the application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and nonoparticle can increase grain yield of triticale under water limitation conditions due to improving biochemical and physiological traits.

In order to investigate the impact of plant growth-promoting Pseudomonads isolates and filter cake on the alterations of chlorophyll pigments and growth components in spinach plant under metribuzin herbicide stress, a factorial experiment was conducted as completely randomized blocks at the greenhouse of the Department of Soil Science of the Agricultural Sciences and the Natural Resources University of Khuzestan in 2018-2019.

In this study, Pseudomonas alloputida RUM14 and P. protegens CHA0 were used as PGPR isolates and filter cake was utilized as organic fertilizer.

Statistical analysis of the study’s results indicated that treating spinach plants with Pseudomonas alloputida RUM14, P. protegens CHA0, and filter cake significantly increases chlorophyll a (47, 21, 29%, respectively) and b pigments (42, 20, 18%, respectviely) and carotenoids (96, 33 and 84%) and also increases the dry weight of root (respectively 59, 30, 45%), length of root (108, 51, 53%), dry weight of stem (56, 49, 13%) and the stem length (31, 19, 14%). Statistical analysis clarified that applying metribuzin herbicide at the rate of 100 grams per hectare dramatically reduces the content of photosynthetic pigments and growth components. However, utilization of growth-promoting rhizobacteria and filter cake effectively decrease the extent of such damage.

The results of this investigation clarified for the first time that the use of Pseudomonads plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and/or filer cake, significantly enhance the photosynthetic pigments and growth components of spinach plant. Additionally, the mentioned treatments reduce the damage caused by metribuzin herbicide application.

Deficiency or excess of any growth factor leads to morphological, anatomical, physiological, and growth disorders in plants. Drought stress means a lack of water in the plant. This situation occurs when the amount of transpiration exceeds the amount of water absorption. Low irrigation (watering less than the optimal water requirement of the plant) is a strategy to save water, but it affects the plant at a particular stage of growth or the entire season. Biofertilizers develop the root system, changing host plant water relations and plant metabolism. They also activate the defense system, improving access to minerals and tolerance to drought in the host plant, making it environmentally friendly and natural. To manage the prevailing water crisis, one should look for solutions such as reducing water consumption and stopping irrigation at all stages of growth. This is without harming the plant's final performance. In addition, due to the importance of medicinal plants and increasing their biomass, biological fertilizers and the adjustment of drought stress effects have a special place. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. against dehydration at different stages of growth. It also investigated the consumption of mycorrhizal fungi and growth-stimulating bacteria to manage plant production with high quality and quantity.

The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, in 2018. The main and sub-factors were included in 4 water stress (I1: without stress, I2: cut irrigation in stem elongation stage, I3: cut irrigation at the budding stage and I4: cut irrigation at 50% flowering stage) and 5 biofertilizer levels (b1: without inoculation, b2: inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae, b3: inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis, b4: Funneliformis mosseae + Rhizophagus irregularis and b5: Azosprillium+Pseudomonas+Azetobacter), respectively. The harvest was in full flowering stage.

The comparison of the average of irrigation interruptions showed that the most number of leaves, stem diameter, canopy extent, root weight, leaf yield, flowering stem yield, and flowering branch yield belonged to the irrigation interruption at the 50% flowering stage. Inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae mycorrhizal fungus achieved the highest leaf yield (912.06 kg/ha), flowering stem yield (1071.25 kg/ha) and flowering branch yield (1983.32 kg/ha) in inoculation with Azosprillium + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter was observed. The highest percentage of essential oil was found in inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae with an average of 1.76%. The maximum average yield of essential oil at 30.50 kg/ha was observed in the inoculation treatment with Azosprillium + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter. The results of the comparison of the average of the interaction effect showed that the maximum height of the plant and the number of inflorescences with an average of 61.72 cm and 30.46 per plant were found in the interaction effect of the treatment of interruption of irrigation at the stemming stage and inoculation of Rhizophagus irregularis + Funneliformis mosseae, which is about 31 and 39 The percentage increased compared to their lowest value. Stopping irrigation in the budding stage ×Funneliformis mosseae had the highest percentage of essential oil with an average of 2.33%. Stopping irrigation in the stemming stage ×Rhizophagus irregularis had the lowest essential oil percentage. The highest leaf yield (1212.83 kg/ha), flowering stem yield (1494.75 kg/ha), flowering branch yield (2707.58 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (44.39 kg/ha) in the interaction effect of cutting × Azosprillium + Pseudomonas + Azotobacter irrigation was observed at the 50% flowering stage, which increased by 70, 82, 81 and 87% compared to the lowest ones.

The correct management of soil fertility, improvement, and maintenance of soil fertility in modern agricultural systems will provide the nutrients needed by the plant and thus enhance the yield. Therefore, in recent years, many studies have been conducted on biological fertilizers. Mycorrhizal fungi are essential factors in the stable plant-soil system, which coexists with more than 85% of plants. Drought stress is one of the most influential environmental factors in plant growth and causes morphological, physiological, and metabolic changes. In addition, biofertilizers increase plant access to nutrients and produce and direct hormones involved in the growth of the root environment. They also increase stress tolerance and enhance yield. Considering the arid and semi-arid conditions of the country and the increase in demand for medicinal plants and Satureja bachtiarica spices, it is recommended to stop irrigation at the 50% flowering stage and use Azotobacter, Azospirillium, and Pseudomonas biofertilizers to obtain the maximum yield of leaves, flowering branches, and essential oil.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are a group of bacteria that can actively colonize plant roots and can stimulate plant growth. This study was executed to evaluate of four strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula (PF1-4) and six strains of Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan) Migula (PP 1-6) on seed germination characteristics including germination percentage, germination rate, root and shoot length and dry weight, seed and seedling vigor index and α-amylase activity of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). In vitro production of siderophore, hydrogen cyanide, indole-acetic acid (IAA) and volatile and non-volatile metabolites of bacteria were also determined. The bacterial suspension (109 CFU/ml) was used to inoculate the seeds under aseptic conditions. Results revealed that the metabolites concentrations were significantly different between bacterial strains. Different strains of rhizobacteria had also variable effects on germination parameters and the effect of plant-rhizobacteria interactions on germination characteristics could be positive or neutral. Maximum effects of bacterial strains were recorded for PP-1, PP-2, PP-5, PF-1 and PF-2 strains. The effects of bacterial strains on studied characteristics were significantly correlated with IAA production by bacteria. As a conclusion, the role of biopriming with growth promoting rhizobacteria on germination characteristics and seedling growth were dependent on bacterial species and strains. These results also suggest that the amont of bacterial IAA produced plays a major role in seed germination and may stimulate germination features.

South of Iran has been located in the dry belt and desert strip thus water stress has always been one of the serious problems in its agriculture (Buzarjomehri et al., 2020). Intercropping is the cultivation of two or more plant species in a specific land and growing season, which is important in agricultural systems with limited resources and low input (Brooker et al., 2015). Due to the differences in the rooting depth, lateral expansion, and root density of cereals and legumes, they have been the best candidates for intercropping traditionally for limited soil water and nutrient availability environments (Babalola, 1980; Haynes, 1980). Application of bio-fertilizers (PGPR bacteria) that have nitrogen (N) fixation and phosphorus (P) solubilizing activity (Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescence, respectively) is a promising approach for obtaining N, P, and water-restricted areas (Tien et al, 1979; Barea, 2015). Organic manures enhance soil water holding capacity and serve as excellent slow-release sources of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil (Risse et al., 2006). This study aimed to investigate the effect of different fertilizer systems (chemical, integrated, and bio-organic) on triticale grain yield and its components in sole and intercropped triticale in triticale/chickpea system under late season water stress in a hot and dry area of southern Iran (Fars province - Darab).

To evaluate the yield and yield components of triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) in monoculture and intercropping with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under late season water stress conditions, a split-factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented at the research field of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab - Shiraz University in 2019-2020 growing season. Treatments were two levels of irrigation (Ir): [1- normal (IRN): irrigation based on the plant water requirement up to the physiological maturity stage (ZGS92) and 2- water stress (WS): irrigation based on the plant water requirement up to the milking stage] as the main plots and three fertilizer sources (FS) [1- chemical: ( 50 kg P ha-1 + 150 kg N ha-1), 2- integrated: (25 kg P ha-1 + 75 kg N ha-1 + 20 tons sheep manure ha-1 + inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azospirillum brasilense) 3- bio-organic: 40 tons sheep manure ha-1 + inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azospirillum brasilense] and two cropping systems (Cs) [1- monoculture of triticale, 2- intercropped triticale with chickpea (1:1)] as the sub-plots. Triticale grain yield and its components were measured and the harvest index (%) was calculated. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1 software and the means were separated by the least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level.

The results demonstrated that water stress reduced the grain yield and its components in triticale, with the extent of reduction varying among different treatments. In the Ir × Cs interaction, the Ws treatment reduced the triticale grain yield as compared to IRN by 38% and 55 % in the intercropped and sole-triticale, respectively. The Ir × Fs interaction showed that the grain yield decreased by water stress as a function of the fertilizer system (60.4%, 43.7%, and 30.7% reduction in the chemical, integrated, and bio-organic treatments, respectively). Evaluation of the results related to the triticale yield components (grain weight, biological yield, and harvest index) also showed that the Ws treatment reduced these traits. However, the least reduction occurred in bio-organic fertilizer as compared with the other fertilizer systems (significant Ir × Fs interaction). Furthermore, the Ir × Cs interaction showed that the Ws treatment reduced triticale grain weight and its biological yield as compared to IRN in both cropping systems with different manners. The least reduction of their traits by Ws treatment was showed in intercropped triticale as compared to its sole cropping.

Based on the results of this study, intercropped triticale with chickpea and using of bio-organic fertilizer were recommended for hot and dry areas of southern Iran where water stress may occur at the end of the growing seasons. Using these strategies leads to water stress alleviation and therefore less reduction of triticale grain yield in these environments.

Todays, efforts to increase crop yields have led to the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers. It has caused soil and groundwater pollution and the destruction of soil microbial communities. Therefore, researchers should look for ways to replace N fertilizers and reduce their side effects. Intercropping of cereals and legumes due to differences in the distribution and depth of roots in the soil profile can reduce competition for water and the survival of these plants in water shortage conditions. Among the methods that may reduce the use of N and P fertilizers and thus reduce sensitivity to water stress is the intercropping of cereals and legumes. Using growth-promoting N-fixing bacteria such as Azospirillum brasilense and phosphorus solvents such as Pseudomonas fluorescens as biofertilizers can be another way to reduce the use of N and P fertilizers and the adverse effects of water stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different fertilizer systems [chemical, integrated, and biological] on yield and competitive indices in triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) - chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) intercropping under water stress conditions in Southern Iran (Fars province).

This experiment was performed as a split factorial on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the Darab Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources-Shiraz University in the 2019-2020 growing season. Experimental treatments included two levels of irrigation (Ir) [Normal: irrigation based on plant water requirement (IRN) and water stress: irrigation based on plant water requirement up to the milking stage (WS)] as the main factors. The Sub-factors included three sources of fertilizer (F) [Chemical: 50 kg P.ha-1 +150 kg N.ha-1, Bio-organic: 40 tons of manure sheep ha-1 + inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azospirillum brasillens, Integrated: 25 kg P ha-1 + 75 kg N.ha-1 + 20 tons of manure sheep ha-1 + inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azospirillum brasilens] and three types of cropping systems (Cp) [Monoculture of triticale, monoculture of chickpea, and intercropping of triticale-chickpea (1:1)]. The crops Grain yield were measured, of the crops was measured and competitive indices including land equivalent ratio (LER), aggressivity (A), competitive ratio (CR), and system productivity index (SPI) were computed. The SAS 9.1 software was used to analyze the data, and the means were separated using the least significant difference (LSD) test at a 5% probability level.

 The results showed that the cessation of irrigation after the milking stage put severe stress on the triticale and chickpea during the grain filling period and reduced grain yield of both plants. The Ir × F interaction for triticale and chickpea grain yield showed that the lowest reduction of their grain yield (31% and 27%, respectively) were obtained in Bio treatment due to water stress as compared to IRN. Furthermore, The Ir × Cp interaction for triticale and chickpea grain yield showed that the water stress reduced their grain yield. However, the reductions were lower in intercropping system of triticale (38%) and chickpea (24%) as compared with their sole cropping. Late season water stress increased triticale, chickpea and total LER as compared with IRN conditions by 40, 65 and 51%, respectively. Furthermore, the Ir × F interaction showed that the highest and the lowest reductions (55% and 17%, respectively) of SPI were achieved in chemical and Bio treatments as a consequence of water stress conditions. 

 Based on the results obtained from this study, it can be concluded that the intercropping system of triticale and chickpea is superior to their monocropping under late season water stress conditions. Also, the lowest reduction of chickpea and triticale grain yields as a consequence of water stress was obtained by the application of Bio and integrated fertilizers. Therefore, the use of Azospirillum brasiliens and Pseudomonas fluorescens with sheep manure fertilizer not only mitigates the negative effects of water stress, but also reduces the excessive use of N-P chemical fertilizers and their harmful environmental effects and it can be an effective step for sustainability of agricultural systems.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an annual oilseed crop that is adapted to arid and semi-arid regions and is considered an indigenous plant of Iran. Germination and seedling stage in the soil is one of the most important stages in the life cycle of plants. High germination rate and percentage increase the number of seedlings and the rapid successful establishment of seedlings in the soil also contributes to the suitable vegetative growth of the seedlings in later stages of life. Therefore, evaluation of germination indices and seedling establishment in the soil and finding more suitable conditions to improve these indices can have a direct impact on more successful plant cultivation. One of the methods used in this regard is priming.

In order to study the effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria and temperature treatments on germination indices and seedling growth of the safflower, this investigation was conducted based on a completely randomized block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Laboratory of Yasouj University in 2016. Experimental factors were seven levels of temperature treatments (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35°C) and seed priming with three strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens such as Pf 2, Pf 25 and CHA 0 and one strain of Bacillus subtilis and control (without inoculation).

The results showed that 20°C temperature caused the highest germination percentage, germination rate and vigor length. Also, seeds inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens growth-promoting bacteria strain CHA0 had the highest germination percentage (68.74), germination rate (3.49 seeds per day) and vigor length vigor (6.22). Seedling length, dry weight and vigor weight were the other parameters that showed the best results at 20 and 25°C. Also, germination and seedling growth indices decreased by an increase or decrease in the optimum temperature. The use of plant growth-promoting bacteria causes increased activity of ascorbate and catalase enzymes, which leads to a decrease in injuries related to non-optimum temperature and improved germination indices.

According to our results, to accelerate the germination rate and other parameters, it is better to inoculate seeds with bacteria strains CHA0 and 25 in the temperature range of 20-25°C.

The germination behaviour of safflower primed with bacteria varies at different temperatures.
Seeds inoculated with Pseudomonas fluorescens growth-promoting bacteria of CHA0 strain had better germination conditions.
Using the 20-25°C temperature improves germination indices.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) is one of the most important plants in family Lamiaceae that is involved in the treatment of diseases such as insomnia, anxiety, depression, neurological diseases, migraine, nervous disorders of the stomach. The most antioxidant activity of the plant was related to leaves, stems and flowers, respectively. The essential oil of lemongrass leaves had more antioxidant activity than stem and flower essential oils. Nowadays, drought stress is considered as the most important factor in reducing production, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Given the importance and role of medicinal plants in various industries, a significant point in the production of these plants is to increase their biomass production without the use of chemical inputs, especially in drought stress. It seems that application of plant growth promoting bacteria has positive effect on the yield and quality of medicinal plants under biological and non-biological stress conditions. Therefore, the present study was designed and conducted to investigate the effect of some plant growth-promoting bacteria on agromorphological traits of Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in water deficit conditions.

The factorial pot experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the open area of the research greenhouse of Shahrekord University, Faculty of Agriculture during 2009-2010 growing season. The experimental factors were water deficit stress at three levels (full irrigation, 75% and 50% of full irrigation) and bacterial inoculation treatments at eight levels (non-bacterial inoculation as control treatment, separate inoculation of Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium and Pseudomonas putida, bacterial inoculation of B. licheniformis * B. megaterium, P. putida * B. megaterium and B. licheniformis * P. putida as dual inoculation and bacterial inoculation of P. putida * B. licheniformis * B. megaterium as triple inoculation). After harvest, plant height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, biological yield, root dry weight and root volume were measured. Leaf area was also measured using Digimizer software. Analysis of variance using SAS software, comparison of means by LSD test at 5% probability level and drawing graphs with Excel software were performed.

The results showed that the main effects of different levels of water deficit stress on all studied traits except plant height were significant at the level of 1% probability. So that water stress at the level of 100% full irrigation increased plant height, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, root dry weight, biological yield, leaf area and water use efficiency compared to 50% of full irrigation by 17.6%, 124.5%, 79.1%, 65.6%, 102%, 384.4% and 43% respectively. The main effects of bacterial inoculation treatments on plant height, leaf dry weight, biological yield, leaf area, root dry weight, proline content and water use efficiency were significant at 1% probability level and on root volume at 5% probability level, while on dry stem weight trait no significant effect. Interaction effects of bacterial inoculation treatments and different levels of water deficit stress on leaf area, root dry weight, root volume and proline content at 1% probability level, on leaf dry weight, biological yield and water use efficiency at 5% probability level were significant and on plant height and stem dry weight had no significant effect.

According to the results, all bacterial inoculation treatments in non-stress conditions were able to improve the studied traits, effectively while in stress conditions, bacterial inoculation treatments at 75% stress and 50% irrigation levels, except in plant height and water use efficiency and proline content at 50% irrigation level had no significant effect on other traits.

In arid and semi-arid regions, drought stress as the main factor and salinity stress as a secondary factor decreases plant growth and yield. Water limitation can damage pigments and plastids, and reduce chlorophyll index, rate, and grain filling period. Several strategies have been developed to decrease the toxic effects caused by environmental stresses on plant growth. Among them, the use of bio-fertilizers such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and also nanoparticles such as nano iron-silicon oxide plays a very important role in yield improvement. Inoculation of plants with native suitable microorganisms may decrease the deleterious effects of environmental stresses and increase stress tolerance of plants by a variety of mechanisms, including synthesis of phytohormones such as auxins, cytokinin, and gibberellins, solubilization of minerals like phosphorus, production of siderophores and increase in nutrient uptake, N2 fixation. It seems that application of nanoparticles and biofertilizers can improve triticale yield under water limitation conditions.

To study the effects of bio-fertilizers and nano silicon-iron oxide on the quantitative yield and grain-filling components of triticale under water limitation conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of the faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2021. The experimental factors included irrigation in three levels (full irrigation as control, irrigation withholding at 50% of the heading stage based on codes 43 of the BBCH scale; irrigation withholding at 50% of the booting stage based on codes 55 of the BBCH scale), as severe and moderate water limitation respectively, application of biofertilizers in four levels (no application of biofertilizers as control, application of Azospirilum, Pseudomonas, both application Azospirilum and Pseudomonas) and nanoparticles foliar application at four levels (foliar application with water as control, nano iron oxide foliar application, nano silicon, both foliar application nano iron-silicon oxide). The strains and cell densities of microorganisms used as PGPR in this experiment were 108 bacteria per milliliter (108 cfu.ml−1). A two-part linear model was used to quantify the grain-filling parameters. In this study, anthocyanin, flag leaf protein, chlorophyll index, grain filling components, and yield of triticale were investigated. Chlorophyll Index was calculated by a chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502; Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc., Japan). Grain dry weight and number were used to calculate the average grain weight for each sample. The total duration of grain filling was determined for each treatment combination by fitting a bilinear model: 
Where GW is the grain dry weight; a, the GW-intercept; b, the slope of grain weight indicating grain filling rate; t, the days after earring; and t0, physiological maturity. The effective grain filling period (EGFD) was calculated from the following equation:EGFD = the highest grain weight (g)/rate of grain filling (g day-1).

The results showed that the both application of biofertilizers and foliar application of nano iron-silicon oxide in full irrigation, increased maximum grain weight (56.07%), grain filling period, and Effective grain filling period (22.29 and 48.43% respectively), chlorophyll index (45.11%) and flag leaf protein (64.75%), plant height (49.31%), number of grains per spike (70.58%), spike length (53.75%), 1000 grains weight (64.9%) and grain yield (43.28%) in compared to no application of biofertilizers and no foliar application under severe water limitation. Severe water limitation increased the content of anthocyanin, but the application of biofertilizers and foliar application of nano silicon-iron oxide decreased its content.

Based on the results of this study, it seems that application of both applications of Azospirilum and Pseudomonas and foliar application of nano iron-silicon oxide can be applied as a proper method for increasing grain yield of triticale under water limitation conditions.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of growth-promoting rhizobacteria and chemichal fertilizer; on yield and malting efficiency of different barley cultivars in rainfed conditions in 2018 and 2019. A faceorial experiment was conducted on a randomized complete blocks desibn (RCBD) with four replications in Ilam province.  Three cultivars: Behrokh, Grace, and Sararoud as first and eight levels of seed insemination with growth-promoting bacteria and Fertilizer (including control, i.e., seed without bacterial insemination and without fertilizer, complete fertilizer Pseudomonas bacteria, Bacillus bacteria, combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria, Pseudomonas bacteria + half fertilizer Urea, Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer and combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer) were second factor. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that all the studied traits (except malting efficiency) significantly affected by main effects and interaction of year×cultivar×fertilizer treatment. But malting efficiency influenced by interaction of cultivar×fertilizer treatments. Number of seeds per spike, number of spikes per area unit and grain yield in combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer, had the highest mean in garis cultivar in the two years. Additionally, maximum malting efficiency (95.5 %) was observed in the combination of Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria + half fertilizer in Behrokh. The highest amount of grain protein in the first year was observed in bacterial combination + half fertilizer in Saravard cultivar (14.6%) and in the second year was observed in the Pseudomonas + half fertilizer in Saravard cultivar (14.3%).

In order to study the effects of putrescine and bio fertilizers on grain filling ‎components of wheat under salinity condition, a factorial ‎experiment was conducted based on RCBD with three ‎replications in research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, ‎University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2018. Experimental factors were included salinity ‎in four levels [no-salinity as control, salinity 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl], application of ‎bio fertilizers at four levels [no bio fertilizer, application of both Psedomunas and ‎Flavobacterim, mycorrhiza with Psedomunas and ‎Flavobacterim, mycorrhiza application] and putrescine foliar application ‎‎(foliar application with water as control, foliar application of 0.5 and 1 mM putrescine. ‎Results showed that application of both mycorrhiza with Psedomunas and ‎Flavobacterim and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine increased chlorophyll index ‎‎, yield and yield components under salinity conditions. Maximum of grain filling rate (0.00217 g.day), grain filling period and effective grain ‎filling period (24.1 and 35.57 days respectively), root volume and weight (0.71 g per ‎plant and 1.317 cm3 per plant) were obtained in application of mycorrhiza with ‎Pseudomonas and Flowobacterium under no salinity condition and the minimum of ‎values were obtained in the highest salinity level, no application of bio fertilizers and ‎foliar application of putrescine. Application of mycorrhiza with Pseudomonas and ‎Flavobacterium and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine at the highest salinity level ‎increased grain yield by 28.57% compared to no application of bio fertilizers and no ‎foliar application at the same salinity level. ‎

Microplastics (MPs) have been reported as emerging contaminants. There was little information about their effect and behavior on soil properties. This study aimed to investigate the changes in exchangeable concentrations (extracted with 1 M ammonium acetate) and water-soluble (ratio of 1 to 2.5 soil to water) of sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) elements under the presence of Low-Density Polyethylene MPs particles in the soil. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors included the amount of MPs particles (zero, 1, 2, and 4% w/w) and incubation time (3, 17, 31, 45, 90, and 180 days). The results showed that MPs particles affected exchangeable and water-soluble elements. MPs particles reduced the exchangeable amounts of Na, K, and Ca. The largest decrease was related to the level of 4% MPs. Briefly. In the level of 4%, the amount of exchangeable Na, K, and Ca decreased by 7.2, 5.7 and 2.6 %, respectively, in comparison with control soil (without MPs). On the other hand, water-soluble K and Ca under the influence of MPs particles (4% MPs level) decreased by 6.97 and 8.4 % respectively, as compared with control. MPs particles reduced water-soluble Na in the first (3 days) to fourth (45 days) incubation periods. Also, MPs particles reduced the amount of exchangeable and water-soluble Mg, but it was not significant. In summary, the presence of MPs particles in the soil, especially in higher amounts (ex: 4%), can affect the availability of cationic elements such as Na, K, Ca, and Mg.

In recent years, the importance of producing healthy crops has led to special attention to production methods and applied inputs used. For the purpose, a two-year factorial experiment was conducted a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research site of Rice Research Institute, Rasht, during 2019-2020 to reduce the problems caused by chemical fertilizers and replacing them with biological resources. Experimental factors including eight levels of inoculation: control (without fertilization), Pseudomonas, Azospirillium, Azotobacter, Azospirillium and Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Pseudomonas, Azotobacter and Azospirillium, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas and Azospirillium, and Hashemi and Gilaneh rice varieties were considered. The results showed that the effect of inoculation and variety on yield components and yield of rice varieties was significant at 5% and 1% probability levels, so that the highest plant height (119.6 cm), number of tillers (12.3), number of panicles per square meter (165.1), number of filled grain (126.3) and minimum number of unfilled grain (7) from the combined treatment of Azotobacter and Azospirillium and Pseudomonas were obtained. Also, application of combined treatment of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas and Azospirillium increased 79.3% and 30.6% of paddy yield and biomass of Hashemi variety and increased 90.2% and 55.9% of paddy yield and biomass of Gilaneh variety compared to the control treatment. According to the results, the application of Azotobacter, Azospirillium and Pseudomonas treatment is recommended due to maintaining and improving some chemical properties of paddy soil and compensating for 47.4% and 56.7% yield of Hashemi and Gilaneh rice varieties compared to chemical fertilizer treatment.

Recently, growth-promoting bacteria have been proposed as complementary and increased efficiency of chemical fertilizers in order to increase soil fertility in crop production in sustainable agriculture. In order to study the effect and efficacy of plant growth promoting bacteria and different rates of phosphorous fertilizer on growth parameters, nutrient availability and wheat yield (Mahdavi variety), a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized block design in three replications. Experimental factors include five rates of phosphorous (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg/ha P) and soil inoculation with bacteria at four levels including no-inoculation (Control, I0), inoculation with Azotobacter (I1), inoculation with Pseudomonas (I2) and inoculation with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas (I3). Results of variance analysis showed a significant difference on the effect of seed inoculation and phosphorous levels on plant height, root length and germination percent of wheat seeds. In this research, the treatment of 100 percent P-requirement in the soil inoculated with Azotobacter and Pseudomonas showed a greatest effect on increasing soil phosphorous (27%), growth (28%), yield (27%), yield components (31% grain yiehd) and grain phosphorous (27%) of autumn wheat. Increase in plant dry weight by rhizobacteria is due to increase in nutrients uptake and subsequently better plant growth which could result in higher harvesting index.

The most common method to supply phosphorus for plants is the use of phosphate chemical fertilizers that have low efficiency, high cost and harmful environmental effects. If the availability of phosphorus can be increased by using phosphorus-soluble bacteria and mycorrhiza, the phosphorus concentration and plant growth parameters may also increase and make a major change in the phosphorus nutrition of plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using superior strains of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria isolated from rhizosphere of pistachio trees, mycorrhiza and phosphate sources on the growth and phosphorus uptake of pistachio seedlings in greenhouse conditions. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2019. Treatments included four sources of phosphorus (control, monocalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, and soil phosphate), four levels of bacteria (control, Serratia odorifera, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas brassicacearum) and two levels of mycorrhiza (control and mycorrhiza (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus intradices, Rhizophagus irregularis and Glomus caledonium)). Analysis of variance of the data showed significant interactions between phosphorus-soluble bacteria, phosphate sources and mycorrhiza on pistachio growth indices. All three bacterial isolates had positive effects on increasing vegetative indices. Also, mycorrhiza inoculation along with bacterial inoculation showed a significant increase of 44% in root dry weight. The highest shoot to root ratio was observed with application of soil phosphate and tricalcium phosphate which increased by 19% and 37% compared to control respectively. Inoculation of pistachio seedlings by mycorrhiza increased root, stem and leaf P concentration by 90%, 104% and 122% respectively. Therefore, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria especially Pseudomonas SP and mycorrhizal fungi played an important role in increasing the efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers and reducing fertilizer use, increasing growth and phosphorus uptake of pistachio seedlings.

Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is one of the most important forage crops in the world. It contains 12 to 20% protein. Silicon (Si) existing in the Earth’s crust is classified as the most abundant element after oxygen. Although silicon is not considered an essential element for plant growth, but a number of studies have reported that it as an important factor in plants that plays an important role in the resistance mechanisms of plants against environmental stress. Also, it plays a crucial physiological role in photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content. One of the most effective factors in increasing the Grasspea biomass is seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Some of the benefits provided by PGPR are the ability to produce gibberellic acid, cytokinins and ethylene, N2 fixation, solubilization of mineral phosphates and other nutrients. Numerous studies have shown a substantial increase in dry matter accumulation via inoculation with PGPR. Some researchers reported that seed inoculation with PGPR enhanced relative water content and photochemical efficiency of PSII lathyrus under water limitations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nano silicon and seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on biomass, nodulation and some physiological traits of Grasspea.

In order to study the effect of nano silicon and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on biomass, nodulation and some physiological traits of Grasspea, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2021. Treatment were included application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria at four levels (no inoculation as control, seed inoculation with Azosprillum lipoferum strain OF, Psedomonas putida strain 186, both application of Azospirillium and Pseudomonas) and nano silicon foliar application at four levels (foliar application with water as control, foliar application 25, 50 and 75 mg.L-1 nano silicon). The area is located at 38° 15ʹ N latitude and 48° 20ʹ E longitude with an elevation of 1350 m above mean sea level. Climatically, the area is situated in the wet zone with cool winter and hot summer. For inoculation, seeds were coated with gum Arabic as an adhesive and rolled into the suspension of bacteria until uniformly coated. Seeds were inoculated with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) at the rate of approximately 1 × 107 colony forming units (CFU) mg-1 just before planting. Foliar application of nano silicon was conducted in two stages of vegetative growth. Nano silicon powder added to deionized water and was placed on ultra sonic equipment (100 W and 40 kHz) on a shaker for better solution. At the Flowering stage, the leaves of plants were selected to measure the stem and leaf protein, chlorophyll index, RWC (relative water content), quantum yield, stomatal conductance and EC (electrical conductivity). RWC was calculated based on method of Kostopoulou et al. (2010). Chlorophyll Index was calculated by chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502; Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc., Japan). The Quantum yield of leaves was calculated with fluorometer (chlorophyll fluorometer; Optic Science-OS-30 USA). Stomata conductance was measured with a porometer system (Porometer AP4, Delta-T Devices Ltd., Cambridge, UK) according to the instructions in its manual. Leaf electrical conductivity (EC) values were measured at room temperature of 23±1°C using an electrical-conductivity meter. Analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed using SAS 9.1 computer software packages. The main effects and interactions were tested using the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 0.05 probability level.

The results showed that both application of Azospirillium and Pseudomonas and foliar application of 75 mg.L-1 nano silicon increased root weight and volume (40.4 and 41.9%), number of active nodules (81.2%), percentage of active nodules (33.2%), nodule dry weight (37.4%), chlorophyll index (46%), relative water content (46.3%), stomatal conductance (34.6%) and quantum yield (34.1%) in comparison with no application of PGPR and nano silicon. Also, the highest leaf and stem protein (23.37 and 12.66%) and total biomass (37.7 %) were obtained in both application of Azospirillium and Pseudomonas and foliar application of 75 mg.L-1 nano silicon in comparison with no application of PGPR and nano silicon.

It seems that application of PGPR and foliar application of nano silicon can increase biomass of Lathyrus sativus due to nodulation and  improving  physiological traits.

Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants has had long a special rank in the traditional agricultural systems of Iran and these systems have played an important role in creating diversity and sustainability. Management of soil nutrients using organic fertilizers is among major pillars of sustainable agriculture. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is a medicinal plant, which proper nutrition and absorption of mineral elements play an important role in increasing its quantitative and qualitative performance. The high cost of fertilizers in farming systems, soil pollution and degradation of soil are factors that caused to full use of available renewable nutrient sources of plant (organic and biological) with optimal application of fertilizers in order to maintain fertility, structure, biological activity, exchange capacity and water-holding capacity of the water in soil. The global approach to balance nutrition and the production of medicinal plants, towards the use of sustainable agricultural systems and the use of management methods, such as application of biofertilizers, is improvement the quantitative and qualitative performance of these plants. So, the use of natural inputs such as organic and biological fertilizers seems to be a good way to move towards a sustainable production system. Accordingly, due to the possible effect of organic fertilizers such as biochar and vermicompost and biological fertilizers like mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting bacteria on the quantity and quality of peppermint essential oil, this research was carried out under organic conditions.

The present research was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design in three replications at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2017. The experimental site is located at 36º 39ʹ42ʺ N latitude and 53º03´54ʺ E longitude with -11 m above sea level. Soil samples were taken from depths of 0-30 cm before land preparation. Treatment consisted biochar on two level (0 and 10 ton ha-1) and organic and biological fertilizers on five level (no fertilizer, vermicompost (10 ton ha-1), Pseudomonas fluorescens, Azotobacter and Arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae, G. intradices and G. etunicatum. Weeds and pests were controlled mechanically or by hand and no herbicides or pesticides were used. The measured properties also included the pepermint yield, essential oil and essential oil compounds.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the simple effects of biochar and organic and biological fertilizers had a significant effect on the shoot fresh weight at 1% of probability level, while the interaction effect of experimental treatments on this trait did not have significant effect. According to the results, application of 10 ton ha-1 of biochar, caused a 42.96% increase in shoot fresh weight compared to no application. In the study of the simple effect of organic and biological fertilizers on shoot fresh weight, the results showed that the highest and lowest ones were obtained with mycorrhiza application and control (no application of organic and biological fertilizers) with an average of 667.95 and 418.08 g m-2, respectively. The highest shoot dry weight with an average of 89.08 g m-2 was associated with the combined use of biochar and mycorrhiza and the lowest one belonged to the control (no application of biochar and organic and biological fertilizers) with an average of 61.76 g m-2. The results also showed that the interaction of biochar and organic and biological fertilizers on essential oil compounds such as Menthone, Menthol, α-Pinene, Cineol-1,8, iso Menthone, Pulegone, Piperitone oxide, Menthyl acetate and Menthofuran was significant.

In general, the results showed that the use of biochar and biological and organic fertilizers can be effective in both the quality and quantity of peppermint essential oil, when the highest percentage of essential oil and the most peppermint essential oil compounds were obtained in treatments with application of biochar and biological and organic fertilizers. Where, the use of the bacterium Azobacter and Pseudomonas with biochar had the greatest effect on the quality of peppermint essential oil, especially in Menthol and Menton compounds. Finally, it can be concluded that the combined use of biochar with biological fertilizers has a significant impact on the quantitative and qualitative increase of peppermint essential oil in ecological or low input agricultural.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biofertilizers and nutrition through a nutrient solution (base Hogland) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Begonia semperflorens (two varieties, sprint rose and senator deeprose). The factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design (RCBD), with twenty treatments in three replications. Treatments include: nutrient solution (base Hogland), Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 169, Azotobacter chroococcum strain 12 and compound Pseudomonas and Azotobacter with different percentages of chemical fertilizer and two varieties of Begonia. Non-inoculated with nutrient solution and bio-fertilizer were considered as control. The results showed that the highest leaf area (36.69 mm2) was observed in Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 75% of the nitrogen treatment. Maximum shoots fresh weight (117.18 gr) and maximum shoots dry weight (4.12 gr), were seen at the treatments of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 75% of the Nitrogen and Phosphorus. Most phosphorus in shoots (0.34%) was related to the treatments of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 100% phosphor and the highest chlorophyll of leaves (13.12 mg per gr of fresh weight) were related to the treatments of Azotobacter and 100% Nitrogen. Treatments of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 75% phosphor with 41.38 mg per gr of fresh weight, had the highest amounts of anthocyanins of petals. Overall, treatment of Pseudomonas and Azotobacter and 75% nitrogen, and then base Hogland treatment were the best treatments. Thus, it was shown that Pseudomonas and Azotobacter combination with reduced doses of nutrient solution, led to significant improvement of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Begonia. In addition, two varieties of Begonia (senator deeprose and sprint rose) in response to similar treatments, showed different reactions.

The mulberry tree can grow in a variety of climates. Mulberry leaf is a food of silkworm and plays an essential role in silk production. Therefore, improving the quality and quantity of mulberry leaves is very important in terms of silk production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria and municipal waste compost on morphological and physiological characteristics of mulberry tree. To conduct this research, 27 mulberry seedlings were prepared from the National Silk Research Institute. This research was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments used included two levels of municipal waste (2 and 4 percent), two levels of Pseudomonas (106 and 5×106 cells per gram of soil) and control. Some physiological properties such as phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, protein and sugar were measured in the leaves. Also, some morphological characteristics of the plant including fresh weight, leaf area index, specific leaf area, leaf length, etc. were measured. The results showed that the highest amount of protein and leaf area in the combined treatment of the second level of compost and bacteria were 22.57% and 2005 mm2, respectively. The results showed that with increasing the amount of compost and bacteria in the soil, leaf quality increased significantly physiologically and morphologically. In general, the results showed that the combination of organic and bio-fertilizers can be used instead of chemical fertilizers to provide the elements needed by the mulberry plant.

Drought stress is the most influential factors affecting crop yield particularly in irrigated agriculture in arid and semiarid regions. Drought, being the most important environmental stress, severely impairs plant growth and development, limits plant production and the performance of crop plants, more than any other environmental factor. The impact of the drought on plant species depends on variety, severity and duration of the stress as well as on the development stage. The closing stomata which reduce transpiration and conserve water in plants is the first mechanism of plants against dehydration stress, which in turn limits CO2 fixation. One of the important strategies for increasing of carbon dioxide concentration in plants is using compounds such as methanol that can increase the concentration of CO2 in a plant will improve photosynthesis rate and growth under water deficit conditions. Among the numerous microorganisms in the rhizosphere, some have positive effects on plant growth promotion. These microorganisms are bio fertilizers such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which colonize the rhizosphere and roots of many plant species and confer beneficial effects to plants. Using rhizosphere microorganisms, particularly beneficial bacteria are an alternative strategy that can improve plant performance under stress environments and, consequently, enhance plant growth through different mechanisms. Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between plant roots and fungi and form symbiotic association with terrestrial as well as aquatic plants. They also impart other benefits to them including production/accumulation of secondary metabolites, osmotic adjustment under osmotic stress, improved nitrogen fixation, enhanced photosynthesis rate, and increased resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. The mechanisms used by mycorrhiza to enhance the water relations of host plants are not amply clear, however, this may occur by increasing water absorption by external hyphae, regulation of stomatal apparatus, increase in activity of antioxidant enzymes and absorption of nutrients particularly phosphorus. Hence, application of bio fertilizers and methanol presumably looks to be a promising practice in plant yield optimization under suboptimal growth conditions. So, better understanding of chickpea physiological responses under water limitation may help in programs which the objective is to improve the grain yield under water limitation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate of grain filling components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) using segmented model under irrigation withholding condition, methanol application and seed inoculation with bio fertilizers. 

 A factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm of Piralger from Ardabil provence in 2017-2018. The experimental factors included: application of methanol (foliar application with water as control, application 20 and 30 volume percent), bio fertilizers at four levels (no application as control, Mesorhizobium ciceri application, both application mycorhyza with Mesorhizobium ciceri, application of mycorhyza with Mesorhizobium ciceri and Psesomonas putida) and three irrigation levels (full irrigation as control, severe water limitation or irrigation withholding at flowering stage, moderate water limitation or irrigation withholding at podding). To investigate grain filling parameters in each sampling, two plants in each plot were taken. The first sampling was taken on day 12 after podding, and other samplings were taken in 5-days intervals to nv xfrikh determine the accumulation of grain weight. At each sampling, grains were removed from pods manually and were dried at 80°C for 48 h. We applied grain dry weight and number to estimate the mean grain weight per sample. Following Borrás and Otegui (2001), we calculated total duration of grain filling for each treatment combination through fitting a bilinear model: Where GW is the grain dry weight; a, -intercept; b, the slope of grain weight indicating grain filling rate. Borrás, Slafer, and Otegui (2004) determined grain filling using a bilinear model. Effective grain filling period (EFP) was calculated from the following equation:Where MGW: the highest grain weight (g) and b: grain filling rate (g day-1). Conversely, an increase in kernel weight in filling period was calculated using the above-cited equation in statistical software SAS 9.2 via Proc NLIN DUD method. The analysis of variance and mean comparisons were performed using SAS computer software packages. The main effects and interactions were tested using the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 0.05 probability level.

 A two part linear model was used to quantify the grain filling parameters. The highest number and weight of noduls per plant (11.6 and 113.21 mg per plant, respectively), chlorophyll index (50.28), grain filling rate (0.0117 g/day), grain filling period (39.57 days), effective grain filling period (32.2 days) and grain yield (1455 kg/ha) were obtained in full irrigation and high levels of methanol and application of mycorhyza, Mesorhizobium ciceri with Psesomonas which, there were 237 and 148 increases, respectively in number and weight of nodule per plant, 84.17% in chlorophyll index, 34.48% in grain filling rate, 21.38 and 25.3% in grain filling period and effective grain filling period respectively and 111% in grain yield in comparison with no application of methanol and bio fertilizers under irrigation withholding at flowering stage conditions. 

Based on the results, it seems that seed inoculation by bio-fertilizers and foliar application of methanol in order to increasing of grain yield, rate and grain filling period under water limitation is effective.