جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شاخص های فیزیولوژیک » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Barley is one of the most important sources of livestock feed and is tolerant to drought and salinity. Salinity of water and soil resources is one of the most important agricultural problems in Iran. In salinity conditions, the availability of nutrients in the soil solution is reduced due to the high concentration of chlorine and sodium ions, which leads to disturbance in the nutrition and upsetting of the balance of plant nutrients. Therefore, the role of proper nutrition in these conditions is very important to help maintain the balance of nutritional elements and provide the proper growth and plant performance (Ahmadi et al., 2006). Due to the reduction of fresh water resources and the increase of fresh water consumption on the other hand, the access to water with suitable quality for agriculture is very limited (Mahlooji et al., 2018). It is obvious that in such conditions, it is inevitable to use water of poor quality for the production of agricultural products. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of studying the effect of chelate and nanozinc solution spraying on the yield and growth indices of three barley cultivars under irrigation water salinity conditions. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation water salinity and foliar application of chelate and zinc nano oxide on yield and some growth indices of barley cultivars, an experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with arrangement of split blocks with three replications at the station Rodasht salinity research was conducted in Isfahan.Three water irrigation quality including w1=control, 1-2 dS/m (low salinity), W2=10 dS/m (common salinity in the region), W3=18 dS/m (high salinity) were evaluated in vertical factors. The horizontal factors were foliar spraying including (nano zinc-oxide, chelated zinc, mixture of nano and chelated and water spraying as a control). Three different barley including (Morocco as a moderate semi sensitive, Nosrat as a moderate tolerant and Khatam as a tolerant) cultivars spilted within vertical factors. Statistical analyzes and graphs were performed using SAS and Excel software and comparisons of means were performed using LSD test. The results showed that with increasing salinity of irrigation water, grain yield, dry weight (DM), crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA) decreased. Foliar application of Zinc element compared with no Zinc increased TDM, RGR, CGR, LAR and grain yield. Khatam cultivar was superior to Morocco cultivar due to its DM, RGR, CGR, LAR, SLA and higher grain yield.Among physiological indices, SLA showed a positive and significant correlation with grain yield (r2 = 0.97). Overall, in order to increase plant growth indices as well as grain yield of barley under salinity irrigation water, foliar application of zinc fertilizer and the use of Khatam cultivar (salt-tolerant) is recommended. In general, the results showed that with increasing irrigation water salinity, grain yield, total dry weight, crop growth rate, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area of ​​barley decreased. Foliar application of zinc element compared to check (control) caused an increase in dry weight, relative growth rate, crop growth rate and leaf area ratio, and grain yield. Khatam variety was more tolerant to salinity due to its dry weight, relative growth rate, product growth rate and leaf area ratio, specific leaf area and grain yield compared to other varieties. It seems that the absorption of zinc from the soil by the plant roots is disturbed in the saline irrigation conditions, so the plant has shown a positive and appropriate reaction to the foliar application of zinc, which ultimately increases the growth and yield. He brought the plant with him. In general, it seems that in order to increase the growth indices and also the yield of barley grain under irrigation water salinity conditions, foliar feeding with zinc fertilizer and the use of Khatam variety are recommended.

The camelina plant is a little-known plant Brassicaceae family. Camelina is an example of renewable vegetable oil that is considered a sustainable energy source. Seed yield and oil quality are the most obvious breeding objectives in the Brassicaceae family, while seed yield in agricultural plants, as their most complex trait, is influenced by a large number of physiological processes and the measurable expression is manifested in the physiological and morphological characteristics of the plant. Therefore, the analysis of physiological (growth) indicators is considered essential to understanding and interpreting changes in plant performance in response to environmental conditions. However, there is very limited information on the comparison of growth and functional traits of Camelina genotypes in the country. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effects of physiological characteristics of 40 double haploid Camelina lines in the country.

In this study, 40 Camelina genotypes in terms of physiological traits and yield including leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, specific leaf area, grain yield and oil yield were compared in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Faculty of Agricultural Technology (Aburaihan), the University of Tehran, Pakdasht in 2020. It is worth mentioning that for measurement of the traits studied, the Soheil cultivar, which has long been grown both in the test area and in other parts of the country and is considered one of the well-known and widespread cultivar in the country, is considered as a control and other lines were compared with Soheil cultivar.

The results of the present study showed a significant difference between the Camelina lines in terms of physiological growth characteristics, the differences eventually led to significant differences in seed yield and thus had an impact on seed yield and oil content. This theme also shows and confirms the high and differential roles of genotype on camelina yield. In general, the results of this research showed that there is a positive correlation between the seed yield of camelina with the crop growth rate and the net assimilation rate, and there is a negative correlation with the specific leaf area at the 5% probability level. So, line 134 with the maximum leaf area index (2.34), and line 110 with the maximum growth rate (14.49) and net assimilation rate (8.13 g/m2 per day), in terms of the final grain yield were identified as the superior lines with 3178 and 3120 kg/ha, respectively. Also, the specific leaf area, which is directly related to the amount of light loss, was higher in low-yield genotypes than in lines 134 and 110.

The results of the present study showed the direct effect of seed yield on camelina oil yield. So that the greater compatibility of lines 110 and 134 with the studied culture environment has increased the dry matter accumulation and seed yield in the mentioned lines by increasing the plant growth rate and as a result has brought about a significant increase in seed oil yield in these lines. Since the purpose of cultivating Camelina oilseeds is, in addition to the seed harvest, to obtain oil of adequate quantity and quality, we can consider lines 134 and 110 as a whole as superior and promising double haploid lines, compatible with the climate conditions of the region.

In order to investigate the effect of the duration and combination of priming on the most important physiological traits and yield of wheat (cv. Mehrgan), a factorial research was carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications in the agricultural year of 2018-2019 in Khorramshahr city. The treatments include the duration of seed priming in three levels (including 2, 4 and 6 hours) and types of priming in 4 levels (including hydropriming (distilled water), hormonal priming of salicylic acid with a concentration of 50 ppm, hormonal priming of gibberellic acid with a concentration of 100 ppm and urban tap water (witnesses) were performed. The interaction between duration and combination of seed priming had a significant effect on the number of spikes per unit area, number of seed per spike and seed yield. The highest seed yield in the treatment of soaking seeds for 6 hours in hormonal compounds (with an average of 445.02 g.m-2) and the lowest seed yield (with an average of 322.41 g.m-2) belongs to the treatment of soaking seeds for 2 hours in normal water. In general, field priming of wheat seeds with hormonal compounds (gibberellic and salicylic acid) for 6 hours can be effective in increasing the physiological traits and yield of wheat and the plant shows more reaction than other applied treatments.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a small annual herbaceous and annual medicinal plant that is a member of the aromatic plant family (Apiaceae). It is planted in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. The seeds are used to add flavor to spicy dishes. Cumin seeds contain numerous phytochemicals that are known to have antioxidant, carminative and anti-flatulent properties. In addition, the seeds yield about 22% fats, numerous free amino acids, and a variety of flavonoid glycosides. Persian shallot (Allium altissimum Regel.) is a medicinal, industrial and perennial plant that belongs to the Alliaceae family and has underground bulbs. It is native and endemic of Iran and grows wild on the mountains quite resistant to cold and freezing stress. Persian shallot is widely used in food and medicinal industries. Intercropping allows for improved resource use efficiency such as light, water and nutrients and beneficial interactions between the plants. Intercropping work to decrease the spread of plant diseases by reducing the quantity of susceptible host plants. Other benefits of intercropping include optimal use of resources, stabilization of yield, weed suppression, improved soil fertility conservation, and higher economic returns. The paper evaluated the effect of intercropping ratios as replacement series of cumin and Persian shallot on growth physiological indices such as dry matter (DM), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR).          

This experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during growing season of 2014-2015. Replacement intercropping ratios such as 80% cumin+20% shallot, 60% cumin+40% shallot, 50% cumin+50% shallot, 40% cumin+60% shallot, 20% cumin+80% shallot and their monoculture were considered as treatments. Plant density for shallot bulbs and cumin seeds were considered as 10 bulbs.m-2 and 120 plants.m-2, respectively. DM, LAI, CGR and RGR were measured and calculated were measured and calculated. In order to measure the growth indices, the destructive samplings were carried out every 10 days from 50 cm of row in each plot. All plants were harvested by cutting at the soil surface. Plants were then divided into leaf and stem. The areas of green leaves were measured using a Delta-T leaf area meter (Delta-T Devices, Cambridge, England). Then the samples including stems and leaves were dried in a forced-air oven at 70 ০C for 48 h and after witch DM was measured. The leaf area data was divided to ground area and the leaf area index (LAI) was obtained. The LAI data was fitted to the equation to predict the LAI in growth season. The sigmoid equation was fitted to the TDM data and by derivation from this equation, CGR and RGR were obtained. The graphs were drawn by Excel.

The results showed that the maximum and the minimum DM of cumin and Persian shallot were observed in their monoculture with 426 and 289 g.m-2, respectively. Crop growth rate of cumin reached to its peak in 50 days after planting followed by a decreasing trend afterwards, the highest and the lowest CGR were recorded in monoculture (8.45 g.m-2.d-1) and 20% cumin+80% Persian shallot (13.7 g.m-2.d-1), respectively. For Persian shallot, the time was calculated with 55 days after emergence. The maximum and the minimum CGR of Persian shallot were calculated for its monoculture (8.0 g.m-2.d-1) and 80% cumin+20% Persian shallot, respectively. RGR in all intercropped treatments declined as plant age increased, so that at the end of growth season RGR got close to zero. At the beginning of growth stage, due to radiation penetration and less shading and less respiration, RGR is more and its reduction slope is less.

The results indicated that the intercropping of cumin with Persian shallot increased growth physiological indices such as LAI, DM, CGR and RGR. Studied traits of cumin and Persian shallot were increased by changing in planting ratios from intercropping to its monoculture. The results confirmed the better use of resources especially for radiation and water of these plants in intercropping treatments.

Dimethoate pesticide and bacilar bio-fertilizer are two common inputs widely used in Iranian agriculture which washed by run-off and transmitted to aquatic ecosystems where they can cause biological and physiological problems for aquatic organisms. The objective of this research was to study the combined effects of dimethoate pesticide and bacilar bio-fertilizer on blood biochemical parameters of common carp. To this end, 270 fish were selected and allocated into 9 treatment including: control group, treatment A (0.016 mg/L pesticide), treatment B (0.032 mg/L pesticide), treatment C (0.1 ml/L fertilizer), treatment D (0.2 ml/L fertilizer) and combined treatments AC, AD, BC, BD, in triplicate. Fish were exposed to different concentration of dimethoate pesticide and bacilar fertilizer for 14 days. The blood biochemical parameters including Triglyceride (TG), Cholesterol, Glucose, Protein, Albumin, and Globulin were measured. The amount of TG in treatments A, C and D showed significant increment in comparison with control group. The amount of Cholesterol in treatments A and B had been increased in comparison with control group but in treatment AD had been decreased. The amount of Glucose showed no significant differences in all treated groups in comparison with control group. Protein had been increased in treatments C, D and other combined treatments except AC. The amount of Albumin in all treatments except A had significantly increased. The amount of Globulin in all treatments except B did not have any significant differences with control group. The results of this study revealed that combined treatment of dimethoate and bacilar bio-fertilizer did not showed remarkable differences from their singular treatments and more research with higher concentrations of pollutants are required for better understanding of their interactional effects.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a specific condiment crop mostly grown for its edible parts, and is used as a green fodder and fresh vegetable. The seeds have medicinal value solely against digestive disorders, whereas its leaves are rich source of minerals and nutrients. The growth and yield of fenugreek is particularly affected by the application of nitrogen fertilizer and planting arrangement. Plant growth is a process of biomass accumulation which in turn is derived out of the interaction of the respiration, photosynthesis, water relations, long-distance transport, and mineral nutrition processes. Growth is the most important process in predicting plant reactions to environment. Irradiance, temperature, soil-water potential, nutrient supply and enhanced concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide are among some external components influencing crop growth and development. Growth analysis is a useful tool in studying the complex interactions between plant growth and the environment, clarifying and interpreting physiological responses. Plants total dry matter (TDM) production and accumulation can be appraised via relative growth rate (RGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) which are the most important growth indices. Leaf area index (LAI) is a factor of crop growth analysis that accounts for the potential of the crop to assimilate light energy and is a determinant component in understanding the function of many crop management practices.
A field investigation was conducted in a paddy field at Shaft County (Guilan Province) for eight consecutive months (from November 2009 to June 2010), to study the effect of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 25, 50 and 75 Kg N ha-1) and four levels of planting density (60, 80,100, and 120 plants m-2) on the growth indices of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) crop. The soil for the experiment was loam in texture and strongly acidic in reaction (pH 4.5). Sixteen treatment combinations, keeping nitrogen levels in main plots and levels of planting density in sub-plots, were replicated four times in a split-plot experiment on the basis of randomized complete block design (RCBD). Hand-sowing was done in lines (30 cm apart) as per experimental treatment. Weeds were controlled regularly during the whole study. All other recommend management practices were followed.Observations on leaf area and dry matter accumulation were recorded from all subplots (6 plants per subplot) with 15 day intervals up to crop maturity, initiating at 42 days after planting. Harvested plants were separated into remaining leaves, pods, and stems in the crown. The fresh weight of each sample was determined and the green leaf area of the remaining leaves was also measured immediately after harvest using a LI-3100 area meter (LI-COR, Lincoln, NB, USA). Shoot tissues were then oven-dried at 75°C for 24-48 h and dry weighs were calculated. STATGRAPH software was employed to find the best mathematical model to describe the relationship between total dry matter (TDM) accumulation, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and growing degree-days (GDD).
Result indicated that the physiological indices were wholly influenced by applied treatments. The highest leaf area index was recorded in plots containing 120 plantsm-2 while receiving 50 kg pure N ha-1. Combined treatments of 120 plants m-2× 75 kg N ha-1 and 80 plants m-2× 50kg N ha-1 resulted in highest TDM and RGR rates, respectively. In all the applied interactions, among the podding and fully ripened pod stages, the CGR reached to its maximum rate (peak point) at around 1043 GDD from sowing and almost had a steady and linear trend which then slowly declined down turn to reach zero value at about 1400 GDD and thereafter to negative values. CGR was the highest in combined treatment of 120 plants m-2× 75 kg as compared to other nitrogen levels in this plant population.
Result showed that the physiological indices were all were affected by applied treatments. The highest leaf area index was recorded in plots containing 120 plants m-2 while receiving 50 kg N ha-1. Combined treatments of 120 plants m-2× 75 kg N ha-1 and 80 plants m-2× 50 kg N ha-1 resulted in highest DMW and CGR rates, respectively. RGR was the highest in combined treatment of 120 plantsm-2× 75 kg as compared to other nitrogen levels in this plant population after receiving 294.3 GDD.

In the present study in order to investigate the photosynthetic mechanism of this plant under salinity stress , and 600 mM NaCl were applied for 10 days then plant responses in physiological and molecular levels were assessed and compared to the control plants ( 0 mM NaCl). For this end, the coding sequence of this gene was isolated from Aeluropus littoralis for first time and the bioinformatic investigation were done. Results showed that the chlorophyll amount, the starch content and Sodium excretion of leaves in 600 mM NaCl were significantly (P

In recent years, the global trade of ornamental fish has been a significant growth, so that Asia and other countries such as Sri Lanka and South-east Asian countries could use this potential to export this type of fish to other countries. Considering the importance of ornamental fish, the efforts to reduce stress is one aim of the ornamental fish farmer to reach more growth and production. Besides using the other new technology for alleviating the effects of stress through changes in physiological parameters related to blood and body tissues of fishes, music as stress reducer factors is more considered, recently. Music as a controllable factor in cultivating is reported by many researchers, to achieve more benefits by lower cost. This article reviews the effects of music on some ornamental fish species.

Agritourism is one of the most important kinds of tourism in outdoors, which is mainly affected by climatic comfort indices. In this study, the climatic and geographical features of Kerman province from Agritourism point of view have been assessed. Existing record of monthly climatic data of 10 synoptic stations across the province were obtained by which, the climate comfort index of Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) was calculated using RayMan package. To investigate the correlation between monthly values of the index and station's elevation, a simple gradient equation was applied. Then, the maps of index changes at different elevations were worked using Arc GIS ver 10. The results indicated that the index decreases with height for entire year. Generated zoning maps showed that in January condition is favorable only in Jiroft. In month of February Jiroft and Shahdad stations, and in March Kahnooj and Bam regions are suitable for Agritourism purposes. Also in April, in Sirjan and Anar, in May, Baft, Anar, Kerman and Shahr-e Babak have found to be proper choices. During June, July and August only Lalehzar area, and in September Lalehzar, Kerman and Baft can be recommended for related activities. In general, months of January, June, July and august have got the least flexibility for any Agritoursim planning due to unfavorable weather conditions.

In order to investigate the effects of sowing date on yield, yield components and oil yield of flax (Linum usitatissimum), an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Iran during 2012- 2013. Sowing dates were 5 December, 25 December, 14 January and 3 February. The results showed that all traits decreased with delay in cultivation. The highest plant height (79.33 cm), number of main branches in plant (3.33), number of capsule in plant (33.66), number of seed in each capsule (8.96), 1000 seed weight (5.30 g), seed yield (1349.67 kg. ha-1), harvest index (37.33), oil percent (37%) and oil yield (497.77 kg. ha-1) obtained in first sowing date. The growth analysis showed that leaf area index, total dry mater, relative growth rate (RGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) declined delaying in cultivation. Generally, cultivation of falx is recommended on 5 December under Ahvaz condition.

In order to study the effects of nitrogen and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield and some growth indices of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors were: nitrogen fertilizer in three levels (0, 80 and 160 kg N ha-1) from urea as N0, N80 andN160 respectively and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in four levels containing, without inoculation (as control), seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5, Azospirillum lipoferum strain of, Psedomunas putida strain 186. Results indicated that quantitative and qualitative yield increased with increasing of nitrogen fertilizer and application of PGPR. Means comparison showed that N160×without inoculation with PGPR and N80×seed inoculation with Azotobacter had similar grain yields. Seed inoculation with Azotobacter increased leaf area index and total dry matter. In all of treatment compounds, leaf area index and total dry matter increased slowly until 45 days after sowing. From 45 days after sowing till 95 days after sowing increased rapidly.Then till 115 days after sowing, it decreased due to increasing aging of leaves, shading and competition for light and the other resources. So, it seems that in order to increasing of grain yield and growth indices, it can be suggested that be applied 80 kg N/ha × seed inoculation with Azotobacter.

This research was conducted to determine the effects of Fe ferilizer application rates and density on grain yield and yield-related plant characteristics of popcorn in Arak, located at central part region of IRAN during 2011. The experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement with three replications. Fe doses of 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg 1000-1 were arranged in the main plots and density 6, 7.4, 8.8 and 10.2 plants m2 were considered as sub-plots.. Among the physiological parameters and analysis of net absorption was less affected by fe fertilizer. Absorption curve analysis showed a net decline during the growing season. The results showed that with increasing density, leaf area index, LAI durability and increased plant growth. The increased density reduces absorption was purified and analyzed. Increasing LAI increased light absorption in fieldIncrease photosynthetic capacity of plants that will eventually lead to increased performance. Much of the growth rate of density increase was related to increased leaf area index.

To study the activity of some antioxidant enzymes and accumulation of compatible osmolytes affected by different concentrations of chromium (Cr+3) (0، 5، 10، 15 and 20 mg/kg soil) combined with different levels of manure (0، 10 and 20 ton/ha) in basil (O. basilicum L.)، a factorial experiment، based on completely randomized design with four replications، was carried out at Research Greenhouse of Zabol University in 2012. Results of this study indicated that increasing the level of Cr+3 from 0 to 20 mg/kg soil، when 20 ton/ha manure was applied، decreased the activity of catalase (CAT)، ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes decreased from 0. 008، 0. 537 and 0. 081 to 0. 006، 0. 305 and 0. 071 µmol H2O2/mg protein، respectively. This may be caused by the improvement in physiological activities of the plant in the presence of organic compounds. It seems that application of different amounts of manure led to an increase in leaf proline and carbohydrates content، via availability of macro- and- micro nutrients، especially nitrogen، even when different levels of Cr3+ heavy metal existed in the growth medium. The obtained correlation coefficients indicated a significant positive relationship between most physiological traits، and the highest correlation coefficient (0. 84) was found between proline and soluble carbohydrates. It appears that organic compounds، such as manure، have considerable potential to reduce the harmful effects of Cr3+ heavy metal and improve physiological indices of basil.

Growth analysis is a valuable method in the study of quantitative of growth، development and crop production. In order to study the physiological growth indices of lentil plant under dry- farming conditions، an experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Lorestan University during 2010. In this experiment two cultivars were used including Gachsaran and Philip، that are appropriate and commonly in the area cultivating. In order to have more accurate study، Growing Degree Day (GDD) index was used for fitting growth curves، and then appropriate model was selected for each growth index using non-linear regression models. The results of the growth indices showed that Gachsaran cultivar has higher priority than Philip cultivar in leaf area index، but Philip cultivar had higher priority than Gachsaran cultivar in crop growth rate، net assimilation rate and dry matter production. Relative growth rate was similar in both cultivars. In total، growth characteristics of Gachsaran cultivar leading to higher seed yield and growth characteristics of Philip variety leading to produce more biological yield.

Jasmonate is new plant growth regulator that plays an essential role at increasing plants resistance to the environmental stresses like salinity stress. Hence, in this research the effect of foliar application of methyl jasmonate on some physiological indices and yield of German chamomile under salinity conditions was studied. A factorial experiment was laid out based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the greenhouse condition. Foliar application of methyl jasmonate was five levels (MJ1; 0, MJ2; 75, MJ3; 150, MJ4; 225 and MJ5; 300 μM) and salinity stress was four levels (S1; 2, S2; 6, S3; 10, S4; 14 dS m-1). The effect of methyl jasmonate, salinity condition treatments and their interaction was significant for traits of photosynthesis rate, stomata conductance, transpiration rate, carboxylation efficiency, intercellular CO2 concentration and yield of flower. The highest values of photosynthetic rate, stomata conductance, transpiration rate, carboxylation efficiency and yield of flower (3.76 g pot-1) and the lowest intercellular CO2 concentration were achieved at MJ×S treatment. Maximum value of photosynthetic water use efficiency was revealed at MJ5×S2 treatment. With decreasing stomata conductance, photosynthetic water use efficiency and intercellular CO2 concentration were increased. In general, it seems that application of methyl jasmonate by lower dose (MJ2) under salinity conditions especially mild salinity stress (S2) can improve physiological indices and yield of chamomile.

Crop residues are useful substances that can have important changes in soil biologic, chemical and physical properties and also can increase or stabilize crops yield. In order to save crop residues, incorporate them into the soil and their effects on agronomic, physiologic, yield and yield components of two red bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), an experiment was conducted as split plot arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications during summer in 2008 and 2009 in the Research Station of College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran (Bajgah). Main factor was red bean cultivars (Sayyad and D81083) and sub factor was wheat residues rates (0, 25, 50 and 75%). Results showed that both cultivars had some differences in plant height, the distance of the lowest node from the soil, 100-seed weight and number of seed per pod and seed yield. Crop residue caused to change in biomass duration (a physiological index). Application of crop residues decreased a significant difference in biomass duration and seed yield, which can be attributed to the inhibitory effects of heavy residues. The highest seed yield (2370.4 kg ha-1) was obtained from 25% crop residue incorporation, with no significant difference with 50% crop residues (2313.9 kg ha-1) and without crop residues incorporation (2234 kg ha-1). Therefore, planting Sayyad cultivar and maintenance of at least 25% wheat crop residues are required to improve seed yield of red common bean.

In this research the effects of planting dates and plant density on physiological indices of gladiolus were investigated. The experiment consisted of two planting dates (15 October and 15 November) and three plant densities (120, 100, 80 plants / m2) with two treatments and 4 replication. The objective of the work was to find out the appropriate planting time and plant density for the growth of gladiolus. Results indicate that early planting (15 October) and the highest plant density (120 plants / m2) increased leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) due to the increase in the number of plants per m2. But vase life and quality of cut flowers decreased in high plant density (120 plants / m2), due to competition between the plants for nutrition and absorbing the water. In conclusion, with increasing of plant density, the growth and vase life of gladiolus cut flower is decreased.

In this research the effects of planting dates and plant density on physiological indices of gladiolus were investigated. The experiment consisted of two planting dates (15 October and 15 November) and three plant densities (120, 100, 80 plants / m2) with two treatments and 4 replication. The objective of the work was to find out the appropriate planting time and plant density for the growth of gladiolus. Results indicate that early planting (15 October) and the highest plant density (120 plants / m2) increased leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) due to the increase in the number of plants per m2. But vase life and quality of cut flowers decreased in high plant density (120 plants / m2), due to competition between the plants for nutrition and absorbing the water. In conclusion, with increasing of plant density, the growth and vase life of gladiolus cut flower is decreased.

Safflower oil seed has high adaptability to different kinds of abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of drought stress at different phenological stages on relative water content (RWC), leaf canopy temperature, seed yield and its components in spring types of safflower. The study was carried out in East Azarbaijan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, (46? and 2? E, 37? and 58? N) during 2007. A factorial experiment including 4 irrigation levels (non- stressed and drought stressed during stem elongation, flowering and seed filling stages) and 2 safflower genotypes (Local Arak-2811 and Local Esfahan) based on a complete randomized block design with 3 replications was used. The results indicated that RWC, plant height, capitulum height, capitulum diameter, capitula per plant, seeds per capitulum, 1000 seeds weight and seed and oil yields were significantly decreased and leaf canopy temperature was significantly increased by imposing water deficit during different phenological stages. Drought stress at flowering and seed filling stages, led to the highest decrease in seed and oil yields. Therefore, it is necessary to provide enough water to get acceptable yield at these stages. Between studied genotypes significant differences were detected in RWC, capitula per plant, seeds per capitulum, seed oil percent, seed and oil yields. Local Esfahan in comparison with Local Arak-2811 had higher values in stressed and non-stressed conditions. Among seed yield with capitula per plant, seeds per capitulum, capitulum diameter, 1000 seeds weight and harvest index, positive and significant correlations were observed. Also between RWC and leaf canopy temperature with each other and with seed and oil yields significant correlations were achieved. It seems that RWC and leaf canopy temperature can be used to evaluate water deficit effects on spring types of safflower.

Seed and oil yields, its components and two physiological indices including leaf canopy temperature (Tc) and relative water content (RWC) were evaluated in two spring oilseed rape cultivars (RGS 300 and Hyola 401) under non-stressed and water deficit imposed during stem elongation, flowering and seed filing stages. The experiments were conducted as a factorial consisted of 2 factors including irrigation and genotypes based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The study was conducted in research center for agriculture and natural resources of East Azarbaijan, Iran (46° 2′ E, 37° 58′ N). The results indicated that occurring water deficit in all stages, increased Tc and decreased RWC, siliques per plant, seeds in silique, harvest index, seed and oil yields. Significant correlations among RWC, TC, seed and oil yields were observed. Tc and RWC indices could be used to determine water deficit effects in spring oilseed rape cultivars. Since occurring drought during flowering and seed filing stages had the most negative effects on seed and oil yields, therefore it seems that irrigation of spring oilseed rape cultivars during these stages, is important for achieving acceptable yield. Hyola 401 indicated higher amounts of seed and oil yields.