جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "معیشت" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

Deforestation and land-used changes of forest is considered as a global crisis that have had a growing and worrying trend. A considerable area of ​​land has been affected, especially due to changing natural forest to agronomy land used. In this regard, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the influencing factors of forest land use change in Golestan province based on the opinion of experts and conservation forces. The population studied in the current research includes experts, forces of the natural resources protection unit and forest rangers in Golestan province, of which 100 people were selected as a sample. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the validity of which was tested using the opinions of natural resources experts. Its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The collected data were analyzed with SPSS25 and Smart PLS3 software. Results showed positive and significant effect of driving forces including “weaknesses of livelihood of Local Communities and high dependence to forest resources”, “human activities and damages of natural disturbances”, “organizational and managerial weaknesses”, and “weaknesses of laws and regulations and their implementation gaps (at 1% level) and unbalanced development of economic activities (at 5% level) on land-used change of forested areas in Golestan Province. The findings indicated that land-used changes of Golestan’s forest had the most to the least effected by "illegal exploitation", "foundation and construction development" and "smuggling of wood and non-wood products". According to the obtained results, suggestions and practical solutions were presented in order to prevent the land-used change of forest.

Rangelands are ecosystems with various services and functions in addition to providing forage. Among the most important uses that can be made of rangeland are tourism, livestock grazing, and beekeeping. In this study, livestock grazing, tourism in customary systems, beekeeping, and exploitation of medicinal plants in the Lar Absar rangeland of Mazandaran were studied, and the suitability of the rangeland for each type of use was scored. Rangeland management methods and grazing systems were presented according to the condition and orientation of the rangeland and taking into account soil limiting factors. Then, the priority of using the rangelands was determined for each of them. Expenses, income, and net profit for each type of use were calculated based on market day conditions and the exchange rate in 1400 for 100 days. The results showed that livestock grazing is one of the appropriate exploitations in Lar Absar rangeland, and the best grazing livestock (according to vegetation and environmental factors) is sheep. Some types of plants can be well managed by using the natural grazing method and another part of the rangelands with the balanced grazing method and intermittent and delayed grazing systems in order to increase the level of productivity and improve the condition of the rangelands and with a plan for the productivity of the management. It is possible to properly and cheaply manage the rangelands of this system and improve its plant composition. The results showed that if livestock grazing is done in the rangelands, 42.7 million Tomans of income will be grazed, and tourism, beekeeping, and extraction of medicinal plants will be implemented. Around 380 million Tomans (15200 $) will be added to the ranger income. This increase in income can improve the livelihood of the user. In rangeland, fencing, beekeeping, the use of hives, and medicinal use, the machine for harvesting medicinal plants is recommended.

The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on job opportunities losing and life quality reduction of the traditional fisherman community of Iran in order to guide the interventions to maintain the employment and provide the livelihood of the fishing communities were studied in 2021 through an online electronic questionnaire. The data collection was done in a simple random way by sending the link of the questionnaire to the fishing community using the WhatsApp social network. The data quantification method was used to describe the results. A total of 693 questionnaires were received, of which 98.6% were men and 1.4% were women. On the other hand, 76.9% of the interviewees were young people under 50 years old. The results showed that 61.3% of the interviewees confirmed that at least one of their family members lost their job, 84.5% stated that their income decreased, and about 83.2% declared that they had lost their jobs for more than a month due to the spread of the Corona virus. Staying at home to avoid being exposed to the disease as the main reason for unemployment was declared by 65.3% of interviewers. Almost 32% of interviewees stated that they have the possibility of finding an alternative job, and among them, free labor jobs with 42.5% and agriculture with 25.8% were the most important alternative ways of generating income. The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic has negatively affected the livelihood of the Iranian fishing society, 89.3% of the fishing society was generally worried about preparing food during the Covid-19 pandemic period, and 59.6% were not able to provide their health and medical items. The results of this research recommend the intervention measures of the government regarding the livelihood of the fishing community during unemployment due to crises.

Destruction and forest fire are one of the most important environmental problems. Annually, forest fire destroys thousands of hectares of trees, shrubs and forest plants and the vulnerability of the livelihood of villagers and forest dwellers increases. The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of forest fires on the livelihood of villagers in forest areas.

This research is a descriptive-survey type and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The geographical area of ​​the research includes Chehelchai watershed, Minoodasht city, Golestan province. To investigate and measure the index of vulnerability caused by forest fires, five dimensions of sustainable livelihood index including natural capital, financial capital, physical capital, human capital and social capital were used with a total of 19 items. Each item was measured based on a five-point Likert scale. The statistical population of the research included 400 households in the villages of the Chehelchai watershed, where the highest number of fires have occurred in recent years in their geographical area. In this research, using Cochran's formula, 200 rural households were selected and interviewed by stratified random sampling method. Spearman's correlation coefficient test was used to determine the relationship between the respondents' personal characteristics and their opinions regarding the effect of forest fires on the villagers' livelihoods. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the opinions of the respondents regarding the extent of the impact of forest fires on the livelihood of villagers.

The results showed that forest fires had the greatest impact on the livelihood of villagers, respectively, on natural capital with a non-weighted linear combination of 4.08 and the least impact on social capital with a non-weighted linear combination of 1.63. The results of the correlation coefficient test showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the amount of agricultural land under ownership and the agricultural history of the respondents with their views on the impact of forest fires on the livelihood of villagers. There is a negative and significant relationship between the variable of age and also between the variable of the number of dependents and the opinion of the respondents regarding the effect of forest fire on livelihood. The findings also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the level of education and the opinion of the respondents regarding the effect of forest fires on the livelihood of villagers. The results of the Mann-Whitney test showed that there is no significant difference between the views of different groups of respondents regarding the extent of the effect of forest fires on the livelihood of villagers.

The local communities studied in this research unanimously believe that forest fires have negative effects on their livelihoods through the impact on natural, financial and human capitals. Therefore, it is suggested that the responsible organizations strengthen the efficiency of protection measures, reforestation, and reduce damages caused by forest fires by planning and implementing social and cooperative forestry.

Taleghan Dam is the main suplier of water required by the agricultural sector of Qazvin plain. Reducing the amount of water allocated to the Qazvin plain irrigation network and uncertainty about the welfare provided by farmers due to the interruption of the time between the production of the crop and its supply to the market, have caused farmers to seek welfare by reducing fallow and draining groundwater resources. In this study, with the aim of preserving groundwater resources and providing livelihood to farmers, the groundwater level in the irrigation network of Qazvin plain is simulated under six scenarios: 1) Continuation of current harvest without increasing cultivated area 2) Increasing cultivated area by reducing fallow 3) Simultaneous optimization of Cultivation pattern and distribution water with price forecasting 4) Simultaneous optimization of water Cultivation pattern and distribution water with price forecasting and reduction of functional vacuum 5) Simultaneous optimization of Cultivation pattern and distribution water with price forecasting and increasing efficiency Irrigation 6) Simultaneous optimization of Cultivation pattern and distribution water with price forecasting, increasing irrigation efficiency and reducing the yield gap using the system dynamics during the years 2002-2037 in Qazvin plain irrigation network. The results showed that the drop in groundwater level under scenario one and two will be on average 1.2 and 2.4 meters per year. Simultaneous optimization of the cultivation pattern and water distribution with price forecasting in scenario three, four and five droped groundwater level to 1.6, 1.4, 1.3 and 1.2 meters annually, while the welfare of farmers is compensated, too.

The prevalence of Corona disease as one of the most critical infectious diseases has increased the risks of food security in different parts of the world. Local communities, especially in rural areas, are highly dependent on natural resource-based ecosystem service strategies to manage global food security and meet livelihood needs. Forests and pastures can also provide goods and services that are sold or consumed directly as part of natural resources. Identifying livelihood patterns can suggest several potential strategies for maintaining a livelihood in the face of sudden shocks such as corona. The main purpose of this study is to focus on identifying the dependency of rural communities to forests and rangelands during the corona outbreak and how to deal with and adapt to the economic damage of this disease through ecosystem-based services. The research method of this research is descriptive survey and data will be collected through field studies using a questionnaire. To complete the questionnaire, first the villages will be selected by pre-study and randomly. The results showed that livestock (67%) and agriculture (67%) were the main activities of local respondents. The average annual household income of the studied households was 1023 million Rials during the COVID-19 crisis. The average income diversity index for all sample households was 1.09. Income of local communities from forests and pastures were mostly from medicinal plants, fruits, fodder and mushrooms. The share of forests and pastures in the total household income of all interviewees was 1.43% and 2.84%, respectively. According to the results, 77.6% of respondents stated that they use natural resources including forests (63%) and pastures (67%). Forage collection (44.6%), medicinal plants (42.2%) and forest fruits (29.3%) were the three most important forest products that were mentioned among local respondents in Arasbaran forests. Given the global nature of the Corona crisis, identifying ecosystem-based strategies, especially forests and pastures, can inform rural communities in other parts of the country and the world. This study helps managers and planners assess the vulnerability of local communities and identify ways out of the crisis.

The agriculture sector plays a critical role in ensuring food security. However, the incidence of natural hazards such as drought has threatened the sustainable supply of foods in some vulnerable areas. Also, it is projected that the intensity and extent of droughts will increase in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Therefore, enhancing the resilience of farmers to current and future droughts is imperative. This requires a comprehensive and fundamental recognition of the factors affecting the resilience of agricultural producers. Present qualitative research was conducted with the aim of investigating the drivers of farmers’ resilience to drought in the Sistan plain. In this respect, a purposeful sampling method was employed and the required data was gathered through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with a panel of experts, as well as observation and field notes. Using the grounded theory approach, the causal conditions (climate change, water depletion, and soil degradation), contextual conditions (knowledge and awareness, psychological, socio-cultural, information and communication technology, and ecological factors), and intervening conditions (economic, institutional, and extension and education) were identified. Also, adaptation strategies (technical-agricultural management, water resource management, financial-livelihood, and legal-infrastructural factors) and consequences were investigated. In the end, some recommendations and policy implications were provided to enhance the resilience of farm families against drought.

In this study the profitability of male Sistani calf fattening has been investigated in two industrial and traditional systems by estimating financial and economic characteristics. Sample selection was randomly classified and the questionnaire was completed from 16 industrial and 33 traditional Fattening. Criteria for net present value, internal rate of return, cost-benefit ratio, and sensitivity analysis were calculated for these activities. The results of economic analysis of fattening two cows in traditional conditions showed that the ratio of profit to cost of 1.74, Rials, internal rate of return is 96% and the net present value is also positive, which indicates the economic justification of this activity. Sensitivity analysis of this activity showed that if current expenditures increase by 50%, the ratio of interest to expenditure greater than one, the internal rate of return is higher than the bank interest rate, and the current value of interest is also positive. Also, the results of fattening four cows in traditional conditions showed that this activity has a high economic justification. So that the ratio of profit to cost of 1.75, Rials, internal rate of return is 75% and the net present value is also positive. Sensitivity analysis of this activity showed that if current expenditures increase by 50%, the ratio of interest to expenditure greater than one, the internal rate of return is higher than the bank interest rate, and the current value of interest is also positive. Sensitivity analysis showed that if current expenditures are reduced to 139%,

Plants (medicinal, industrial and edible) Rangelands are one of the most valuable resources in the vast range of natural resources of Iran, which, if used properly, can play an important role in creating jobs in local communities. In order to estimate the economic value of (Gundelia tournefortii L.), dependence degree of natives and its share in rural household income compared to the function of forage production and the amount of direct and indirect employment from it was done in a number of conventional arrangements in Damavand. Sampling of vegetation was performed by systematic-random method in the areas identifying plant types and the amount of surface cover, densit, forage production and grazing capacity was measured. The results showed that the total gross income from the operation of forage per year was 66066000 thousand Rials, its cost was 19387260 thousand Rials, net profit was 46678740 thousand Rials and economic rent was 3842 thousand Rials. Also, the total gross income from the exploitation of artichokes in the study area per year was 202500000 thousand Rials, its cost was equal to 89610000 thousand Rials, net income was 112890000 thousand Rials and economic rent was equal to 9291 thousand Rials. Taking into account the number of households and individuals affiliated with the region ranchers, the direct and indirect employment of the forage production during one year was 86 and 257 jobs, respectively, and the number of employed people using Gundelia tournefortii L. was 72 and 216 jobs, respectively. Considering the projected income from the two functions of exploiting Gundelia tournefortii L. and forage production and importance of economic value on local communities it seems that the management of invasive plants in rangeland ecosystems should be such that while maintaining the health and integrity of these ecosystems, it causes transparency and facilitates processes. Decide on the multifunctional use of rangelands and an efficient approach to range management.

Adverse climate change, drought, and floods have a negative impact on natural resources, crops, and livestock production as the main sources of livelihood for the villagers. Therefore, it is important to study the perception of rural communities about the occurrence of climate change and its relationship with a sustainable livelihood. The present study was conducted for this purpose by descriptive-survey research method. In this study, 297 residents Age 35 years and older in 10 villages of the Oghan watershed in Golestan province were surveyed. The data collection tool of the questionnaire was developed by the researcher; its content validity was confirmed using the opinions of university academics and natural resources experts. The results showed that age, number of livestock, history of animal husbandry, length of stay in the village, and income of individuals with their perception of the symptoms of climate change have a positive and significant relationship. Findings of structural equation model evaluation showed a causal relationship between the perception of the occurrence of climate change symptoms and individuals' livelihood changes so that with increasing awareness of villagers about the occurrence of climate change symptoms, their livelihood is facing more changes.

Watershed management practices have been implemented to avert land degradation and to enhance people's livelihoods in Iran for several years. The successes of these practices have been quite limited and the rates and intensities of adoption on local people haven’t identified. This study has been introduced an approach to consider some socioeconomic parameters from the stakeholders aspect which are important for watershed management decisions. Hasan abdal basin in Zanjan Province was selected as the case study area. The field data has completed with questionnaire instrument. The statistic population of this research was all 280 heads of families of stakeholders which living in this area. Among them, using Morgan table, 160 people were randomly asked questions directly. In this research, the Likert scale was used to analyze and measure the effects. The method of exploitation factor analysis was used to determine the factors. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated in KMO of 0.7 percent. The results of factor analysis indicated that effective parameters are in fore group's including improvement stakeholder participatory, flood control, reducing the migration and improving livelihoods. These fore factors, in general, had more than 67 percent of the total variance. The results showed that although watershed management projects in the region have been able to affect the four factors mentioned, but its manifestation in other aspects of life, such as improving the health of the village, the desire of villagers to stay in the region, improve income generation, reduce costs irrigation and dry farming crops have improved.

This study aimed at explaining the extent of rural women’s participation in household livelihoods and identifying the effective socio-economic factors. It was conducted in a survey method and the statistical population included the rural women in the Garmah and Jajjarm districts of North Khorasan province of Iran. Using a sampling method, totally 167 individuals were selected and the data and information were collected through interviews and a questionnaire. The study results revealed that despite their significant role in the household livelihoods, the rural women had a limited access to household income and assets (almost 9.3 percent); in addition, the variables including age, educations, extent of individual’s gender bias (gender stereotypes), extent if willingness to progress, extent of mass media usage, economic status of household, the extent to which the villages have development facilities, and distance from villages to the city within the individual, social and family factors were the most important factors significantly affecting the participation of rural women in the rural household livelihoods.

Several issues impact the water sustainability of a river basin. Among them are the social, economic, and environmental aspects. However, they are often treated separately, and not as an integrated, dynamic process. In order to integrate the hydrologic, environmental, life and policy issues, as well as the existing pressures and policy responses in one quantitative, dynamic, and aggregated indicator, a watershed sustainability index (WSI), which uses a pressure–state–response function, was developed and is proposed in this paper. Applied to a 2,200 km2 Unesco–HELP demonstration basin in Brazil (SF Verdadeiro), the value obtained for WSI was 0.65, which represents an intermediate level of basin sustainability.

Local family poultry husbandry has a major contribution to improving the economic situation of poor rural households in developing countries. Identifying the status of this production system and attempting to plan its improvement requires a deep and qualitative study of this system. This qualitative research was conducted to identify and explain the role of local poultry farming system in rural household livelihoods. The purposeful sampling method for selecting samples and the process of selecting women to achieve theoretical saturation led to the study of 17 units. The method of data collection was in-depth interviews and in-person interviews using the technique of taking note and recording the voice of rural women. Also, by implementing seven focused group interviews (groups of 5-8 people), the necessary information was gathered. The results showed that local family poultry farming has four main components needed for sustainable food security and this system has an important role in providing of food security for the health of vulnerable rural populations. As well, the results showed that family poultry husbandry has been effective in helping to family economy, promoting social status of the family, improving human assets, increasing the ability and skills of women and children, increasing the sense of satisfaction and mental relaxation and sustainable use of natural resources. As a final result it was concluded that a part of household livelihoods is provided by this productive system.

The current study examined households’ perception and evaluated livelihood vulnerability to climate change of nomads in Fars provience. Using a multiple stage cluster sampling, a total of 393 nomadic households was selected from the clans of Amale, Farsimadan, Kashkooli Bozorg and Kashkooli Koochak and the initial information was obtained through a verbal interview by the structured questionnaires. This paper contains two parts. In the first section, households’ perception was examined to climate change and in the second part, livelihood vulnerability indices were assessed to climate change. The result indicates that households in the study have an adequate understanding of climate change. According to the results, Amale and Farsimadan clans that are more exposed to climate change have a high adaptive capacity, but against clans of Kashkooli Bozorg and Kashkooli Koochak that are less exposed to climate change, have a livelihood based on traditional livestock and a low adaptive capacity to conditions. Also, the nomadic households of Farsimadan due to their high degradation of rangelands have the highest livelihood vulnerability index (5.32) and nomads of Amale clan duo to their high adaptability to climate change have the least livelihood vulnerability index to climat change (4.44).

This study aimed at investigating the role of secondary products of forests and pastures in the livelihood of the people in Zarinabad district,DehloranCounty, Ilam province of Iran. Data collection was carried out through survey in a stratified sampling method with proportional allocation. For data analysis, descriptive statistics (including average rating, frequency distribution, and the cumulative percentage distribution percentage) and analytical statistics (including binomial test and Spearman correlation test) were used.The results showed that there was no significant difference between the studied villages in terms of the role of forest and rangelands sub-products. In every family in the village, 12.32% of the income was produced from utilization of the sub-products of forest and rangelands. The proportion of sub-forest products was 8.54% and the proportion of sub-rangelands products was 3.78%. Therefore, there was a significant and positive relationship between the exploitation of sub-products and employment, obtaining income, poverty reduction and immigration control.

Use of indigenous knowledge and experimental of beekeepers about plants and surroundings has an important role. Because beekeeping is one of the strategies to secure livelihoods in rural areas. So that by dead of these people, indigenous knowledge will destroyed quickly. Research between plants and ethnobotany is one of exciting and most important items to searching. This study is aimed to identification of plants by used bees and determination of plant attractiveness usable for bees at Rangeland and forest areas of Toskestan (Golestan Province). For this reason, collected information of plant attractiveness by questionary. Select 10 beekeepers randomly. By preparing documentation analysis was started. 45 families of plants from 22 order was identified. The results were showed that Labiatae and Compositae are one of most important plants which are used by bees. Also, the most life form of plants for bees (51.11%) was forbs. The results were indicated that bees were using both of plants that produce pollen and nectar (46.67%). In the same way, number of plants that generator of both, more than number of plants which generator only pollen or nectar. Classification of plants in the view of beekeepers, were confirmed that the most plants were at good class with 31.11 percent. Therefore, identification of plants and determination of attractiveness for bees can be play important role in management of bees' yard and kind of production of honey.

Hirmand County is prone to drought and has been impacted severely during recent years. The main focus of this paper is to investigate the vulnerability of Hirmand farmers caused by drought. Statistical population for this study were 302 wheat grower households resided in rural areas of two districts of the county, more drought-prone area (Ghorghori district) versus less drought- prone area (Central district). This study is based on primary sources of data collected from 170 farm households following a structured survey designed based on Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). Questionnaire’s validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability of different scales which used in the study was measured by Kuder–Richardson coefficient which was ranged from 0.52-0.63. SPSS22 and EXEL software’s were used for data analysis. Results revealed that social, economic and environmental vulnerability of rural households resided in Ghorghori district were more in comparison to their counterparts in Central district of the county. Results suggest that Ghorghori district was more vulnerable in terms of water in environmental and social networks in terms of social vulnerability. Findings shed light on the appropriateness of this pragmatic approach to monitor vulnerability, resources and potential solutions to cope with drought situations in data-scarce regions.

This study aimed at evaluating the impact of drought on the economic status and livelihood of the rural households in collective operation units (cooperatives) in Fasa county of Iran. The effects of drought on the employment status, production performance, production costs and satisfaction with income were formulated within four hypotheses. A descriptive-analytical research method was used and the study population included 248 joint cooperatives of the county, with all the supervisors of the units being surveyed using the complete enumeration method. The required data were collected through a self-designed questionnaire. The hypotheses were tested using Wilcoxon statistic. The results showed that drought had a negative effect on the livelihood of rural households who were the members of these cooperatives. The Wilcoxon statistic values for all dimensions at an error level smaller than 0.05 indicated a significant difference between the rural people's livelihoods before and after the drought .