جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « وزن خشک » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Environmental stress in plants, particularly due to heavy metal presence, poses a significant challenge to their growth. Manganese, an essential micronutrient, can become detrimental when accumulated in soil and plants. To assess the impact of silicon on linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) under manganese stress, a factorial experiment was conducted. Linseed plants were grown in hydroponic culture with four different manganese levels (2, 250, 500 and 1000 μM) along with five silicon treatment levels (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mM). Results revealed that increasing manganese stress levels led to a rise in proline, soluble sugars content, and manganese in the root and shoot, accompanied by a decrease in other studied traits. Notably, the application of 2 mM silicon consistently yielded the highest values across all manganese levels for the examined traits. Silicon application enhanced proline and soluble sugars content in leaves, consequently increasing plant photosynthetic capacity and leading to greater root and shoot dry weights under various silicon levels. The use of silicon significantly ameliorated the harmful effects of manganese in linseed under manganese stress conditions. Therefore, 2 mM silicon is recommended as a beneficial solution in areas contaminated with manganese, which can lead to the reduction of this heavy metal in the root and shoot of plants.

Sour orange, among the cold, drought tolerant rootstocks, is suitable for planting in poor drainage soils. Since salinity is one of the destructive stresses on the growth of citrus plants,  providing a suitable solution can be effective in reducing its harmful effects. So, a factorial pot research as a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted to evaluate the impact of saline water and potassium phosphite on sour orange plant. Sour orange plants were healthy and free disease six-months seedlings (height about 60 cm). The treatments were included salinity (1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 dS/m) and potassium phosphite (0, 1.5 and 3 g L-1). The results showed that the high level of salinity led to a decrease in stem fresh and dry weight (63 and 60.22%, respectively), nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and iron contents (4, 15.7, 8, 18.6 and 12.2 %, respectively) in sour orange. Potassium phosphite treatment (1.5 g L-1) increased the potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, iron (32.6, 20.6, 19.7, 46.5%, respectively) contents, the fresh and dry weight of the stem (63.9 and 60.2%, respectively), the fresh and dry weight of roots (58.18 and 61.01 %, respectively) and finally the harmful impacts of salinity stress were reduced in sour orange plant. Generally, the application of potassium phosphite (1.5 g L-1) improved morphological characteristics, absorption of elements and reduced the adverse effects of salinity in Sour orange.

To study the effect of Prosulfocarb (Boxer, 80% EC) herbicides to control weeds of wheat fields in Fars (Dara). This experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments and 4 replications during 2021-2022. The treatments include (Treat. 1 to 9) the application of Boxer herbicide at a dose rate of 3, 3.5 and 4 L ha- 1, before the first irrigation, after the first irrigation, and early post-emergence in 1 to 3 leaves of wheat. (Treat. 10) Pinoxaden (Axial, 5% EC) + Bromoxynil+ MCPA (Bromicide MA, 40% EC) at dose rate 1.2 l + 1.5 L ha-1, respectively. (Treat. 11) Mesosulfuron+Iodosulfuron+ Diflufenican (Othello, 6% OD) at a dose rate of 1.6 L ha-1, (Treat. 12) Diclofop-Methyl (Iloxan, 36% EC) + Tribenuron methyl (Geranestar, 75% DF) at dose rates of 2.5 L ha-1+ 20 g ha-1, (Treat. 13) Metribuzin (Sencor, 70% WP) at the rate of 800 g ha-1 (400 g ha-1 in, early post-emergence in 1 to 3 leaves of wheat + 400 g ha-1 in the tillering stage of wheat), and (Treat. 14) weeding control. The highest relative density was Lolium rigidum L. (39%) in the experiment. The results showed that herbicides that were applied significantly decreased the weed density and biomass of Lolium rigidum L., Convolvulus arvensis L., and Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam., Carthamus oxyacanthus M.B. significantly increased the number of spikes per m2, grains per spike, 1000 grains weight, grain yield and biological yield. Pre-emergence application of Boxer was better than its application early after its emergence. The herbicide application of Boxer (4 L ha-1) before the first water decreased weed biomass of, L. rigidum, M. officinalis, and C. oxyacanthus by 72, 67 and 85%, respectively. Sencor herbicide had the best control on L. rigidum by 82%, and increased grain yield (6.5-ton ha-1) by 35 compared to weed control. Herbicide was introduced as the best treatment. The efficiency of Sencor herbicide and Boxer (4 L ha-1 before the first) was higher than other herbicides in L. rigidum control.

Disruption in the photosynthetic system is one of the reasons of reducing in plant growth and chlorophyll fluorescence a measurement is one of the methods of these disorders investigation, which shows the photochemical qualification of the plant. In order to study the effect of the combination of salicylic acid (SA) with mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl herbicides on the physiological behavior of wild oat, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications, in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agiculture and Natural Resources of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2020. The results showed a decrease in maximum fluorescence (Fm) and maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and an increase in minimum fluorescence (Fo). The fresh and dry weights of wild oat decreased in all treatments except the control treatment (no herbicide) and the chlorophyll index slowly reduced one days after herbicide application compared to the control treatment. According to the results, all concentrations of herbicide reduced the dry weight of wild oat by more than 40%, and salicylic acid application did not affect the effectiveness of herbicide in the mentioned weed control.

Introduction:

 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important crops in Iran. The area under cultivation of this crop in Fars’s province is 421,000 hectares. Weeds are one of the most significant factors limiting crop production. They primarily decrease grain yield by competing with the crop for light, nutrients, water, and root space.  Weeds can cause a significant reduction in wheat yield, with an average by 23-35%. The most important weed species of wheat in Fars are including Lolium rigidum L., Bromus tectorum L., Mavla neglecta Wallr., Hirschfeldia incana L., Carthamus oxyacanthus M.B., Centaurea solstitialis L., Veronica persica L. The rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) is one of the most troublesome weeds in winter wheat fields of Fars province. Lolium rigidum, has the capacity to produce 45,000 seeds m−2 in infested wheat fields. Its highly competitive nature for nutrients has been reported to cause a significant reduction in wheat yield. The application of herbicides is the most common method of weed control in wheat fields. Herbicides are registered for weed control in winter wheat fields included of Axial®, Topik®, Othello®, Atlantis®, Total®, Bromicide® MA, Geranestar® and Apiros®. There are a limited number of herbicides that is used in wheat. Therefore, it is necessary to register new herbicides in winter wheat. The objectives of this research were to optimize the dosage of FenoMetri in combination with a non-ionic surfactant, Tifis®, and to compare its efficacy with other pre-mixed herbicides (Bromicide® MA, Othello®, and Atlantis®).

 In order to study the efficacy of herbicides for controlling weeds in wheat fields, an experiment was conducted at the Fars Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Darab, Iran, during 2021-2022. This experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design with 14 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments included post emergence application of Bromicide MA® at 1.5 L ha–1 + Topik® at 1 L ha–1, Bromicide MA® at 1.5 L ha–1 +Puma-super® at 1 L ha–1, Granstar® at 20 g ha–1 +Topik® at 1 L ha–1, Atlantis® at 1.5 L ha–1, Othello® at 1.6 L ha–1, Tifis® at 300 g ha–1, FenoMetri  at 0.8, 1 and 1.2 L ha–1 with and without surfactant at 1 L ha–1, Sencor® 800 g ha–1 (400 g ha–1 in the 1- 3 leaf stage + 400 g ha–1 in the tillering stage of wheat and Control (hand weeding). Each plot was divided into two subplots. One subplot was treated with the herbicide applications, while the other subplot was left unsprayed to consider as a weedy check treatment for comparison purposes. Herbicide treatments were applied in tillering stage of wheat (Zadoks’ scale = 25) using a pressure backpack sprayer equipped with an 8002 flat fan nozzle tip, which delivered 350 L ha-1 at 2 bar spray pressure. Traits were recorded including weed density, weed biomass, plant height, grains per spike, number spikes, 1000 grains weigh, grain yield and biological yield. Weed density and dry weight were determined in random 0.50-m2 quadrates per plot. The grain yield and biological yield were recorded for a 3 m2 and 0.50 m2 from each plot, respectively. Weed control efficiency (WCE) representing the degree of reduction in the density or dry biomass of weeds due to herbicide treatment was determined using Equation 1. A and B are the density or dry biomass of weeds in the unsprayed and sprayed subplots, respectively (Somani, 1992). The changes in each trait of yield wheat (Yi), as mentioned above, were determined using Equation 2 Ys and Yu are the amount of each trait in the sprayed and unsprayed subplots (weedy check treatment), respectively. After checking data normality, the data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS 9.2 software. To compare the means, the Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) test was used at the 5% level of significance.

 Weeds infestations included Lolium rigidum L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam and Carthamus oxyacanthus M.B. The highest and lowest density were observed for L. rigidum (56%) and C. oxyacanthus (5.1%), respectively. While, the highest and lowest weight were observed for L. rigidum (74%) and C. oxyacanthus (4%), respectively. The statistical analysis of the data on the weed density and biomass were revealed that applied herbicides significantly decreased both weed density and biomass. Additionally, the herbicide treatments led to a significant increase in the number of spikes per m², grains per spike, 1000 grains weight, grain yield, and biological yield. The Bromicide MA® had the best treatment for controlling the broad-leaved weed by 80 – 85%, On the other hand, Sencor had the best control for ryegrass (L. rigidum) by 80%. The application of FenoMetri at 1.2 L ha–1 with Surfactant® decreased the biomass of C. arvensis, C. oxyacanthus, M. officinalis, L. rigidum and total weed by 71, 63, 52, 48 and 73% respectively. It also increased grain and biological yields up to 20% and 22% as compared to the weedy check treatment. Additionally, the herbicides of Sencor® and Othello® showed the highest- grain yield after hand weeding, respectively.

 The application of FenoMetri at 1.2 L ha–1 with surfactant effectively controlled the density of weed species by 45–71% and the dry biomass of weed species by 48–72%. It also increased grain and biological yields by up to 20% and 22%, respectively, compared to the weedy check treatment. However, the efficacy of FenoMetri herbicide in controlling weeds was lower compared to commonly used herbicides such as Othello®, Bromicide MA® + Topik®, and Bromicide MA® + Puma super®. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate the FenoMetri herbicide with higher application rates.
 

Application of natural organic matter derived components, i.e. humic acid, as fertilizer is a suitable way to improve soil fertility and increase yield and quality of agricultural products. Many researchers reported positive effects of humic acid on water holding capacity, soil aeration, root formation and development, microorganism activities, and availability of mineral nutrients in soil. Antagonistic interaction between soil phosphorus and some micronutrients, especially in calcareous soils, can cause micronutrients deficiency in plants. With regard to positive effects of organic compounds on bioavailability of mineral nutrients, it seems that humic acid can positively affect the phosphorus interaction with micronutrients. Therefore, investigation of the effects of humic acid incorporated into irrigation water, phosphate and iron fertilizers application, on nutrients concentration in plants and their interactions is considerable.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of application of humic acid in irrigation water, and phosphate and iron fertilizers in soil, on corn growth and concentration of P, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu in corn tissues. To this aim, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design, with three replications in greenhouse. The factors included humic acid in 0, 70, and 140 mg kg-1 levels, (7 times as fertigation during growth season; total use equal to 0, 490, and 980 mg kg-1 of soil, respectively), phosphorus (P, as monocalcium phosphate monohydrate) in 0 and 50 mg kg-1 levels, and Fe (as ferrous sulfate heptahydrate) in 0, 10, and 20 mg kg-1 levels. P and Fe treatments were mixed with 4 kg of air-dried soil (<2 mm in diameter) and filled to the pots. Six seeds of maize (Zea maye L. cv. Single cross 704) were seeded per pot, and three seedlings were finally kept and grown for two months. After harvest, fresh and dried weight of shoots were measured. The roots were accurately extracted from the soil, washed, dried at 65◦C, and weighed. Sample digestion and measuring concentration of P, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were done according to conventional methods (P by a UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and metal elements by the GBS Savant Atomic Absorption Spectrometer). Statistical analyses were done by the IBM SPSS Statistics version 26 software.

According to this study results, the main effect of humic acid, on P concentration and dry matter of shoots and roots, was statistically significant. In presence of P (2nd P level), 490 and 980 mg kg-1 humic acid levels significantly increased the mean of dry matter compared to blank while humic acid had no significant effect on means of shoots and roots dry matter in 1st level of P (no P application). Increasing humic acid level from 490 to 980 mg kg-1, significantly decreased mean of shoots dry matter. The interaction effect between humic acid and the other two factors exhibited statistical significance concerning root dry matter. The treatment combination of 50 mg kg-1 of P, 490 mg kg-1 of humic acid, and 20 mg kg-1 of Fe yielded the highest mean root dry matter, which was 97% greater than that of the control. The 2nd level of P significantly increased the means of shoots P concentration in all levels of humic acid and Fe factors, compared to those of the 1st P factor level. There was no significant difference between means of shoots P concentration in different levels of humic acid and Fe factors, at the 1st level of P factor, separately. On the other hand, at the 2nd level of P factor, significant differences were observed between the means of P concentration for both other factors (significant interaction between P and humic acid, and between P and Fe Factors). Applying humic acid could significantly increase the means of shoots P concentration at the 2nd level of P factor, but there was no significant difference between those of 490 and 980 mg kg-1 levels. About the effect of Fe factor on shoots P concentration, only 10 mg kg-1 level of Fe significantly increased it. The main effect of the P and humic acid factors and interaction of the P and Fe factor on roots P concentration, were statistically significant. Roots P concentration increased significantly by 490 and 980 mg kg-1 humic acid levels. A significant increase of roots P concentration was observed in the 1st P factor level and 10 mg kg-1 level of Fe compared to the blank, and in 50 mg kg-1 level of P, Fe factor had no significant effect on it. The results showed that humic acid could not improve P uptake by corn from the soil with low available phosphorus (Olsen extractable P lower than 4 mg kg-1). The humic acid factor had no significant effect on Fe concentration of corn shoots, but its main effect and its triple interaction, with two other factors, on Fe concentration of the roots were statistically significant. There was no significant difference between the means of roots Fe concentration at the 1st level of P factor (9 treatments, various levels of humic acid and Fe factors). The highest mean of root's Fe concentration was found in treatment of the highest level of each factor, significantly more than those of the most of other treatments. About the Mn concentration in corn tissues, the Mn concentration in shoots was significantly increased by P fertilizer application, and Mn concentration in roots was significantly affected and increased by 490 and 980 mg kg-1 humic acid levels. The means of Mn concentration of roots in 490 and 980 mg kg-1 humic acid were not significantly different. The Zn concentration of corn shoots was significantly affected by interaction of the P and humic acid factors as the highest mean of it was in 0 mg kg-1 of P and 980 mg kg-1 humic acid levels, and there was no significant difference between those of other levels. The Zn concentration of corn roots was significantly increased by P applying and affected by the interaction of humic acid and Fe factors. When humic acid was at zero concentration level, Fe application of 20 mg kg-1 significantly decreased the Zn concentration of corn shoots while with humic acid application (490 and 980 mg kg-1) no significant difference was observed between the means. This result showed that humic acid can decrease the antagonistic effects of Fe and Zn in soil. The Cu concentration in shoots was significantly affected by the P and Fe factors. Usage of P fertilizer significantly increased the Cu concentration of corn shoots; on the contrary, the 2nd and 3rd levels of Fe factor (Fe applications) significantly decreased Cu concentration in shoots of corn. Moreover, using humic acid could significantly increase Cu concentration of corn roots without any significant interaction with the other two factors.

The findings suggest that in soils with very low available P, humic acid alone does not enhance the growth and dry matter yield of corn. However, the efficiency of phosphate fertilizer can be enhanced by applying humic acid fertilizer through irrigation water. Additionally, humic acid has been observed to mitigate antagonistic effects between P and certain micronutrients, as well as reduce antagonistic interactions among metal micronutrients. For the positive effect of humc acid on growth and adequate chemical composition of corn, concentration of 490 mg kg-1 humic acid is recommended.

Summer savory (Satureja hortensis) is an annual herbaceous plant. The leaves of the plant are spear-shaped, opposite, with a short petiole. The leaves and flowering branches of summer savory are used in traditional medicine with known anti-flatulent, anti-heartache, anti-parasitic, stomach tonic, stimulant and expectorant effects. Spraying or foliar feeding is a method to reduce the stabilization of chemical fertilizers in the soil and as a result reduce environmental risks, including reducing soil and water pollution. With this feeding method, elements can be provided to the plant as quickly as possible. Silicon is the second mineral element in the soil after oxygen, and in higher plants, it usually causes the physical strength of the organs by penetrating the stem and leaves, and also improves physiological and metabolic processes, gas exchanges and strengthens the antioxidant system. Also, this element has beneficial effects on the growth, performance and tolerance of some plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. The form of silicon solution in soil is silicic acid Si (OH)4. The amount of silicon in plants is 0.1 to 10% of the dry weight of the plant. The use of fertilizers containing silicon in the soil affects growth and development in two ways. First, the improvement of silicon nutrition strengthens the plant's protection system against adverse environmental conditions. On the other hand, treating soil with compounds containing geochemically active silicon improves the chemical and physical properties of soil and increases the availability of nutrients for plants. The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of silicon application on some physiological and morphological characteristics of summer savory under drought stress conditions.           

In order to investigate the effect of silicon foliar application on the summer savory characteristics under deficit irrigation conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. The experiment was carried out at the vegetable production farm of Ardabil municipality during the years 2021-2022. The investigated factors included the first, drought stress at three levels (40, 60, and 80% field capacity (FC)) and the second, silicon foliar spraying at four levels (0 (control), 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM L-1). Drought stress was induced at the stage of 4 to 6 sub-branches and silicon solutions were foliar applied at two stages including a week before the induction of drought stress, and a week after that. Distilled water was also used as control treatment. In the present study, pots with a diameter of 20 cm, a height of 30 cm, a capacity of 3 kg with 3 holes at the bottom were used to cultivate savory plants. Before the induction of drought stress, the savory plants were regularly irrigated up to the field capacity. Drought stress was applied at the stage of 4 to 6 sub-branches based on crop capacity and after the stress induction, sampling was done.

The obtained results showed that drought stress negatively affected plant fresh weight, dry weight, height, soluble sugar content, chlorophyll a, b and total and carotenoid content, but proline content increased by 61.03% under highest level of drought stress comparing to control. The highest soluble sugar content was recorded in savory plants sprayed with silicon 1 mM L-1 and grown under drought level of 40% FC (4.76 mg g-1 FW). On the other hand, the lowest value of this trait was obtained in plants treated with silicon 0.5 mM L-1, and grown under drought level of 80% FC (3.16 mg g-1 FW). In the present study, the decrease in chlorophyll of the savory plant under drought stress could be probably related to the increase in the production of oxygen free radicals, peroxidase and phenolic compounds, because the absorption of excess energy by the photosynthetic system often stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species. Silicon foliar application had a positive and significant effect on the examined traits, so the negative effects of drought stress were alleviated by increasing silicon concentration.

In general, it could be stated that silicon could be used as a useful element to increase the performance of agricultural-garden plants, as well as to increase plants tolerance rate against environmental stresses (including drought stress). On the other hand, the application of silicon up to a concentration of 1.5 mM L-1 had a positive effect on alleviation of the adverse effects of deficit irrigation on savory plant characteristics.

The aquaponic cultivation system, which is a combination of aquaculture and hydroponic systems, is among the novel cultivation systems. In an aquaponics system, it is possible to simultaneously produce aquatic animals and vegetables. One of the most important components of each soil-free system is the selection of a suitable substrate. This substrate makes water and nutrients available for the root system and also contributes to the proper establishment of the plant. It must also be non-toxic and should not impair plant growth. Another point to consider in the selection of the substrate is its cost and availability, as the transport process will increase the costs of initial establishments in such systems. Amon vegetables, basil is a special crop with a short growing season and high economic value, which is also highly suitable for an aquaponic system. The present study was carried out with the aim of comparing some morphological and physiological traits of 'purple' and 'green' basil cultivars in different substrates in the aquaponics system.

 The present study was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replicates in a research greenhouse located in Zanjan city. The experimental treatments included 10 substrates (cocopeat, perlite, sand, pumice, cocopeat + perlite (50:50), cocopeat + pumice (50:50), cocopeat + sand (50:50), pumice + sand (50:50), pumice + perlite (50:50) and sand + perlite (50:50)) and two basil cultivars ('green' and pueple). The aquaponic system in this study comprised of a 300 L fish tank containing 100 common carps. The fish were nurtured twice a day with powdered fish feed containing protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, etc. The water in the fish tank was filtered and fish wastes were removed in a filtration tank before entering the aquaponics medium to be used by the plant root system. Chemical properties of the fish water including pH, and nitrite (NO2), nitrate (NO3), and ammonium (NH4) concentrations were controlled using diagnostic kits on a weekly basis. At the flowering stage, various traits including plant height, dry and fresh weights of roots and shoots, number of nods, number of leaves, and leaf area were measured to investigate the growth of basil plants. Also, physio-phytochemical traits including the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin were measured. Analysis of variance of the data was carried out using the SAS software. Also, the least significant difference method (LSD) was used for the comparison of means.

According to the results, the greatest plant height (60.57 cm), shoot fresh weight (90.57 g), root fresh weight (22.33 g), and leaf number (133.99) belonged to purple basil and the lowest value for these traits were observed in green basil cultivar. The results of the mean comparison for the morphological traits indicate the superiority of perlite + cocopeat compared with the other substrates. Basil plants cultivated in sand substrate exhibited the lowest values for growth traits compared to other treatments. Analysis of the interaction effect between substrate and cultivar revealed that the highest number of nodes (10.5), dry weight of shoots (25.17 g), dry weight of roots (4.67 g), and leaf area (17.13 cm2) were observed in the perlite + cocopeat substrate with purple basil. Conversely, the lowest values for these traits (5.23, 12.93 g, 1.46 g, and 11.03 cm2, respectively) were recorded in the silt substrate with the green basil cultivar. The results related to physio-phytochemical traits showed that the highest content of chlorophyll a (1.57 mg g -1 FW) and total chlorophyll (2.1 mg g -1 FW) were observed in the perlite + cocopeat substrate and green basil. Also, anthocyanin content was the highest (0.17 mg g -1 FW) when the purple cultivar was grown in the perlite + c cocopeat substrate. The lowest content of chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll were recorded in the sand substrate and purple cultivar with 0.96 and 1.17 mg g -1 FW, respectively. Also, the lowest content of anthocyanin was related to the green basil cultivar with 0.058 mg g -1 FW.

Overall, the 'purple' cultivar of basil was superior to the 'green' cultivar regarding most traits in the aquaponic system. Also, substrates containing perlite and cocopeat led to better results compared with the other substrates, whereas the basil plants grown in sand and pumice had lower growth, relatively.

Wheat is a crucial crop that plays a significant role in ensuring food security in Iran. Weeds have been one of the major limiting factors for wheat production in Iran and globall. If they are not adequately controlled. Weeds can cause significant damage to wheat crops. Weed damage in wheat fields has been reported to range from 20% to 30% in Iran. The herbicide application is the most important method for weed control of wheat until now. Axial-one@ herbicide, with common names of pinoxaden+ florasulam, has been suggested for weed control of Lollium rigidum, Echinochloa colonum, Alopecurus myosuroides, Phalaris brachystachys, Avena ludoviciana, Stellaria media, Trifolium alexandrinum, Polygonum aviculare, Sinapis arvensis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Amaranthus retroflexus, Cirsium arvense. This herbicide has been registered by Syngenta for use in wheat and barley. Pinoxaden (Axial@) belongs to phenylpyrazolines family and inhibitors of the Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). It has been recorded in the control of narrow-leaved weeds in wheat and barley. Florasulam herbicide belongs to the triazolopyrimidine sulfonamide family and inhibits acetolactate synthase (ALS). Florasolam is the selective herbicide that has been recommended for controlling broadleaf weeds in cereals such as wheat, barley, oats, rye (Secale cereale L.) and triticale (Triticale hexaploid Lart). Also, the Cassic herbicide, which is also known as diflufenican+iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium+florasulam+cloquintocet-mexyl, is a dual-purpose herbicide that has been registered by Syngenta for controlling both broadleaf and narrow-leaved weeds in wheat and barley, oats, rye, and triticale crops. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of the herbicides of Cassic and Axial-one in the controlling weeds in wheat fields, determination of the most appropriate dose, comparing their effectiveness with other herbicides commonly used in wheat fields, and evaluating the response of wheat plants to the herbicides.

 An experiment was carried out in weed control in the wheat fields of Karaj, Fars (Darab), Golestan (Gonbad), and Shahrud using a randomized complete block design with 13 treatments and 4 replications during 2020-2021. Experimental treatments included the application of Bromycid AM (bromoxynil + MCPA, 40% EC) + Axial (Pinoxaden, 5% EC) at 1.5 + 1.2 l/ha, Othello (diflufenican+ mesosulfuron methyl+ iodosulfuron methyl sodium, 6%OD) at 1.6 l /ha, Axial One (Pinoxaden+ Flurasulam, 5% EC) at 1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 1.7 l/ha, Cassic (diflufenican+ iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium+ florasulam+ cloquintocet mexyl, 47% WG) at 170, 200 and 230 g/ha with and without cytogit, and control (weed free). Herbicide treatments were applied during the tillering stage (Zadok’s Stage 25(. The plot had dimensions of 8 x 2 m with a plant density of 400 plants m-2. Each plot consisted of 8 planting lines with a row spacing of 15 cm. The distance between the plots was one meter, and there was a two-meter gap between replications. To increase the accuracy of the experiment, each test plot was divided into two equal sections, with the upper half serving as the control without spraying and the lower half being sprayed. The spraying was done using a fixed-pressure back sprayer equipped with a fan spray nozzle (8002) at a pressure of 2 bar and spray volume of 300 L ha-1. Traits such as weed density, weed biomass, and grain yield were recorded. Weed numbers and dry weights were determined by randomly selecting 0.50-m2 quadrats per plot, while grain yield was recorded for 3 m2 in each plot. The data were checked for normality and analyzed using SAS 9.3 software through analysis of variance. The means were separated using the Duncan test at the 5% level of significance. 

 The results of experiment indicated that the herbicide treatments led to a significant decrease in the density and dry weight of weeds, as well as a significant increase in grain yield. The Axial One@ at rate 1.7 L ha-1 was found to be more effective in controlling Avena ludoviciana, reducing its density by 95%, compared to On the other hand, Cassic herbicide at a rate of 230 g per hectare was more effective in controlling Lolium rigidum, reducing its density by 95%, compared to Axial One@ herbicide. Both herbicides, however, led to a significant reduction in the dry weight of Descurania sophia, Polygonum avicular, Sonchus oleracea, Veronica persica and Sinapis arvensis from 85 to 95%. No visual injury symptoms were observed on wheat after the application of these herbicides. Grain yield increased with the application of Axial One (at rate of 1.5 to 1.7 L ha-1) by 5 to 24%, and Cassic (at rates of 200-230 g ha-1 + cytogit) by 8 to 28%. These findings were consistent with the results of previous studies (Minbashi et al., 2020). The application of Oxial herbicide increased grain weight of wheat (Azhar et al., 2013).

 Based on the results of these experiments, it can be concluded that Axial One@ and Cassic@ herbicides showed the best control on A. ludoviciana and L. rigidum respectively, and also led to a significant increase in grain yield compared to half of the control plot. Therefore, the Axial One@ (1.7 L ha-1) and Cassic@ (200-230 g ha-1 + cytogit) can be considered as good to excellent options for weed control in wheat fields. It is recommended to use these herbicides for weed control in wheat fields.

The date palm tree tolerates high temperatures, drought and salinity more than the other fruit crops that is why date palm tree is named the tree of life in the desert. A conventional date palm management practices is fruit thinning. Fruit thinning allow the remaining fruits to develop larger sizes and better qualities. Also, fruit thinning helps to overcome the alternate bearing problems. The purpose of this research to assess the effect of chemical and hand thinning on several fruit properties of date palm cv. Estameran.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of chemical and hand thinning on fruit characteristics of ‘Estameran’ date palm as randomized complete block design with three replications in an orchard with 1.5 hectares area, located at Ferdows village in Shushtar city. Experimental treatments included T1 (control), T2 (removal of 1/3 ends of spikelets at flowering stage), T3 (removal of 1/3 ends of spikelet in Kimiri stage), T4 (removal of 1/3 number of spikelets in Kimiri stage), T5, T6 and T7 (that were chemically thinned by spraying naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 50, 100 and 150 mg/l concentrations at flowering stage, respectively). The fruits were harvested at tamar stage and characteristics measured included: fruit length, diameter, fresh weight, fresh and dry flash fruit, seed length, seed fresh and dry weight, fresh flash weight to seed weight ratio, fruit volume, yield per spike, TSS, pH, total sugar, reducing sugar, non- reducing sugar and fruit color attributes (L*, a*, b*, hue and chroma).

The results showed that chemical thinning with 100 mg / l NAA concentration (T6 treatment) increased significantly fresh weight (10.56 g), dry weight (9.86 g), and volume (11.03 cm3) of fruit.The highest fruit flash to seed ratio (11.47) was obtained in chemically thinning by NAA at 100 mg/l (T6).The least seed length (2.33 cm) was acquired at removal of 1/3 ends of spikelet at the flowering stage (T2) but it was not significant with T3 and T5 treatments. Chemical thinning fruit by 150 mg/l NAA concentration at the flowering stage reduced yield per spike (T7). The highest amount of non-reducing sugars was obtained in T5 (46.19%) and T6 (43.13%) treatments. The maximum amount of L* indicator was obtained in T3 (19.32) and T1 (19.09) treatments. Moreover the highest amount of a* indicator (9.08) and b* indicator (11.75) were acquired in T2. The minimum amount of hue (27.62) was obtained in control (T1) and the maximum amount of chroma (15.02) was obtained in T2 treatments.

According to the finding of this research, both hand thinning and chemical thinning improved the fruit properties. Due to the fact that chemical thinning by 100 mg/l NAA concentration at flowering stage (T6) had a more effective impact on fruit characteristics, and also the chemical thinning is less expensive than hand thinning, it can be concluded that T6 treatment is more effective and it is recommended

Salinity stress, as one of the most common environmental stresses, reduces the yield of agricultural products, especially vegetables. Microbial endophytes, which are considered as one of the most important microorganisms, increase their yield per unit area by causing genetic, physiological, and ecological changes in their host plants and provide the possibility of developing their cultivation in salty, dry soils or climates with abiotic and biotic stresses. In order to identify endophytic fungi in pistachio plant (Pistacia mutica), during the summer season of 2019, sampling of completely healthy organs of the plant, including the bark of the main trunk, side branches, leaves and roots, was carried out in five regions of Hormozgan province. In this study, 20 fungi were isolated and purified from (Pistacia mutica) tree. Then the purified mushrooms were cultured on PDA culture medium containing salinity concentrations (0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mM sodium chloride) and finally three mushrooms that were able to grow at the highest salinity level were selected. Based on the morphological characteristics and sequencing of the ribosomal ITS region, three species of Aspergillus niger MG890603, Paecilomyces formosus MG904988 and Alternaria alternata MG907039 were identified as endophytic fungi from the tuber plant in Iran and the world. In order to investigate the effect of these endophytic fungi on the salinity tolerance of bell peppers, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The results showed that the application of endophytic fungi P. formosus and A. alternata increased the root length of pepper seedlings by 1.5 double compared to no inoculation at 60 mM salinity stress. Also, the combination of three endophytic fungi, A. niger, P. formosus, and A. alternata, increased the wet and dry weight of pepper seedlings by 4 and 5.5 double, respectively, compared to no inoculation at 60 mM salinity stress. The highest amount of peroxidase in the combination of fungi (P. formosus and A. alternata) and (P. formosus, A. alternata and A. niger) was 51.41 and 48.65%, respectively, under 60 mM salt stress compared to the control. In the salinity stress of 60 mM, the highest amount of catalase related to the fungal combination (P. formosus and A. alternata) was 15.54% compared to the control. In general, the results show that the use of endophytic fungi increases the growth of pepper plants under salt stress. Therefore, the use of endophytic fungi is suggested as an alternative with high potential as plant growth promoters.

In order to study the competitive ability of wheat against weeds as affected by cultivar and nitrogen fertilizer application method, an experiment was conducted under farm condition in 2015-2016. The experiment design was factorial arranged in RCBD with three replications. The treatments were: A factor included wheat cultivars(Atilla, Sirwan, Chamran2, Shiroodi and Atilla weed polluted as control), B factor included nitrogen fertilizer application method included (broadcasting, strip application and split application). Urea fertilizer was used as Nitrogen source. Results showed that the highest weed dry weight (10.74g) obtained from broadcast application of fertilizer and the lowest weed dry weight (5.53g) obtained from split application of fertilizer. The highest dry weight of weeds belonged to Sirwan cultivar and broadcast application of fertilizer and The lowest dry weight of weeds belonged to Chamran 2 and Shiroodi cultivars and split application of fertilizer. competitive ability of Sirwan and Chamran 2 cultivars against weeds , was less than other cultivars and density and dry weight of weeds was more in different stages of sampling. The highest yield belonged to split application method and the lowest yield belonged to broadcasting method of fertilizer application.

 Drought is one of the most important environmental stressors that adversely affects agricultural products, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Using Trichoderma fungus along with biopolymers such as chitosan is one of the ways to reduce drought stress. Trichoderma fungus as plant growth-promoting fungus is the most common fungal and soil-modifying species that are able to directly with plant roots in the rhizosphere and improve growth as well as biological control of living stresses such as pathogenic fungi and non-living stresses such as drought, salinity and heavy metals. On the other hand, one of the effective ways to protect the plant in conditions of low irrigation is the use of anti-transpirants, including the biostimulant of chitosan, which markedly limits transpiration from the plant surface. The anti-transipirants action of chitosan can be attributed to the involvement of chitosan in the abscisic acid pathways, which closes the stomata and thus reduces transpiration. Chitosan is readily soluble in water and organic acids. Therefore, it can be used in various methods such as mixing with soil, foliar spraying and impregnation with seeds in agriculture.

 This research was conducted in a split factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design. The main plot factor was irrigation interval in three levels (two days as normal irrigation and three and four days as deficit irrigation conditions) and sub-plots were inoculated with T. longibrachiatum at two levels (inoculation and uninoculated control) and chitosan at three levels (0, 0.2 and 0.4 g/L). Each experimental plot consisted of three planting lines two and a half meters long and one meter wide .T. longibrachiatum was obtained from Tabarestan Agricultural Genetics and Biotechnology Research Institute. The first irrigation was done simultaneously with planting basil. Up to one month after sowing the seeds (six to eight leaf stage of plants), the plots were irrigated evenly with tubes and from this stage onwards, irrigation treatments were applied. Pesticides and herbicides were not used during the experiment and weed control was done manually. Chitosan was prepared from Sarina Teb store and prepared in three levels of zero, 0.2 and 0.4 g/l and sprayed in three stages: vegetative, before flowering and 50% flowering.

 The results showed that with increasing the irrigation period from two to four days, the morphological traits of basil, such as root length and stem length, leaf dry weight, root, stem and dry matter yield decreased. Also, physiological traits of basil such as carotenoids and chlorophyll meter increased while chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll decreased. Application of 0.2 g/L of chitosan inoculated plants increased chlorophyll b content by 68%. The highest percentage and yield of essential oil in both normal and irrigation deficit conditions were obtained when plants inoculated with Trichoderma and foliary sprayed by chitosan. The highest percentage and yield of essential oil were observed with an average of 0.88 and 42.87% in normal irrigation conditions, application of Trichoderma and zero level of chitosan, respectively. According to the results, increasing the irrigation cycle along with chitosan application and fungal inoculation increased the percentage and yield of essential oil. However, by increasing the irrigation cycle, chitosan alone decreased the percentage and yield of essential oil and only in the three-day irrigation cycle, it increased the percentage of essential oil compared to the control.

 Overall, the findings showed the positive effect of concomitant use of Trichoderma fungus and chitosan on improving the growth of sweet basil and increasing drought resistance.

In order to investigate the effect of some herbicides with different doses in direct cultivation and comparing it with transplanted cultivation, an experiment was carried out in the form of split plots based on random complete blocks in three replications in Mazandaran in the spring of 2018. The main plots include  transplanted flooded rice and direct seeded rice and sub plots include Kancil herbicide with doses (150, 120, 90, 60, 30), Nomini herbicide with doses (250, 200, 150, 100, 50), Clean Weed with 65 doses; pertilachlor + bensulfuron methyl; clomazone+pendimethalin; Clomazone, weed-infested control and weed-free control. The results showed that in weed-infested conditions, there was a significant difference in paddy yield between the two cultivation methods, so that in flooded cultivation, the yield was 355.6 and in direct cultivation, the yield was 185.1 kg per square meter. In direct cultivation, Kancil herbicide with a dose of 120 and 150 grams per hectare yields (492.5, 546) and Nomini herbicide with a dose of 200 and 250 cc per hectare (412.5, 539 3) and Clean Weed 65 cc. per hectare yield was 534.3 kg per square meter. It is suggested that direct cultivation of rice will be a good method for sustainable production in order to control weeds with herbicides and use less water and obtain optimal yield, considering the limited resources, especially water.

Fennel, scientifically named Foeniculum vulgare L., is one of the most important and widely used medicinal plants of the Apiaceae family. This condition ultimately affects its performance, reducing it.

Therefore, in order to evaluate weed control and boost performance via plant density, trifluralin herbicide, and mechanical control, an experiment was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks with three factors and three replications in the Faculty of Agriculture, Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2019-2020. Tested factors included mechanical control at two levels (without cultivator and double cultivator), plant density at three levels (6, 12, and 24 plants per square meter) and application of trifluralin herbicide at three levels (zero as a weed control), 1.5, and 3 liters per hectare).

The results of this study showed that treatment with (density of 24 plants per square meter of fennel and 1.5 liters per hectare of trifluralin and with 2 cultivators) did not show any significant difference from the abovementioned treatment.

Therefore, to reduce the use of herbicides, a dose of 1.5 liters of trifluralin can be used instead of a dose of 3 liters, along with 2 cultivators. The highest economic yield of fennel (1313 kg/ ha) belonged to the two plots above. This study showed that the highest essential oil was observed in double cultivator plots by 9.5% and the lowest in uncultivated plots by 4.76%, indicating the effectiveness of the cultivator compared to other factors in the production of essential oil.

In order to study efficacy of prosulfuron+dicamba for control of wheat broadleaf weeds, an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with four replications at Zarghan, Dezful, Karaj and Mashhad regions during 2018-2019 cropping season. The treatments were included of bromoxynil+MCPA (1.5 l ha-1 of Bromicide-MA® 40%), bromoxynil + 2,4-D (1.25 l ha-1 Buctril Universal 56%), bazagran+dicloprop ( 2 l ha-1 Basagaran-DP® 6.56%), triasulfuron+dicamba (165 g ha-1 Lintur® 70%), and the new herbicide prosulfuron+dicamba (300, 400 and 500 g ha-1 alone or mixed with adjuvants). The results showed that prosulfuron+dicamba in all doses, alone or mixed with adjuvants, caused a decrease in the dry weight of the dominant weeds in Karaj (75 to 100%), Zarghan (85 to 93%), Dezful (70 to 100%) and Mashhad (42 to 97 percent), but compared to other herbicides, there was no significant difference in saving wheat yield in most areas. Lintur® was the most inefficient (50%-75%) and Buctril Universal® was the most efficient (more than 85%) herbicide in our experiment. The most important weeds include Descuriania sophia, Fumaria vailantii, Galium tricornutum, Centaurea depressa, Carduus sp., Rapistrum rugosum, Veronica persica, Malva neglecta and Sinapis arvensis. As a recommendation, prosulfuron+dicamba can be used in the dose of 300 g ha-1, alone or mixed with adjuvants (0.5% v/v of Cytogate). No visual damages were observed from prosulfuron+dicamba application on wheat.

Plant Protection Organization (PPO) has registered fourteen commercial herbicides formulations for weed control of corn in Iran (Nourbakhsh, 2021). Among these herbicides, eight herbicides contain one active ingredient and the other six have two or three active ingredients including acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme inhibiting groups - similar-auxin groups, photosynthetic inhibitors of photosystem II and inhibitors of fatty acids and cell division, which are sometimes formulated with safeners. Weed species do not similarly respond to herbicides and previous studies showed some existing inherent tolerance, causes the percentage control of some of the weed species being lower than the others (Hadizadeh, 2016). Thus, new herbicides with several active ingredients are suggested to be used to suppress such weeds. The aim of this work was to find the best chemical treatments against weeds in corn production based on using new herbicides dicamba+ mesotrione+ nicosulfuron and comparing their efficacy with the common newly or some of older registered herbicides in the major corn growing areas of Iran.

A field study was conducted in four regions of Iran, including Mashhad, Ahwaz, Zarghan and Kermanshah during 2019 growing season. The statistical layout was a completely randomized block design with four replicates. Seven chemical treatments were mesotrione+s-metalachlor+terbuthylazine (Lumax® 537.5SE post-emergence, 4.5 l ha-1), nicosulfuron+rimsulfuron (Ultima® 75%WG, 175 g ha-1), topramezone (Clio® 29.7%SC, 150 ml ha-1), thiencarbazone+isoxaflutol+cyprosulfamide (Adengo® 46.5%Sc, 440 ml ha-1), and the new herbicide dicamba+mesotrione+nicosulfuron with five recommended doses (Calisto Solid 569.5 WG, 400, 500, 600, 700 and 800 g ha-1). A hand-weeded treatment and an unweeded treatment served as controls. Weed density and weed dry weight for each plot were measured four weeks after the last application the herbicides. Corn was harvested from 10 m2 of each plot after removing border plots. Corn grain yield was determined after adjusting the moisture level of grain to 14 %. To measure corn biological yield, samples of 10 corn plants were taken and then were dried in an oven. Data from each region were subjected to statistical analysis using SAS/STAT statistical software and the means were separated by LSD (α=5%).

The results showed a diverse spectrum of weeds (18 species) at the experimental locations. Pigweed species (Amaranthus spp.) were present in all tested locations but were not dominant in Ahwaz. The next dominant weed species were Portulaca oleraceae L. and Chenopodium album L. in Mashhad and Zarghan; Physalis divaricate L. in Ahwaz and Zarghan, Convolvulus arvensis L., Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., and Corchorus olitorius L. in Ahwaz; Hibiscus trionum L., in Mashhad; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Xanthium strumarium L. in Kermanshah and finally Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., was dominant in Zarghan. Across the experimental locations, dicamba+mesotrione+nicosulfuron was efficient at 700-800 g ha-1 application doses for weed control (75 to 88%). However, when applied at dosage of under 700 gl ha-1, its weed control efficiency was lower (50 to 70%). Topramezone and nicosulfuron+rimsulfuron were inefficient in controlling weeds in all the locations. In contrast, thiencarbazone+isoxaflutol+cyprosulfamide was among the most efficient treatments wich these findings are in agreement with the results of some previous studies (Hadizadeh et al. 2015; Hadizadeh et al., 2020). E. crus-galli was identified as the most difficult-to-control weeds and G. glabra and P. oleraceae were the next ones. None of doses of new herbicide showed injury symptoms on corn.

Dicamba+mesotrione+nicosulfuron (700 and 800 g ha-1) showed 70-85 weed control efficiency averaged in the all experimental locations and it could be recommended to be used in corn field after registration process. Due to environmental concern, it could be applied at lower doses when difficult-to-control weeds were not present. Thiencarbazone+isoxaflutol+cyprosulfamide was found to be the high efficient herbicide. Barnyard grass, licorice and common purslane were difficult-to-control weed species or there were not controlled by new herbicides. We also suggest evaluation of the herbicides for their residual effects on the succeeding crops.

Cadmium (Cd) is the most mobile heavy element in the soil. This element in plants has a negative effect on the main function of the plant such as photosynthesis, cell proliferation, and water uptake by plant roots. Resistance adaptation of some plants allows them to store high concentrations of heavy metals in their tissues without symptoms of poisoning, which eliminates them and revitalizes the environment. Corn (Zea mays L.) is able to continuously extract metals from contaminated soils by transferring them from roots to shoots. Corn was also a promising crop for phytoremediation due to its extensive root system, high biomass, and compatibility with cadmium soils. Also, legumes such as soybeans (Glycine max L.) can accumulate heavy metals in their tissue, and their interaction with B. japonicum is an important aspect influencing the behavior of soybeans under heavy metal stress. Mixed culture is a common cropping method that increases biomass. The use of this method in plants intended for plant extraction is of great importance because in contaminated soils it affects the uptake of heavy elements by plants. Therefore, due to the importance of soil contamination with heavy elements, this study was designed to investigate the effect of mono and mixed corn and soybean culture on cadmium contaminated soil.

This experiment was performed in the greenhouse of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University as a factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor of cadmium concentrations was 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg kg-1. The second factor was corn and soybean cultivation ratios (maize in pure cultivation, soybean in pure cultivation, corn in mixed cultivation and soybean in mixed cultivation with a ratio of 50: 50). The seeds were planted in 5 kg pots. The density was four plants in the pot was considered. Two months after sowing, the plants were harvested. Pre-harvest measurement traits included plant height and stem diameter and post-harvest measurement traits included shoot dry weight, root dry weight, cadmium concentration of shoot and root, and cadmium concentration in soil.

The results showed that the concentration of cadmium in maize shoots in both mono-culture and mixed culture systems was higher than soybean and mixed cultivation, especially at high levels, increased the concentration of cadmium in maize and soybean shoots. Also, with increasing the levels of heavy metal, the concentrations of cadmium in the roots increased linearly in all culture systems. Maize had more ability to uptake and concentrate metals in its roots than soybeans, and mixed cultivation of maize and soybeans increased the concentration of cadmium in the roots of maize and soybeans. In this experiment. The highest concentrations of root cadmium in mixed maize and soybean crops were recorded 105.97 and 60.46 mg kg-1, respectively.

Dry weight of maize and soybeans was lower in mixed than pure cultivation, which seems to be the main cause of the higher uptake of cadmium in plant organs under mixed culture conditions. In general, the ability of maize to phytoextraction is higher than soybeans due to its higher biomass.

Seed germination is an important stage in the life cycle of plants. Seed germination is affected by various environmental stresses such as salinity, high temperature and drought. Squill (Drimia maritima) is a medicinal plant that is used in traditional medicine and the use of seeds is one of the methods of propagation of this plant. There is no information about the effect of environmental stresses on seed germination of this plant. In this study, the effect of temperature treatments (15, 20 and 25 °C) and different salinity levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mM) on seed germination and seedling growth indices were investigated. The results showed that temperature and salinity treatments have a significant effect on germination and seedling growth indices. At all three temperatures of 15, 20 and 25 °C, seed germination and seedling growth indices decreased under salinity stress and the lowest seed germination and seedling growth were obtained in 200 and 250 mM sodium chloride treatments. At all three temperatures, salinity stress had a inhibitory effect on seedling growth indices such as the length of different seedling sections and the fresh and dry weight of seedlings as well as the seedling vigor index of Squill. The results of the present experiment showed that Squill is sensitive to salinity in the germination stage and the temperature of 20°C is the appropriate temperature for the germination of the Squill’s seed.

Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important crops in Fars province and Iran. The area under cultivation of this crop is 337,000 hectares in Fars’s province. The weeds are one of the most famous factors limiting in the production of wheat in Iran and the world. Weeds can decrease grain yield of wheat by competing for resources such as water, light and nutrients and production of allelopathic compounds. If weeds are not controlled at this crop, cause great damage to the wheat. The amount of weed damage in wheat fields of Iran has been reported to be about 20 to 25%. The most important weeds of wheat in Fars are including Mavla neglecta Wallr., Centaurea solstitialis L., Veronica persica L., Carthamus oxyacanthus M.B., Capsella bursa-pastoris, L., Descurainia Sophia (L.) Webb&Berth, Hirschfeldia incana L., Lolium rigidum L., Avena fatua L., Bromus tectorum L. Application of herbicides is the most prevalent method of weed control in wheat fields. There are 26 herbicides registered for weed control in wheat in Iran, which are mainly used post-emergence. Herbicides are recommended for weed control in wheat included of Total, Othello, Atlantis, Geranestar, Bromicid MA, Apiros, Tapik and Axial. Therefore, it is necessary to register new herbicides with different site of action in this crop. This experiment was conducted to investigate the new herbicide efficacy of clodinafop propargil+ metribuzin in control of wheat fields, determination of the most appropriate dose, comparison of the effectiveness of new herbicide with the herbicides was recorded in wheat and the reaction of wheat to the herbicideMaterials and Methods In order to study the effect of herbicides to control weeds of wheat fields, an experiment was conducted during 2020- 2021 at Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Darab, Iran. Plots were located on a clay loam soil with pH 7.9. This experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with 13 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments included post emergence application of Total (methsulfuron+ sulfosulfuron, 80% WG) at dose rate of 40 g ha-1, Othello (mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron+ diflufenican, 6% OD) at dose rate of 1.6 L ha-1, Tapik (clodinafop propargil, 8% EC) + Geranestar (tribenuron, 75% DF) at dose rates of 0.8 L ha-1+ 20 g ha-1, Tapik (clodinafop propargil) + Bromicid MA (bromoxynil+ MCPA, 40% EC) at dose rates of 1 L ha-1+ 1.5 L ha-1, ACM– 9 (clodinafop propargil + metribuzin, 29% WP) at dose rates of 500, 600, 700 g ha-1, Shagun 21-11 (clodinafop propargil+ metribuzin, 54% WG) at dose rates of 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 g ha-1 and weeding control. The herbicides were applied using a Matabi sprayer equipped with an 8002 flat fan nozzle tip delivering 350 L ha-1 at 2 bar spray pressure. Weed numbers and dry weights were determined in random 0.50-m2 quadrates per plot. The grain yield and biological yield were recorded for a 2 m2 and 0.50 m2 from each plot, respectively. Parameters were recorded including and control percentage of density, weed biomass, plant height, grains per spike, number spikes, 1000 grains weigh, grain yield and biological yield. Statistical analyses of data were done with SAS var 9 software and comparison of mean was tested using the LSD test at 5% level.Results and DiscussionThe weed infestations in the study consisted of Hirschfeldia incana L., Centaurea pallescens L., Veronica persica L., Malva neglecta L., Lolium rigidum L., and Convolvulus arvensis L. Among these weeds, Centaurea pallescens had the highest relative weight at 24%, while Convolvulus arvensis had the lowest relative weight at 8%. In terms of relative density, Veronica persica had the highest value at 44%, while Convolvulus arvensis had the lowest at 7%. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that the application of herbicides significantly reduced weed density and biomass. It also led to increased plant height, number of spikes per m2, grains per spike, 1000 grains weight, grain yield, and biological yield. Visual observations confirmed the effective control of these weeds using the ACM herbicide at a dose rate of 700 g ha-1. The best herbicide treatment for weed control was Tapik+ Bromicid MA, followed by ACM herbicide at a dose rate of 700 g ha-1. The ACM herbicide at a dose rate of 700 g ha-1 resulted in a significant reduction in biomass for Malva neglecta (87%), Lolium rigidum (76%), Hirschfeldia incana (81%), Centaurea pallescens (90%), Veronica persica (86%), and total weed (80%) compared to the weed control. Furthermore, when the ACM herbicide was applied at a dose rate of 700 g ha-1, the grain yield and biological yield were 5.65 and 14.51 tons ha-1, respectively. This treatment also led to a 26% increase in grain yield and a 25% increase in biological yield compared to the control.Conclusion Results showed that applications of powder formulation of clodinafop+ metribuzin herbicide at dose rate of 700 g ha-1 had acceptable weed control efficacy and increased wheat yield. Therefore, the application of clodinafop+ metribuzin (WP) herbicide at dose rate of 700 g ha-1 is suggested for wheat fields.