جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "گرده" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

 As a member of the Lamiaceae family native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa, Vitex agnus-castus is a popular medicinal plant. Despite much research, it is always essential to verify the safety of this valuable species, as it is among the world's best-selling plants. Several species in the genus Vitex do not exhibit recognizable morphologies, confusing their identification. The medicinal use of V. agnus-castus differs from that of other species. For effective pharmaceutical performance, the identification of this species is essential. This study used morphological, micromorphological, and molecular approaches to identify this medicinal plant.

 A total of 17 populations of the target species were investigated in Maraveh Tappeh, a city in the Golestan province located in the eastern region. Pollen samples were collected directly from the natural habitat of the target area. After acetolysis, 30-40 pollen grains were photographed from the polar and equatorial views with a light microscope and 40 and 100 magnification and with the help of a Canon digital camera. In order to study the seed morphology, fully ripe fruits were collected from each studied population during the fruiting season. Twenty seeds from each population were kept for photography with light microscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electron micrographs were prepared from suitable seeds and pollen at the Razi Metallurgical Research Center (RMRC) using an SEM electron microscope. Leaf cells from herbarium samples were extracted from DNA using a DNA extraction kit. Plastid trnL-trnF sequences and nrDNA ITS region sequences were used as barcodes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in 20 microliters with desired primers and a specific temperature program in a thermocycler. After performing the polymerase chain reaction, in order to ensure the amplification of fragments, the final product was electrophoresed. Strong single bands were sent to Codon Genetics Company in Tehran for sequencing.

 Pollen grains of all species are small (12-28 micrometers). According to Ertman's classification, Ghazan ghayeh pollen grains are prolate spheroidal (elongated spherical), and Ghoshe Tappeh pollen grains are subprolate (semi-elongated). All pollen grains are tricolporate. Ghazan ghayeh ornamentation is micro-perforated, while Ghoshe Tappeh ornamentations are reticulated-micro-perforated. With an average length of 3.84 mm and width of 1.52 mm, Ghazan ghayeh seeds are the largest. They are all almond-shaped, but in the Ghazan Ghayeh population, the outer surface of the seed is hollow; in the Ghoshe Tappeh population, the surface is wrinkled and striated. The trnL-trnF gene locus was found to have a multiplication success rate of 85% in the examined plants. There were 516 nucleotides in the amplified fragment in this species. For final registration, the sequence was sent to the GenBank. A 675 nucleotide fragment amplified from this species' ITS marker was sequenced, and the chromatograms were compared with the NCBI database. The gene bank has been notified of the sequence determination. The results showed the highest similarity (98%) with the Vitex agnus-castus species reported from America.

 Local herbal medicines are gaining popularity in different countries and play a significant role in treating diseases today. In order to make medicinal plants more accessible, we need to pay more attention to trust, marketing, and consumption. Barcoding and molecular approaches serve this purpose effectively. To compare plant samples available on the market with natural medicinal plants using DNA barcoding of correctly identified medicinal species. Hence, the sequences used in this study are essential for barcoding Vitex agnus-castus. The medicinal species has been correctly identified and can be used as a standard for evaluating the plants available on the market.

Understanding the relationship between vegetation and environmental factors is effective in better managing the ecosystem of an area. In this research, the molecular, morphological, pollinological and anatomical indices of Juniperus excelsa in North Khorasan Province, Goinik Jargalan region were evaluated. Using the nuclear marker (ITS), the sequence of this taxon was compared with the sequences in the NCBI. Homologous evolution through recombination or unequal gene exchange has caused the convergence of nuclear sequence repeats. Morphological indices of female cone and seed were studied. Pollen grains were examined by light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that all single pollen grains were Ulcurate type, asymmetrical and small in size. They are prolate spheroidal with granulate exine. The outline of the pollen in LM is circular with a smooth surface and no holes, but in the pollen grains examined in the SEM, they are irregular and have holes. Transverse section of stem and leaf was examined in anatomical studies. The results obtained from leaf anatomical studies showed that in J. excelsa species, the average external length of stomata is 28.47 micrometers and its internal length is 17.18 micrometers. Also, the average external width of the aperture was 13.66 µm and the internal width of the aperture was 4.87 µm. The density of the stomata in the unit is 136 (mm2). In the transverse section, the cross-section of juniperus stem has a circular shape in the top branches, because the average longitudinal and transverse diameters of the region do not differ much. The average diameter of the large cross section is 286.3 µm and the small diameter of the cross section is 278.5 µm and the average thickness of the skin is 201.8 µm. In the discussion of restoration and reproduction of endangered species, finding a suitable natural place for the production and breeding of these species is very important. Therefore, if the protection of J. excelsa species is neglected due to the easy access of human factors to this area, the risk of destruction threatens them as well as other rare plant species.

Juniperus is one of the few conifers in Iran, which has six species and forms mostly sparse forests with scattered trees. Among them, Juniperus polycarpos and J.excela are more widespread than the other species. Due to the great similarity in their phenotypes, it is difficult to distinguish the two species from each other. In this study, pollinological, anatomical, and molecular indicators were evaluated to identify and differentiate these two Juniper species in the Chahar-Bagh region of Gorgan province, Iran. Using nrDNA ITS nuclear marker, molecular relationships between the two species were investigated. Phylogeny analyzes showed that two species are monophyletic and the populations were subdivided into unresolved subclades I and II. Pollen grains of the two species, J. polycarpos and J. excelsa, were examined using light (LM) and scanning electron (SEM) microscopes. The results showed that all pollen grains were monad, ulcurate, asymmetric, and small in size. In terms of shape, both species were spheroidal (prolate spheroidal) with granular exine ornamentations. The general shape of the pollens in the LM was circular with a smooth surface and no fovea, but the pollen grains examined under SEM were irregular and had fovea. The results of the anatomical studies of the stems also showed little difference, and it was not possible to distinguish and identify the two species. The results indicate that one species is probably distributed in the Chahar-Bagh region and these two taxons are synonymous.

Hoverflies can play an important role in aphid biological control. Adults are dependent on flower pollen and nectar to survive. The plants providing these sources for species of Eupoedes corollae, Episyrphus balteatus, Sphaerophoria scripta and Scaeva albomaculata in several agro-ecosystems including wheat, canola, apple and stone fruit trees in Kermanshah province were studied during 2015-16. Their visit numbers on the target plants in each square meter were recorded at each sampling time in 10 replications within 5 minutes. The experiments were carried out in a completely randomized, unbalanced design with respect to the canopy cover percentage of each plant from early spring until the plants were dried completely. The results showed that Geranium tuberosum, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Lamium amplexicaule, Senecio vernalis and Alyssum hirsutum were the most attractive plants for E. corollae respectively. For E. balteatus, the species, C. bursa-pastoris, Sinapis arvensis, Erodium cicutarium, G. tuberosum and Descurainia Sophia, were the best attractive plants respectively. For Sph. Scripta, the plants, C. bursa-pastoris, Brassica napus, S. arvensis, Rapistrum rugosum and G. tuberosum had the highest attraction respectively. Also for S. albomaculata, the species of Cardaria draba, Raphanus raphanistrum, Brassica napus, C. bursa -pastoris and G. tuberosum were the highest attractive respectively. In conclusion, G. tuberosum and C. bursa-pastoris were the most attractive plants for all studied syrphid species in all of the agro-ecosystems.

In the absence of pollen in nature, the lack of access to appropriate sources of protein in the bee protects the life and survival of the colony with serious risks, and this lack has many effects on colony development and survival. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of pollen replacement nutrition with egg-dried yolk and pollen supplements with dried pollen grains on colonies in the bee colonies. The studied traits in this study included colony population, infant growth and population growth, the shelf life of colonies and consumption and production of honey. This research was conducted in a completely randomized design with three treatments and ten replications. The results of this study showed that in the first and second stage of measurements of mean population, there was a significant difference between two pollen replacement and pollen supplements with control treatment in the three selected cities, and there was a significant difference between pollen replacement and pollen supplements (P<0.05). In the first and second stage of counting and measurement of infant growth and population growth in the three mentioned cities, there was a significant difference between pollen replacement treatments and pollen supplementation with control treatment (P<0.05). The means of honey production per colony in all regress, there was a significant difference between the two treatments and control group (P<0.05). There was a significant difference between the amount of winter honey consumption in three counties, between replacement treatment and pollen supplementation with control treatment (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that in the absence of pollen, pollen replacement compounds could be used without any adverse effects. Pollen replacement had no negative impact on population growth, infant growth and population growth, the use of winter honey had no weight gain. Meanwhile, the cost of using pollen replacement is much lower than pollen supplements.

The predatory mite, Neoseiulus barkeri, is one of the most important biocontrol agents of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch or other pests. Some of the phytoseiid mites utilize pollen as a food source and develop and reproduce on a pollen diet as well. They require pollen for successful development and reproduction. The predatory mite was collected from cucumber field infested with two-spotted spider mite in Khoramabad in Lorestan province. In this research, the effect of diets such as, maize pollen, walnut pollen, sunflower pollen, date pollen, bee pollen with or without two-spotted spider mite eggs in laboratory conditions (27±1˚C, 16L: 8D photoperiod and 70-80% RH) was compared. The life tables of the predator were constructed based on two- sex life table. The population parameters were estimated based on Chi & Liu’s model, using data of both sexes and the variable developmental rate among individuals. The results showed that total immature mortality when N. barkeri fed on only sunflower pollen or bee pollen was 100%.The developmental times of different stages on tested plant pollen showed significant differences. The progeny sex ratio when fed on date pollen (58%) and spider mite eggs (77%) and tested plant pollen plus spider mite was more female biased. The highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) was recorded when N. barkeri fed on corn pollen + spider mite (0.244 day-1) and on date pollen + spider mite (0.225 day-1). The female longevity when fed on date pollen +spider mite egg (12.12 days) and walnut pollen + spider mite egg (11.15 days) were longer than the other treatments. The comparison between predatory mite that fed on pollen only and mites that fed on pollen+spider mite showed that longevity of mites when fed on pollen only was longer, however, the fecundity rate of predatory mite when fed on pollens and spider mite was higher. The predatory mite fed on maize, walnut and date pollens, was able to complete the developmental stages and oviposit. Maize, walnut and date pollens were suitable alternative foods for the mass rearing of this predator.

Honey bees like other animals needs essential ingredients for growth and survival. Honey bee nutrition can be investigated on three levels, colony nutrition, adult nutrition and larva nutrition. Honey bee were supplemented with foods to meet their nutritional requirements at time of the year when natural food sources (nectar and pollen) is insufficient or unavailable. Supplementary feeding of honey bee is usually discussed in the form of suger and protein. In the proper management of colonies, we should be certain from enough reserves and make supplement them with carbohydrates in the time that is essential. The use of protein supplements in the complementary feeding bees is usually in the form of pollen substitues and pollen supplement.

The uses of honey bee products, especially honey, in medicine go back thousands years ago in ancient Egypt, Greece and China. In many religious texts such as the Quran, Veda and Bible, the nutritional and medicinal properties of honey are mentioned. Medicinal properties of beeswax and propolis have long been, while recently attention to royal jelly and bee venom increased. Honey, pollen and royal jelly are very important at the point of Supplying nutritional requirements. In comparison with synthetic drugs, bee products have multiple healing properties but fewer side effects. Nowadays, with increase in public knowledge uses of bee products will increase.

Ducrosia anethifolia (DC) Boiss as a medicinal plant is a biennial herb of the Apiaceae family. Its origin is Iran and possessed n=11 (2n = 2x = 22) chromosome number forming mainly both rod and ring bivalents with some quadrivalents and univalents. A variety of abnormal chromosomal behaviors including chromosomal stickiness, bridge, laggards, micronucleus and precocious chromosome migration were observed, albeit with low frequency. Meiotic index was estimated. Tetrads with 4 equal-sized cells were considered normal and any deviation as abnormal. Pollen fertility was estimated by stainability. Few meiotic abnormalities were observed; as a consequence, high pollen fertility was concluded. Well-filled pollen grains with stained nuclei were regarded as fertile while shriveled, smaller microspores and unstained pollen were counted as sterile. This study reveals that meiosis in the species is normal, with high meiotic index and regular bivalent formation in most of the studied cells. Furthermore, the pollen stainability was 97% in this case.

In this research, effect of feeding of five pollen sources, apple, pear, almond, apricot and walnut, as 5 treatments on the period of egg to adult, longevity and fecundity of the predatory mite, Typhlodromus bagdasarjani, was studied in a complete randomized design (CRD). Mites kept individually on black mulberry leaf discs at 24±2 °C temperature, 60±5 % relative humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hours, with a sufficient quantity of the pollens. Results showed that T. bagdasarjani could develop and reproduce when the predatory mite feed on the all of diets. Thus, the pollens can be alternative foods for the mite. The mean of developmental time from egg to adult emergence varied between the treatments from 11.69 to 21.49 days for females and 11.70 to 20.07 days for males. The minimum mean of developmental time of females and males was on walnut, almond and apple pollens and the maximum mean of it was on pear pollen. The mean of longevity varied among the treatments from 17.45 to 31.26 days for the females and 18.23 to 31.44 days for the male insects. The maximum mean longevity was on apricot and almond pollens for females and it had maximum amount on apricot and walnut for males. The minimum mean of longevity of females and males was on pear pollen. Also the maximum means of daily and total fecundity (0.73 and 9.60 eggs/female) were on apple and walnut pollens. The minimum amount of these means was on pear pollen. According to these results, almond and walnut pollens were the most suitable diet for T. bagdasarjani as compared to the other pollens. Among diets, pear pollen had least desirability and nutritional value for the mite.

The identificiation of fungi and preventing their growth in beehives product are important factors for beekeepers, and honey quality, and human health. In this study a number of 400 beehives were rondomely sampled from five location(Ardabil, germi, khalkhal, neer and meshkin shahr), in Ardabil, Iran, in summer and spring season. We randomely included No. of 10 apiaries from each location in each season. From each apiary, four beehives were rondomly included. Both honey and pollen samples were prepared in two plate culture: A - sabro dextrose agar + chloramphenicol + cyclohexamide. B - sabro dextrose agar + chloramphenicol .The results indicated that the percentage of fungal - yeast - contaminated were 77/75 and 63/25 in pollen grains and honey respectivelly. In pollen sample a number of 2, 14 and 6 and in honey samples a number of 0, 12 and 4 individuals of Ascosphera apis (cause of chalk brood) and Aspergillus flavus (cause of stone brood ) and Aspergillus fumigatus were observed respectivelly.