جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "manure" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

In this study, the effect of biochar, leonardite and coal was investigated on humification and germination index, and the concentration of some elements in the co-composting of manure and forest organic materials. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design with two factors, namely treatments at two levels (2 and 4% by weight) mixed with the raw materials and time was the second factor. Sampling was carried out during the composting process in the first to 12 weeks, measuring temperature, EC, C/N ratio, nitrate, and total concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn, humification and germination index in the compost. The results showed that the coal (2%) had the highest temperature, while the leonardite (2%) had the longest thermophilic phase period. The coal (4%) led to a significant increase in EC, and biochar increased nitrate concentration and C/N ratio. The addition of leonardite resulted in a significant increase in humic and fulvic acids concentrations, as well as the highest values of humification and of polymerization index. The additives did not have a significant effect on germination index and the E3/E5 and E4/E6 ratios. The control had higher concentrations of measured elements compared to other treatments. The results of this study suggest that considering the cost of raw materials, coal is a suitable treatment for accelerating the production and improving the quality of compost, and leonardite, due to its high humic substrate, can be used at the end of composting for the enrichment of the produced compost.

Using chemical fertilizers is considered a common method to improve soil fertility. In recent decades, the increase in crop production has depended on chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers. This issue has increased environmental pollution and damage to agricultural ecosystems in intensive agricultural systems. So, the continuous use of chemical fertilizers has destroyed the soil structure and reduced the potential yield of crops. To coordinate with sustainable agriculture's goals and deal with the adverse effects caused by the use of chemical fertilizers, biofertilizers have been proposed as an alternative to chemical fertilizers. Various studies have shown that the presence of agglomerans bacteria in the rhizosphere increases the yield of various crops by improving the absorption of nutrients including nitrogen. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to evaluate the use of fertilizer P agglomerans as biofertilizers in lettuce production.

To investigate the effect of fertilizer (urea and manure) on lettuce under the seed inoculation with P. agglomerans condition, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design in the greenhouse Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of the University of Hormozgan, in three replications. The experimental factors include inoculation or non-inoculation of lettuce seeds with P. agglomerans bacteria as the first factor and fertilizer levels including 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 as urea fertilizer (108.7 and 217.4 kg ha-1) and manure (5000 and 10000 kg ha-1) as second factors. The evaluated traits included leaf pigment content (chlorophyll and carotenoids), vegetative characteristics (final leaf area, final leaf area index, final head height, and diameter), qualitative characteristics (total phenol, flavonoid, and leaf nitrate content), and yield (head and economic yields and percentage of yield reduction).

The results of the main effect showed that the application of 100 kg N ha-1 as urea caused a significant increase in leaf number and final leaf area index, chlorophyll a, total, and carotenoid content compared to non-fertilizer control, which did not have a significant difference with the application of 100 kg N ha-1 of manure. However, the highest level of leaf TSS was obtained in the presence of 100 kg N ha-1 of manure. Seed inoculation caused a significant increase in the leaf number per plant, the final leaf area, and the final leaf area index by 12.54, 26.9, and 26.5%, respectively. The highest chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were obtained by applying 100 kg N ha-1 of manure and seed inoculation. Seed inoculation increased the head height and diameter compared to no inoculation, although this increase was not significant. Also, seed inoculation increased leaf phenol and flavonoid content at each level of fertilizer, which was significant for two levels of manure. With the application of fertilizer, the total leaf phenol and flavonoid content increased significantly compared to the non-fertilizer control. In the condition of no seed inoculation, the application of urea and animal manure fertilizer at the rate of 100 kg N ha-1 increases the total phenol by 40.5 and 34.8 percent, respectively, and the flavonoid increases by 62.4 and 34.7 percent, respectively, compared to the non-fertilizer control. Leaf nitrate, as a qualitative index that is directly related to human health, was affected by experimental treatments. Fertilizer application caused a significant increase in this index, and the largest increase was observed with urea application. Seed inoculation with agglomerans reduced lettuce leaf nitrate at all fertilizer levels. But this reduction was significant only for animal manure. The results showed that in the conditions of non-seed inoculation and seed inoculation with P. agglomerans, the application of 100 kg N ha-1 as urea increased leaf nitrate by 69.6% and 69.3%, respectively, compared to the control, while these values ​​for the highest level of animal manure were obtained by 37.3% and 22.1% respectively. These results showed that seed inoculation with P. agglomerans increased economical yield in non-fertilizer application, application of 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 of urea, application of 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 of manure, by 18.0, 32.5, 15.4, 27.0 and 15.4% respectively, compared to non- seed inoculation. The application of fertilizer and seed inoculation caused a significant decrease in the percentage of yield reduction from 15.5 to 42.0%.

In this study, seed inoculation with agglomerans increased leaf chlorophyll content, vegetative and yield indices as well as quality characteristics of lettuce leaves. Leaf nitrate increased with fertilizer application, but seed inoculation with P. agglomerans caused a significant decrease in this quality index. Overall, the results of this research showed that the inoculation of lettuce seeds in the presence of urea and animal manure increased the economical yield and reduced the percentage of yield reduction through improving vegetative characteristics and increasing leaf chlorophyll.

In this research, the effectiveness of five organic matter treatments were investigated to determine the amount of soil organic matter, rhizosphere fungal and bacterial population. Microbial population in rhizosphere and nutrients concentration in the aerial part of corn were carried out in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. Before planting maize, soil organic matter was measured before and after adding five organic matter treatments for one year. Then, maize was planted and harvested before it reached seed production, and the concentration of some nutrients in the aerial part of maize was determined. Also, the bacterial and fungal populations were determined in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. The results showed that the largest population of rhizospheric bacteria in the treatments of Leonardite (231×104 cfu g-1 soil), fulvic acid (229×104 cfu g-1 soil) and calcium lignosulfonate (218×104 cfu g-1 soil) and the largest population of rhizospheric fungi in the treatment of calcium lignosulfonate (263×103 cfu g-1 soil) was observed to show a significant increase compared to the control treatment. The highest maize leaf nitrogen was observed in the treatment of fulvic acid (35.78 g kg-1) and calcium lignosulfonate (33.9 g kg-1), and the highest leaf phosphorus was observed in the treatment of fulvic acid (4.27 g kg-1) compared to the control treatment. In the treatments of fulvic acid, calcium lignosulfonate, and Leonardite, the highest amount of potassium was measured, and in the treatment of calcium lignosulfonate, the highest amount of calcium and magnesium was measured. Leaf sulfur was the highest in Leonardite treatment, but there was no significant difference with calcium lignosulfonate and fulvic acid treatments. The amounts of leaf micronutrients were the highest in the fulvic acid treatment, but iron and copper in the leaves were also the highest in the calcium lignosulfonate treatment.

The availability of organic matter in deficit irrigation conditions can be a practical solution to compensate the negative effects of drought stress. In order to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and chemical fertilizers on yield and some physiological traits of quinoa an experiment was conducted in 2019 as split plot based on a randomized complete block design in two locations (Mashhad and Neishabour). Irrigation levels included, I0: full irrigation, I1: irrigation at emergence stage, I2: irrigation at stem elongation stage, I3: irrigation at flowering stage, I4: irrigation at seed setting stage. Fertilizer treatments included control (no fertilizer application); chemical fertilizer application according to local practices; manure application of 10 tons; and manure application of 20 tons per hectare. Seed yield and yield components, leaf area index, crop growth rate and relative growth rate were measured. The highest 1000-seed weight was obtained in 20 tons of manure and I2 treatment in Neishabour. The lowest 1000-seed weight was obtained in 10 and 20 tons of manure and I1 in Neishabour. The lowest grain yield in I1 treatment was observed in Neishabour and the highest grain yield in I0 treatment with 20 t.ha-1 manure was observed in Mashhad. Fertilizer treatments increased crop growth rate in both experimental sites, but the effect of manure on increasing crop growth rate was greater than the effect of chemical fertilizer. However, due to the high fat content of quinoa, the use of 20 tons of manure per hectare is recommended if it is purely economic. In general, I2 treatment along with the application of manure in both places had high grain yield and dry matter production.

Rapeseed is the second most important plant for oil production in the country due to having more than 40% of oil in the seed, resistance to some environmental stresses, and suitable combination of fatty acids. Water deficit in the stage of reproductive growth severely affects the rapeseed yield because the number of seeds and the weight of seeds decrease. Water shortage in the flowering stage also reduces the seed oil percentage and oil yield of rapeseed. In some areas of Khuzestan province, rapeseed is mainly cultivated as a beak crop. This issue causes the growth period of rapeseed to coincide with the growth of some other crops. In this situation, some irrigation turns are necessarily allocated to other plants (including wheat, which is in the pollination stage, and okra, which is in the germination stage), which causes rapeseed to face water shortage, even in the flowering stage. Therefore, it is necessary to apply appropriate management methods to reduce the effects of drought stress on rapeseed during the flowering stage. Among these methods is the use of vermicompost fertilizer and changing the planting date. The present study aimed to address the following inquiries: What impact does vermicompost fertilizer, planting date, and drought stress during the flowering stage have on rapeseed seed and oil production? Can the utilization of vermicompost fertilizer and adjustments to planting dates mitigate the adverse effects of water deficit stress on rapeseed yield?

A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of Shadegan Payam Noor University, Khuzestan, Iran in 2022-23 growing season. The experiment was carried out as a three-factor factorial 2x3x2 with three repetitions. The experimental factors included planting date (November 25 and December 25), vermicompost fertilizer (0.0, 10, and 20 ton ha-1), and irrigation (full irrigation and interruption of irrigation during the flowering stage). In each irrigation stage, the volume of irrigation water was measured and to calculate the efficiency of water consumption, the yield (seed and oil) was divided by the amount of evapotranspiration. At the maturity stage, the seed yield and its related traits included the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, the weight of 1000 seeds, biological yield, harvest index, oil and protein percentage of seed were calculated.

Rapeseed had the highest seed yield (2667 kg ha-1) on the planting date of November 25 with full irrigation, while delay in planting (planting date of November 25) and interruption of irrigation during the flowering stage resulted in the lowest seed yield (1247 kg ha-1) which means a decrease of more than 50% in seed yield. However, if rapeseed is planted on December 25 and fully irrigated, it has a higher seed yield (about 15%) than planting on November 25, along with stopping irrigation during the flowering stage. A similar trend was observed in seed oil percentage and oil yield, so the highest and lowest percentage and yield of rapeseed oil were obtained on the planting date of November 25 with full irrigation and the planting date of December 25 and stopping irrigation at the flowering stage, respectively. The delay in planting and drought stress in the flowering stage reduced the percentage of rapeseed oil by 6% and the yield of oil by about 60%. On the planting date of November 25, rapeseed was superior to the planting date of December 25 in terms of the number of seeds, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, and water efficiency by 35, 25, 23, 18, and 38%, respectively.

Vermicompost fertilizer helped to improve rapeseed seed yield by providing important nutrients. Stopping irrigation during the flowering stage and delaying planting caused a decrease in seed yield and rapeseed oil production. Therefore, to obtain the maximum yield of seed and oil, it is recommended to plant on the 25th of November and full irrigation. It is better to modify the planting pattern in the region to prevent the flowering stages of rapeseed from encountering water shortage.

Although the utilization of chemical fertilizers could be viewed as the best solution in terms of plant productivity, this approach is often inefficient in the long-term. Therefore, application of organic manures is one of the most important strategies for plant nutrition compared to chemical fertilizers, especially in ecological management of crops. In recent years, the effect of exogenous organic amendments on soil properties has received renewed attention. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on growth characteristics and cucumber yield.

In order to evaluate the effects of different organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and growth characteristics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Super Dominus), a field experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with seven treatment and three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during growing seasons 2016-2017. The treatments included chemical fertilizer (200 kg ha-1 NPK, 100, 50 and 50 kg ha-1, respectively), cow manure (40-ton ha-1), vermicompost (10-ton ha-1), vermicompost + NPK (including 5-ton ha-1 vermicompost + 100 kg ha-1 NPK, 50, 25 and 25 kg ha-1, respectively), municipal solid waste compost (10-ton ha-1), plated organic fertilizer (10-ton ha-1) and no fertilizer. The traits such as plant length, number of main and sub branches, average fruit weight, number of fruits and the fruit yield per hectare were evaluated. Analysis of variance was performed by SAS 9.4 software, and means of different treatments were compared by LSD test at the probability level of 5%.

The effect of application of different fertilizer treatments was significant (p≤0.05) on the number of main and sub branches of cucumber. So, cow manure treatments and combination of vermicompost with NPK fertilizer showed the highest number of main and sub branches. Application of organic materials improves microbial activity and physical properties of the soil by increasing the water holding capacity in the soil and increasing the content of available plant nutrients. Therefore, it seems that the higher number of main and sub branches in cow manure treatment and other organic fertilizers is due to improvement of physical and nutritional conditions of the soil.All fertilizer treatments except municipal solid waste compost treatment compared with control significantly increased the yield of cucumber. So that, vermicompost + NPK, vermicompost, cow manure and NPK fertilizer showed the highest yield of cucumber with 35.41, 34.44, 34.5 and 31.59 ton ha-1, respectively, so increased yield by 47, 42, 33 and 28 percent compared with the control. However, the results of group comparison of treatments indicated that the yield of cucumber was not significantly different from that of organic fertilizers compared to NPK fertilizer and vermicompost + NPK, suggesting that nutrition management by organic fertilizers alone can be a very good alternative instead of applying chemical fertilizer in cucumber production. Also reported that application of organic fertilizers significantly improved the yield of tomato and cucumber.

The results of this study showed that cucumber growth and yield were significantly affected by the application of different treatments. So that, the highest and lowest of fruit yield were obtained in vermicompost + NPK and control treatments with corresponding values of 35.41 and 24.65 ton ha-1, respectively. Combined treatment of vermicompost and NPK, cow manure, vermicompost and NPK fertilizer had best results in this study. Since there was no significant difference between yields in these treatments and generally organic fertilizers compared to chemical fertilizer. Hence, given to environmental problems and high cost of chemical fertilizers, the use of vermicompost and cow manure can lead to good results in cucumber production in the field.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of cultivation methods and different organic matters (vermicompost, Licorice root waste and manure) on glycyrrhizic acide contant and morphophysiological characteristics of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). Treatments comprised of two cultivation methods (transplanting and direct seeding) in combination with three types of organic matter (vermicompost, Licorice root waste and manure) at four levels of 0, 10, 20 and 40 tons per hectare. Results showed that the highest root fresh and dry weight was achived in transplanting method in 40 tons per ha of each manure. The highest starch content was attained from transplanting method in addition vermicompost at 20 and 40 tons per ha with no significant differences. The amount of root sodium in transplanting cultivation method and application of vermicompost and manure was significantly higher than the application of Licorice waste root together with seedling cultivation method.The highest amount of root potassium was obtained in the application of 40 ton per ha of Licorice waste root and manure.The maximum glycyrrhizic acid percent was recived in the application of 20 ton per ha of licorice waste root and the highest glycyrrhizic acid yield per ha was obtained from transplanting method plus application of manure at 20 and 40 tons per ha and Licorice root waste at 20 ton per hectare with no significant differences. In general, transplanting method as well as application of 20 to 40 tons per hectare manure or 20 tons per hectar of Licorice root waste is recommended.

To find the best treatment of cow manure mixing using the best tillage methods and improving sugarbeet yield and soil bulk density and chemical properties, a randomized complete block design the form of a strip plot was replicated three times. Three rates of manure (0, 20, and 40 t/ha) and five tillage methods were used. The analysis of two years of combined data showed that cyclotiller with the mean of 61093 kg/ha and sweep had the highest yield and effect on soil bulk density. Soil chemical properties like soil organic carbon, soil phosphorus, and soil potassium were also measured for data analysis. The results of two-years analyses of data also showed that the cow manure treatments caused more yield of sugarbeet and improved soil physical properties like reducing soil bulk density and soil compaction. Also, using secondary soil tillage machines of cyclotiller and sweep can improve the mixing of manure with soil and soil physical properties and yield of sugarbeet and sugar percentage. In other words, using a cyclotiller and sweep raised the yield and sugar percentage of sugarbeet and reduced soil compaction.

Increasing the yield of agricultural products per unit area is very important for preparing the food needed by the growing population of the country. One of the solutions is to add fertilizers in different forms and compositions to the soil to increase crop yield and strengthen soil fertility. Far away has been common all over the world.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of camel manure and manganese sulfate on growth and yield and yield components of Setaria italic, a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2009-2010 in Abuzar well cultivated lands. Khosf city was implemented. Experimental treatments included: camel manure at three levels (0, 10 and 20 t / ha) and manganese sulfate at four levels (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha).

The results of statistical analysis of the data showed that different levels of manure and manganese sulfate and the interaction between them had a significant effect on biological yield, number of grains per panicle and grain yield. So that the highest values ​​of the above indices were observed in the treatment of manure 20 tons per hectare and 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. The highest and lowest number of panicles were obtained in the treatment of 20 tons of camel manure and the application of 30 kg/ha of manganese sulfate and the control treatment without the use of camel manganese and manganese sulfate. The length of the panicle was also affected by the main effects of manure and manganese sulfate. So that the maximum panicle length was obtained in the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of manure and the treatment of 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. The effect of manure levels on number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant and number of plants per square meter was significant, but other effects had no significant effect on these traits and the highest number of tillers per plant, number of spikes per plant and number of plants In the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure were obtained per square meter. The main effects of different levels of manure and manganese sulfate at the level of one percent probability had a significant effect on 1000-grain weight and millet harvest index, but the interaction of these factors did not have a significant effect on these traits. The highest 1000-seed weight was observed in the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and the treatment of 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. Also, the highest harvest index was related to the treatment of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and also the highest harvest index was obtained from the consumption of 60 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate.

Finally, it can be concluded that the best treatments in this experiment were the use of 20 tons per hectare of camel manure and 90 kg per hectare of manganese sulfate. In fact, manure improves plant growth by gradually providing elements and using micronutrients. The use of manure is one of the appropriate solutions to achieve ecological agriculture that can increase agricultural production and due to the fact that most of the soils of South Khorasan province are calcareous and manganese deficient, the use of this element can be Help to remove this limitation and increase plant yield.

Soil organic matter is one of the main indicators of soil quality and soil production capacity. It provides some nutrients for plant growth and improves the physical conditions of the soil. In addition to the importance of soil organic matter from an agricultural point of view, there is a deep and close relationship between the amount of soil organic matter and the amount of carbon dioxide in the air, global warming, and desertification. In addition, due to the lack of organic matter in the soils of arid and semi-arid regions, the use of organic compounds such as animal manures is considered an important and effective management factor on soil quality and improving the physical, chemical, and fertility properties of the soil. The supply sources of organic fertilizers in Iran are very diverse, which include animal manure, green manure, and all kinds of composts including urban waste composts and sewage sludge. Different sources of organic matter and their effect on plant growth have been investigated by various researchers. One of the effective ways to produce and increase crop yield is the combined use of organic and chemical fertilizers. The use of chemical fertilizers is the fastest and most reliable way to ensure soil fertility. Still, the high costs of these fertilizers, pollution, and destruction of the environment and soil are the defects of these fertilizers. Using organic fertilizers reduces the consumption of chemical fertilizers and increases the production of crops and garden crops. According to the recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture to use fewer chemical fertilizers and to encourage farmers to use more organic fertilizers, and considering that a major part of the nitrogen in animal manure is wasted before consumption, investigating the effect of organic fertilizers on plant growth is a special priority. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the optimal levels of organic fertilizer and nitrogen for wheat cultivation in the Khorramabad region.

A split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was implemented in the agricultural research station of Sarab Chengai Khorramabad during the crop year 2018-2019. This station has a moderate climate, an altitude of 1171 m asl, and an average annual rainfall of 516 mm. This station has a xeric humidity regime and a thermic temperature regime. Experimental treatments were: A- Organic fertilizer as the main treatment: M1 (control), M2 (10 tons of manure ha-1), M3 (20 tons of manure ha-1), M4 (10 tons of compost ha -1), and M5 (20 tons of compost ha -1). B- Consumption of urea fertilizer based on soil test as a sub-treatment: N1 (control), N2 (100% of fertilizer recommended based on soil test), N3 (75% of fertilizer recommended based on soil test), and N4 (50% of fertilizer recommended based on soil test). The type of crops and their rotations were wheat and corn according to common rotation in the region. Chamran variety wheat was planted on 2 November and wheat was harvested on 25 June with the amount of seed used 150 kg ha-1, single grass 704 corn variety was planted on 1 July and corn was harvested on 26 October with the amount of seed used 30 kg ha-1. It was done manually. All operations, such as the method and amount of irrigation water, fighting against pests and weeds, were carried out according to the advice of agricultural experts. This experiment was carried out in the form of alternating wheat and corn.

The results showed that in wheat, the highest straw yield in N3M2 treatment increased by 57.2% compared to control, the highest grain yield in N3M1 treatment increased by 33.6% compared to control, the highest total yield in N3M2 treatment increased by 39.8% compared to control. The highest harvest index related to the N4M4 treatment is an increase of 11.3% compared to the control, the highest number of seeds in the bunch related to the N3M2 treatment is a 50% increase compared to the control, and the highest thousand seed weight is related to the N3M4 treatment, which is a 16.6% increase compared to the control and has no significant difference with N3M3 treatment. In corn, the highest fresh weight of aerial organs related to N3M1 treatment is a 34.3% increase compared to the control, the highest nitrogen concentration of N2M2 is a 16.7% increase compared to the control, the highest seed protein is related to the N2M2 treatment is 15.8% increase compared to the control. Therefore, the use of 75% nitrogen of the soil test for wheat (187.5 kg.ha-1 urea) and 100% of the soil test (200 kg ha-1 urea) for corn, as well as the use of 10 t ha-1 manure have a beneficial effect on the growth characteristics of wheat and corn. In general, for wheat, among the treatments of combined use of organic fertilizer and chemical nitrogen fertilizer, the use of 20 t.ha-1 compost fertilizer along with 50% of recommended urea fertilizer based on the soil test (M5N4 treatment) showed the greatest effect on grain yield. In the case of corn, treatment M4N4 (use of 10 t.ha-1 compost fertilizer along with 50% of recommended urea fertilizer based on soil test) had the greatest effect on fresh weight.

The results of this research showed that in wheat cultivation, the consumption of 75% nitrogen recommended in the soil test can increase yield and yield components compared to control. Combined use of organic fertilizer and nitrogen can significantly increase grain yield, straw, biological yield, the weight of 1000 seeds, harvest index, and the number of seeds in the cluster. The results regarding corn cultivation also showed that the use of 100% nitrogen according to the soil test has a higher efficiency than other treatments. Among the organic fertilizer treatments, 10 t ha-1 animal manure is recommended. Therefore, to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and increase the quality of soil properties, to prevent the reduction of soil organic matter and the destruction of the environment, the combined use of organic and chemical fertilizers is recommended.

Iranian shallot, scientifically known as Allium hirtifolium, is an important medicinal, edible, and industrial plant that grows in different regions of Iran, especially in the Central Zagros. Since this plant is harvested from its natural environment for consumption, it is necessary to cultivate and study various factors that affect its quantitative and qualitative yield, such as the use of sustainable agriculture. Additionally, genetic and environmental factors, as well as the use of fertilizers and nutrients, affect the growth, development, and yield of medicinal and edible plants, including Iranian shallots. Therefore, creating the best substrate for cultivation, protection, and harvesting is necessary due to the use of these plants in human health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chemical and organic fertilizer in inoculation with biofertilizer in two years on the yield and biochemical traits of Iranian shallot.

In this study (in the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province) investigated the effect of chemical fertilizer application (including: nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus 90, 70 and 60 kg/ha, respectively), chemical fertilizer inoculation with fertilizer Vermicompost (10 tons per hectare), Vermicompost inoculation with bio-fertilizer, manure (including sheep manure 10 tons per hectare), manure inoculation with bio-fertilizer (Including Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi including: Glomus fasiculatum, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae and growth-promoting bacteria including: Azospirillum spp, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis) on Iranian shallot biochemical and yields traits such as: size and weight of Bulb, Amount of phenol, Flavonoid Antioxidants, Starch, Glucose, Total protein, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium of this plant, as an randomized complete blocks design with three replications in two consecutive years (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) was conducted and The simple(year and fertilizer) and combined analysis(year* fertilizer) of variance were done. Data analysis was performed using SAS9.1 software, and LSD test at 5% probability level was used to compare the mean of treatments.

The results of the variance analysis showed that the effect of year on all traits was significant, including size and weight of bulb, phenol, flavonoids, antioxidants, starch, glucose, total protein, nitrogen, and phosphorus, at the level of 1%. The effect of fertilizer on all traits (except starch and glucose) and their interactions (year x fertilizer) on all measured traits except antioxidant activity percent, nitrogen, starch, and glucose were also significant.In the second year, antioxidant activity percent, nitrogen, starch, and glucose had the highest amounts at 42.71%, 2.30%, 0.40, and 0.38, respectively, while in the first year, they had the lowest amounts at 29.05, 1.44, 0.23, and 0.23 mg/g fw, respectively.According to the results, the highest bulb size (8.04 cm), potassium (1.88% and 1.89%), bulb weight (0.095 and 0.096 kg), and total protein (15.05 and 15.72 mg/g fw) were obtained in the vermicompost treatment in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year and chemical fertilizer in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year. Additionally, the highest amount of phenol (1.15 and 1.19 mg/g fw), respectively, in the treatment of vermicompost in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year and chemical fertilizer in inoculation with biofertilizer in the second year, flavonoids (107.1 mg/g fw), and phosphorus (1.623%) in vermicompost in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year were obtained.Moreover, the results of comparing the means showed that the highest percentages of antioxidant activity percent (36.24) and nitrogen content (2.29%) were in vermicompost in inoculation with bio-fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in inoculation with bio-fertilizer in the second year, respectively. The lowest bulb size (3.16 cm), bulb weight (0.037 kg), phenol content (0.168 mg/g fw), flavonoids (48.99 mg/g fw), total protein (6.81 mg/g fw), phosphorus (0.753%), and potassium (0.811%) were observed in control.

According to the results of this study, organic fertilizers can be used in inoculation with bio-fertilizer to increase the production of Iranian shallot as organic fertilizer and not impose a negative effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of this plant instead of, excessive use of chemical fertilizers.

In order to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and application of manure on the growth and economic yield of garlic, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Biran-Shahr region of Lorestan province in 2018- 2019. Experimental treatments included inoculation of cormlet with mycorrhiza bio-fertilizer in two levels (non-inoculation and inoculation) and application of rotten manure (sheep) in six levels (control (0), 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 t/ha). The results showed that combined use of mycorrhiza and manure caused a significant increase in the economic yield of the garlic plant. Also, mycorrhiza had a significant effect on economic yield, weight and diameter of garlic and number of cormlet, but has no significant effect on garlic height. Manure treatment had a significant effect on economic yield, weight and diameter of garlic, but no significant effect was observed on the number of cormlet and plant height. The use of mycorrhizal fungi with a yield of 12497 kg/ha, increased the yield of garlic by 55% compared to the control. Combined application of bio-fertilizer of mycorrhiza and sheep's manure by increasing the absorption of the elements in the soil and improving the growth and development of plant photosynthetic organs, increased the yield of garlic. The findings showed that inoculation of mycorrhiza and application of manure in soil, improves the conditions of growth and economic yield of garlic, which can be recommended for sustainable production as well as increasing the economic yield of this plant than the conventional method of planting.

To investigate the effects of soil fertility methods on economic yield and essential oil compositions of Nigella sativa L., an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included different levels of NPK chemical fertilizer, manure, NPK+ manure, and NPK+ manure+ inoculation of Azorizobium biofertilizer. Seed yield, aerial parts yield, and percentage, yield, and essential oil compounds were studied. The results showed that the highest seed yield (1270.43 kg.ha-1) was obtained in the 40 kg.ha-1 N+ 32 kg.ha-1 P+ 40 kg.ha-1 K+ 30 ton.ha-1 manure treatment. The highest percentage (0.25%) and essential oil yield (2.8 kg.ha-1) was obtained in the 40 kg.ha-1 N+ 32 kg.ha-1 P+ 40 kg.ha-1 K+ 30 ton.ha-1 manure+ Azurizobium treatment. The highest thymoquinone percentage (14.9%) was observed in the 30 ton.ha-1 manure treatment. Overall, the integrated and biological treatments had the most positive effects on seed yield and essential oil percentage of N. sativa. The use of suitable fertilizer sources not only increased the yield, essential oil percentage, and thymoquinone content in Nigella sativa, but also reduced the consequences of excessive use of chemical fertilizers. The use of integrated fertilization methods is an effective step to achieve the sustainable agriculture goals.

Contamination of pistachio with Aspergillus and aflatoxin is one of the most important problems in the production and export of this valuable product. In this research, in addition to molecular identification of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus and determination of the frequency of their toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates, the population of Aspergillus flavus clade was measured in soil, intact and cracked fruits of cv. Ohadi in 6 treatments of last irrigation before harvest (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days).

Isolation of Aspergillus flavus clade fungi from soil, intact and cracked fruits was done by serial dilution method on DRBC culture medium. Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus were identified by macromorphological and molecular (calmodulin primer) features and screening of toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates was performed using of coconut-agar medium (CAM) and thin layer chromatography (TLC). This experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with four replications during the years 2012 to 2014.

Out of 233 collected isolates of Aspergillus flavus clade, 221 and 12 isolates belonged to Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, respectively. Frequency of toxigenic isolates ofA. flavus and A. parasiticus was 86.5, 87.5, 88.7% and 80, 75, 100% in cracked, intact fruits and soil, respectively. Based on the results of the combine analysis, the last irrigation treatments 30 and 25 days before harvest have the lowest and the last irrigation treatments 10 and 5 days before harvest have the highest population of Aspergillus flavus clade in the soil, intact and cracked fruits which showed significant difference with each other. Using of manure significantly increased the population of Aspergillus flavus clade, so that this increase in cracked, healthy fruits and soil in 2013 was 66, 83 and 114%, respectively.

The results of the present research showed that reduction of the interval between the last irrigation and the time of fruit harvesting (high moisture percentage of the surface soil of the orchard) and the using manure can increase the population of Aspergillus flavus clade in the soil, intact and cracked pistachio fruits. Increasing of the fungal population is accompanied by the frequency of toxigenic isolates of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Adjusting the irrigation cycle, so that the last irrigation is 25 to 30 days before the fruit harvesting, can reduce the possibility of contamination of the pistachio kernels to Aspergillus and aflatoxin.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rice husk, rice husk biochar, cow manure and chemical fertilizers on the morphological and physiological characteristics of coliseum maple (Acer cappadocicum Gled.) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) seedlings. A total of 60 pots were considered for nine modifying treatments and nursery soil with three replications in a completely randomized design in Lajim nursery located in Savadkuh county, north of Iran. Results showed that different treatments had significant effects on some morphological characteristics of ash. The highest diameter, height, stem length of this species were observed in 150 g of cow manure treatment and the highest dry leaf weight was observed in 300 g of cow manure treatment. Different treatments had significant effects on the height of first stage, leaf area, volume, cross section and length of roots, leaf dry weight and stem volume of coliseum maple seedlings. The highest height in first stage of this species was observed in the control and the highest root volume was observed in the treatments of 300 and 150 g of cow manure and 2% of rice husk treatments. The highest root cross section, root length, leaf dry weight and stem volume of coliseum maple seedlings were observed in 300 g of cow manure treatment and the highest mean leaf area was observed in 150 g of cow manure treatment. In addition, no significant difference was observed in chlorophyll content and photosynthesis of different treatments. In general, the obtained results show that the use of cow manure compared to chemical fertilizers and biochar has a better function in increasing the growth of Fraxinus excelsior and Acer cappadocicum seedlings during a period of plant growth in the nursery.