جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « medicinal herbs » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

The use of biochar and mycorrhizal fungi has positive effect on soil fertility, crop production, increasing of carbon sequestration, reduction of greenhouse gas sublimation, improvement of nutrient utilization efficiency, stimulation of soil microorganism growth, production of growth promoting hormones, as well as increasing of plant tolerance to environmental stress. However, their effects depend on soil characteristics, plant species and the type of raw material used in the production of biochar. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of biochar (derived from residues of essential oil extraction of Satureja khuzistanica) and mycorrhizal fungi (Native and non-native) and their interactions on growth, biomass and some morphological and biochemical characteristics of two Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) cultivars in greenhouse conditions.

A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University. The first factor was Parsley cultivars (crispum and neapolitanum). Application of biochar at three levels (0, three and six percent of soil weight) was used as the second factor. While, application of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in three levels (Control, native mycorrhiza and non-native mycorrhiza) was consider as the third factor. Plant height, plant width, leaf number, leaf length and width, petiole length and diameter, crown diameter, distance between leaflets, fresh and dry weights of shoot and root, root length and volume, electrolyte leakage, relative water content as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and mycorrhizal colonization were measured. The data obtained from the experiment was analyzed using Minitab software. Mean comparison was performed using LSD test method at 0.05.

The Results showed that biochar application up to 3% increased plant height, plant width, leaf length and width, leaf number, petiole diameter, root volume, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, content of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, and colonization rates in both parsley cultivars. However, application of higher amount of biochar had no positive effect on these traits. Maximum of plant height (31.49 cm), plant width (47.60 cm), leaf length (18.68 cm), leaf width (19.23 cm) and petiole diameter (0.080 mm) was observed in the treatment of mycorrhizal (non-native) fertilizer which had no significant difference with the native mycorrhizal. However, application of non-native mycorrhizal fertilizer increased growth and biomass of parsley in compare to the sterilized control soil treatment. In comparison between cultivars, Crispum showed higher growth and biomass. In general, the highest shoot dry weight and total chlorophyll b content (62.02 g, 11:40, 18.43 mg / g fresh weight, respectively) belonged to Crispum cultivar under native mycorrhizal with 3% biochar application. The highest fresh and dry weights of root (70.74 and 18.68 gr, respectively) were observed in neapolitanum cultivar using native mycorrhiza and biochar 3%.

In this study, the biochar application up to 3% increased the growth and biomass of parsley cultivars. However, no significant differences were observed between the native and non-native mycorrhizal treatments. It can be concluded that the application of common mycorrhizal fertilizers in non-sterilized soils will not affect the growth and yield of parsley. Therefore, the production of mycorrhizal fertilizers from native mycorrhizal fungi in each region is recommended for effective use. Overall, the crispum cultivar showed higher growth and yield, so its cultivation is recommended.

Application of extracts and essential oils with antioxidative properties to stabilize edible oils is a usual approach. However, this needs extraction of essential oils and extracts which is time consuming and costly. A new method is using herbs with oilseeds during the oil extraction by press. In this study, rosemary leaf at 0 (control sample), 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% (w/w) was added to black cumin seeds (BS) and oil then extracted by screw press. Extracted oil qualitative properties were determined in production day and every 30 days during 90 days of storage. Obtained results showed that level of essential oil increased (from 0.1 to 0.77%) by increasing the level of RL. Peroxide value of the extracted oils was decreased from 20 to 8.8 (meqO2/Kg oil) by increasing the RL with higher oxidative stability during storage. Acidity was increased in the oil samples extracted from the BS with RL higher than 5%. Chlorophyll and carotenoids contents were increased from 52 to 204 (mg/kg oil) and 5.2 to 13.7 mg/kg oil, respectively, but their content decreased due to decomposition about by half during storage.  In conclusion, obtained results showed that new method of pressing BS incorporated with RL an herb with antioxidative properties is possible and could give a new product and an oil with higher oxidative stability.

Cornelian Cherry (Cornus mas L.) is one of the most important medicinal and organic products in East Azerbaijan Province which is recognized as the most cultivated area of this crop in Kaleybar county (More than 135 ha of gardens). While due to lack of proper marketing management and lack of complementary industries, it has failed to find its true place in improving the productivity of its producers and economic boom of the region. Influence of brokers in different dimensions of the market and especially the possible future product prices, financial needs and low knowledge of producers in relation to the correct marketing principles and conditions of rapid product corruption are considered in order to maximize profits. What is certain is that brokers, if the right conditions arise, are considered as one of the determining and influential factors in creating a selling price bubble. The influence of brokers on marketing can be explained via 4Ps marketing, which is the most common and at the same time the most widely used type of marketing mix in the field of marketing of agricultural products. Therefore, the aim of the study was to analyze the market structure and marketing methods of this product (4Ps components, marketing routes and marketing methods) with emphasis on the role of brokers in marketing producers in Kaleybar county (in 2018) to create optimal knowledge of the dimensions of brokers' influence in the market.

The statistical population included all active producers of Cornelian Cherry in Kaleybar county (N=1010), which sample size was determined by multistage sampling method with the help of Bartlett's et al. (2001) table. First, five major production areas (Cornelian Cherry gardens) were selected from the research areas. Then, in each region, a number of gardens-villages (7 gardens-villages) were determined randomly and among them, 280 producers (n=280) were selected and interviewed by appropriate proportion. In calculating the reliability of the study instrument, Cronbach's alpha method was used, which confirmed the use of study variables (coefficients above 0.7). For content and appearance validity of the study instrument, suggestions and corrections of a panel of faculty members in economics and agricultural management of Mohaghegh Ardabili University, experts of agricultural jihad organization of the province and executive experts of Kaleybar County were considered. To determine the dominant market direction, the producers were asked to state or outline the available paths in Cornelian Cherry market from the producer to the end customer. Then, by examining the frequency of responses, the dominant path was determined.

The findings showed that the preferred method of marketing among producers was to sell in farm to brokers. Also, the first priority of the influence of 4Ps components from brokers was related to the price component. According to the findings, dominant direction of market was achieved as "producer→ brokers→ wholesalers→ factories and workshops→ retailers→ consumer". Also, the most important distinguishing variables of producers based on the amount of transactions with brokers were the variables of the history of training courses (0.735), The amount of income from other economic activities (-0.640), and the garden distance from the sales market (0.605). Therefore, while emphasizing on educational programs, with the prosperity of Cornelian Cherry production cooperatives in the region, it is possible to organize the warehousing and transportation management of the produced crop to the market. Also, planning for government supporting purchases and creating a support office for Cornelian Cherry marketing in the region could diminish the role of brokers in the dominant market direction.

The predominant path of Cornelian Cherry marketing in the region often begins with brokers (sometimes up to a few brokers) and reaches at the end to the consumer in a few steps, and brokers are effective in determining the price of the product. The brokers appear to have full control of the Cornelian Cherry market in the studied region and they always have the upper hand in economic bargaining with producers and buyers; and control the pricing in the market. Also, the lack of knowledge of producers of Cornelian Cherry in various fields of marketing, including customer acquisition, advertising, storage, the right sales routes and new marketing methods, are major obstacle to the prosperity of Cornelian Cherry marketing in the region. The special characteristics of production and sale of Cornelian Cherry (such as seasonality, corruption, lack of insurance and government facilities in the region and problems related to proper storage and maintenance facilities and knowledge and lack of industrial and semi-industrial processing and conversion workshops in the region) seem to lead producers to trade with brokers. Meanwhile, the existence of many intermediaries between the producer and the consumer also increase the basic marketing problems of this product. Rising prices, through the number of brokers and intermediaries in the marketing paths, will also have a negative impact on the marketing boom of the region and improve the productivity of Cornelian Cherry production. It is obvious that laying the government financial and executive support for the construction of processing industries and production of Cornelian Cherry in the region can reduce the negative and active presence of brokers in the dominant marketing paths, and increase the profitability of Cornelian Cherry producers in the region. Therefore, in order to improve Cornelian Cherry marketing in the region, the study findings introduce a clear path for the gradual elimination of the position of brokers.

The high tendency of agricultural producers to the production of medicinal plants has raised concerns about increasing the yield of these products, which can be achieved by mechanizing production and spending more energy. Therefore, energy flow analysis is essential throughout the production process. This research was implemented in the field in 2018 by questionnaires and face to face interview with farmers in some areas of Tehran and Alborz provinces on the four medicinal herbs Mentha piperita L., Artemisia dracunculus L., Ocimum basilicum L. and Satureja hortensis L. The results showed that among all the inputs consumed in this project, two inputs of chemical fertilizers and electricity with a difference of more than 80%, had the highest percentage of energy consumption. After estimating the energy indices, the energy efficiency index was more than one for all the studied products, indicating the energy efficiency of the production systems of these products. Also, the medicinal plant savory with an energy efficiency of 3.37 was considered the most suitable product for energy consumption and production. In terms of net energy index, savory with a net energy production of 281457 MJ ha-1 had the highest energy return. The estimate of the mechanization index in energy consumption showed that a small proportion of energy consumption was related to mechanization (0.23 to 0.26) in the production of all four products and this issue showed the need to increase mechanization in the production of these products more than before.

Since many times the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic herbs has been a special place in Iran's agricultural systems. On the other hand, ecological farming and low input systems can promote sustainable agriculture and environmental health. The aim of this study was to evaluate performance of several species mycorrhizal fungi and Trichoderma in the rhizosphere on some of the crop characteristics of dill plant, in greenhouse conditions using. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse of Horticulture Department, faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz. For instance the roots of two Anethum graveolens (Dill) species i.e. Tabriz local A. graveolens and Long Island of Mammoth, were treated with the inoculums provided of Trichoderma isolates (Trichoderma harzianum Na-1ac and T. longibrachiatum BZ4-4) and two species of Mycorrhiza fungus (Glomus intraradices and G. versiforme). The results of this study showed that the significant incrementing effect of fungi on shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, chlorophyll index and colonization. Also, the effects of cultivars and fungi on traits such as plant height, number of umbelle in umbelete, grain yield in each plant and number of branches in each plant were significant. Interaction of cultivar and fungus were also significant on the number of branches in each plant and grain yield in each plant and increased them. Also, the results results indicated that the percentage of colonization in G.intraradices was significantly higher than in G. versiforme. The investigation of the endophytic state of Trichoderma and the progress of the fungus in various tissues of the plant were detected only in the plant root portion of the. Also the comparing result between two genera showed significant difference in most traits and Trichoderma was better than Glomus in most of the measured traits. Finally, our results indicated that the use of Trichoderma and mycorrhizal fungus in comparison with the control can be an effective tool for increasing of the growth characters and the use of Trichoderma more effectively presence a natural method to improve the growth of the plant.

Reducing dependence of the Iranian economy on crude oil exports and turning towards multi-product economy in export should change export policies to export non-oil products including export of agricultural products. Medicinal plants are one of the important items of agricultural exports that in recent years, despite an increase in acreage and production, exports did not grow up with it. Iran's share of the world market for medicinal plants is less than 1%. Khorasan Razavi Province is one of the leading provinces in the production and trading of medicinal plants. Determining the type of strategy to enter the foreign markets according to market conditions is one of the most important factors affecting the development of exports, especially in the agricultural sector. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the choice of strategy to enter the foreign markets of medicinal plants of exporting companies in Khorasan Razavi province.
Khorasan Razavi province is one of the leading provinces in the production and export of medicinal plants. Saffron, Cumin, Thyme and Damask rose are among the most important export items in Khorasan Razavi province. There are 85 active companies in the field of exporting medicinal plants in Khersan Razavi province. Sampling method has been census. After removal of questionnaires and information, 64 questionnaires with complete information were examined. In order to investigate the factors affecting the selection of three types of strategies for entering the foreign markets, medicinal herbs for the period of 2016-2011 were used for the econometric model of multi nomial logit Panel model. The use of the multinomial logit panel model is necessary for the data that is composed of the time series and the sectional, as well as its dependent variable having classes and is not arranged.
Before using the model, the test was performed by Hausman test and the results of this test showed that the fixed effect pattern was chosen as the superior model. Export risks include company size, marketing mix, sanctions, export experience of companies in international markets, share of research and development costs in marketing costs, location attraction index including country development target, ease of investment in target country, economic stability. The goal of the country, such as inflation, employment rate, domestic production, labor force, diversification index of export destinations, and the availability of a credible brand, have been introduced from other factors affecting the choice of entry strategy in the study. In this study, after analyzing the static data and the linearity test, the estimated logit model for panel data was employed. The results showed that R & D variables, valid brand and marketing mix increase the probability of choosing an export strategy compared to other two types of foreign market entry strategy. Other variables affecting the model increase the probability of choosing non-export and interstitial strategies for the export strategy. The final effects of explanatory variables were calculated in three modes of change in mean, change in deviation and change of variable from minimum to maximum. The final effect states that if, for example, the size of a firm's size variable changes one unit of its average, the chances of choosing an export strategy would be reduced by 83.1 percent, and the selection of non-exporting and interstitial strategies increased by 31.5 percent and 51.4 percent, respectively. Find out If this variable changes a unit of its standard deviation, the choice of the export strategy will decrease by 76.2%, and the selection of the non-exporting and interstitial strategy will increase by 21.7% and 32.7% respectively. If this variable changes from at least its maximum, the chances of choosing an export strategy will decrease by as much as 35% and the probability of choosing two non-exporting and interstitial strategies will increase by 11.7% and 27.4% respectively. The results of theis study showed that change in two variables of international sanctions and marketing mix increases the chances of choosing export strategy than two other strategies.
Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that exporting companies of medicinal plants of the province with other companies wishing to enter the foreign markets make it necessary to examine a market from different perspectives and according to different criteria so they can decide how to enter the market. The gathering of field information during the research showed the type of company manager's attention to various factors can also is the basis for choosing any kind of strategy. Managers who prefer domestic conditions they are looking for a direct export strategy.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) powder on performance, carcass characteristics and immune system of Japanese quail. For this purpose, 200 one-day-old quail chicks were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replicates and 10 birds per replicate. The experimental treatments consisted of four levels of peppermint (0.0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75%). The consumption of 0.5 and 0.75% peppermint powder significantly reduced the severity of respiratory burst (P0.05). Different levels of peppermint powder caused to decreased antibody production against SRBC and humoral immune suppression (P0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences between the treatments for carcass characteristics, internal organ weights and length and weight of different parts of the intestine (P>0.05). Thus, according to enhancement of cellular immune responses by peppermint powder, the use of peppermint powder is recommended during the viral illness (such as Newcastle, bronchitis and influenza) or intracellular parasite infection (such as coccidiosis).

This research was aimed to identify and prioritize the enterprises related to medicinal plants in Chardavol County. In the present study, due to the nature of the subject, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods (Dominant-Less Dominant and two phases Design) was used. In qualitative and quantitative phases, depth interviews and descriptive- survey method were used, respectively. The population of qualitative phase was experts of medicinal plants of which 12 people participated in the research by using purposeful sampling method. In quantitative phase, the population was 84 experts of which 50 people were selected by using simple random sampling and based on Chocran formula as the sample. Questionnaires, designed based on the results of qualitative phase and literature review, were the instrument of data gathering in quantitative phase. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed by panel of experts and the reliability of questionnaire was tested by Cronbach alpha coefficient using SPSS software. Results showed that planting of medicinal plants, business of drying, powder and packing of garlic, business of oil extraction and packing of rapeseed, production of turpentine natural chewing gum, were respectively the most important priority of business of services and production, initial processing, secondary processing and final processing of medicinal herbs.

order to evaluate the effect of density, soil and foliar application of iron and zinc on yield and quality of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), an experiment was performed in a split plot design in randomized complete block design with three replications in Zabol University. Density was at three levels 2, 4 and 6 plants per square meter, as the main cause of micronutrient intake in five levels, sprayed with chelated iron 6% rate 4 per thousand, sprayed with chelated zinc rate 2 per thousand, soil application of chelated iron 6% to 50 kg, and soil application of chelated zinc15% to 50 kg per hectare, was performed. The spraying with water was considered as a secondary factor. The results showed that most quantitative traits including plant height, stem diameter, number of branches, number of seeds per plant, weight and dried sepals and biological yield of boll were affected by density. The most wet and dry weight of sepals were obtained in density six plant density,. Sepals much dry so that the density of 6 plants per square meter than 2 density was 200% increased. Effect of soil and foliar application of micronutrients showed significant increase in the number of bolls, biological yield, weight of 1000 seeds, number of branches, number of seeds per plant, wet and dry weight sepals, and amount of anthocyanin and protein sepals. Based on the results of this study, to achieve maximum performance of dry sepals, six plants with foliar application of zinc can be recommended as a suitable treatment.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of adding thyme and pennyroyal powder in the diet of quail on the microbial and sensorial characteristics, water-holding capacity and color, in fresh meat; furthermore Variations in oxidative and acidity of quail meat during storage in refrigerated condition. For this reason two experiments were undertaken. In the first, 180 quail were randomly assigned to control group (basal diet), and groups that feed with 0.5, 1 and 1.5% thyme powder (%w/w). And in the other trial, treatments were giving to eat 0.5, 1 and 1.5%.of pennyroyal powder (%w/w). The results showed that the addition of thyme or pennyroyal leave's powder in the diet of quail, decrease microbial activity and increases water-holding capacity (p

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of pistachio green hull extract (PGHE) on growth¡ survival and body composition of rainbow trout. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications (14 fish in each replicates). Fish with 18.06±0.93 g initial weight¡ were fed with the diets (3% of biomass per day) for 8 weeks. The diets contained 0¡ 0.5¡ 1.5¡ 4.5 and 9 g PGHE/Kg were made. The total phenolic content of PGHE were 21.52 mg gallic acid/ gr dry matter. Results did not show any significant differences (P>0.05) in SGR (Specific Growth Rate)¡ FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio)¡ survival¡ hepatosomatic index and body composition (moisture¡ protein¡ lipid¡ ash) among the different treatments. The maximum condition factor (1.24±0.02) was observed in fish treated with 1.5 g PGHE/Kg in the diet¡ being significantly different from control group (p