جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « economic productivity » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Irrigation efficiency is one of the most important key indicators in the macro-planning of water supply, allocation, and basic water consumption in various sectors such as industry, drinking, environment, and other biological resources, especially agriculture. In many countries such as Iran, irrigated agriculture is the main factor in food production and irrigation has played a key role in increasing the production of agricultural products in the last 50 years. One of the biggest problems for wheat production is the need for more water resources. Therefore, the necessity of optimal use of available and extractable water resources and increasing water consumption efficiency is inevitable. Experiments and experiences of the last half century in the science and technology of irrigation have shown that the effect of various inputs such as modified seeds, chemical fertilizers, appropriate planting operations, and harvesting has a positive and appropriate effect on plant growth. Irrigation management, which includes a set of actions that provide water in a certain amount and at the required time to the plant, must be done in a good way.

The current study has targeted the main areas of wheat production in Iran. Due to its high nutritional value and strategic importance, wheat is cultivated in almost all areas of the country. According to the Pareto principle, the areas where 80% of wheat cultivation and production (irrigated and rainfed) are carried out are the main wheat production areas. Since in Iran, the statistics of the agricultural situation are mainly presented based on political divisions, therefore, the major regions will be the set of provinces in which the above hypothesis is true. Accordingly, 13 provinces of Golestan, Kermanshah, West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Hamedan, Ardabil, Lorestan, Central, Khuzestan, Fars, Razavi Khorasan, Kurdistan, and Zanjan have been identified as the main wheat production areas in Iran and in this study also, the main focus was on these areas. Since the vast country of Iran has a diverse climate, to ensure that all the country's climate groups are represented in the selected regions, an adaptation of these regions to the country's climate groups was also done.

The comprehensive analysis indicated that the area proposed for implementing the drip irrigation system (tape) in 2020-2021 was equal to 75,000 ha, of which 53,523 ha (71.4%) belong to the 13 main producing provinces or the main wheat production areas. Also, the results showed that the reduction of agricultural water consumption with the development of a drip irrigation system in the main wheat production areas leads to a reduction of 134.1 million m3 of agricultural water. The implementation cost of this solution based on the average implementation of each ha of drip irrigation system is 400 million Rials in the year 2021, equal to 21409 billion Rials. Among the limitations of wheat irrigation with the tape method, we can point out the spreading and distribution of tapes in the field, which is time-consuming, but with the introduction of sowing and distribution devices, this problem will be solved. At the beginning stage, care should be taken not to tear the tapes during the spraying and fertilizing stage. In the harvesting phase, before harvesting the crop, tapes should be collected from the field. In the whole system, strip drip irrigation (type) can be used for dense and row crops such as all kinds of vegetables, summer crops, corn, wheat, fodder, watermelon, melon, tomato, onion, potato, strawberry, sunflower, sugar beet, and cotton.

One of the pressurized irrigation methods that have been developed for wheat cultivation in recent years is the drip (tape) irrigation system, most of the research and field investigations in Iran have confirmed the high efficiency of this method in increasing wheat water productivity. As a result, using the modern irrigation system as a management tool can lead to the improvement of wheat water productivity in Iran. The main problem in this system is the high cost and low knowledge of the farmer. We can also mention the weak points of increasing the cost of constructing the irrigation system, the problems of collecting strips for the next crop, and the accumulation of salt in areas with salty water. Among the strengths, we can mention easier irrigation management, less labor, increased yield, reduced water consumption, increased productivity, and most importantly, increased cultivated area with the same amount of water. Another advantage is the use of the water-fertilizer system, which will be very precise, the operation of fertilizing and irrigation will be done for cultivated crops.

Agriculture has played a vital role in the economy, life, and culture in the civil history of Iranians. In recent years, this sector is the largest consumer of freshwater resources in this country. One of the adaptive ways to deal with the water shortage is the optimal use of water (Emami et al, 2020). In the production process of a commodity, different sources of water may be used, and the type of water supply source can play a significant role in the analysis of virtual water trade (Mircholi et al, 2016). In the period of 2016-2018, previous research covered by the Moghan irrigation network has been conducted in the field of physical and economic water productivity indicators estimation of crops. Also, in previous studies, only Benefit Per Drop (BPD) and Net Benefit Per Drop (NBPD) indices have been used to estimate the economic productivity of agricultural water. Therefore, in this research, the agricultural year 2020-2021 was studied in order to investigate the physical and economical water productivity indicators of crops covered by the Moghan irrigation network.

The Moghan plain is located in the northwestern part of Iran, on the west side of the Caspian Sea, and north of Ardabil province, on the border between Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan. The total area of the Moghan watershed is more than 5545 square kilometers (Sookhtanlou, 2019). The altitude of the region is 50 to 600 meters above sea level and its climate is semi-arid and moderate (Azizizohan et al, 2021). Most of the agricultural farm covered by Moghan's irrigation and drainage network is devoted to cultivating crops such as wheat, barley, seed corn, fodder corn, soybean, rapeseed, rice, tomato, cotton, sugar beet, and peanut. In this research, these products' virtual water content and physical and economic water productivity are investigated.
In this research, in order to complete the previous studies in the aforementioned field, the virtual water content of the studied products has also been investigated. In addition to the BPD and NBPD index, the Unit Virtual Water Value (UWV) index has been studied to further investigate the Moghan irrigation network economic efficiency of water crops.

The content of gray virtual water, blue virtual water, green virtual water, and white virtual water of the studied crops, sugar beet, tomato, and fodder corn, have the lowest content of gray virtual water among crops. Among the studied crops, fodder corn, tomato, and sugar beet products, respectively, have the highest physical water productivity, and rice, soybean, cotton, and peanut respectively have the lowest physical water productivity. The amount of physical water productivity calculated in this research for all the jointly studied crops except tomato, canola, and seed corn is lower than the amount of physical water productivity estimated by Farahza et al (2020).Regarding gross value index per unit of irrigation volume among the studied crops tomatoes, peanuts, fodder corn, barley, and wheat, respectively have the; highest, moreover peanut, tomato, cotton, fodder corn, and sugar beet products, respectively, have the highest net value index per unit of irrigation volume among the studied crops, however, barley, wheat, rice, and grain corn, respectively, have the lowest net value index per unit of irrigation volume among the studied crops. In addition, tomatoes, peanuts, fodder corn, wheat, and barley have the highest index of value per virtual water unit among the studied crops, respectively, while rice has the lowest value index per virtual water unit among the studied crops.According to the BPD index, tomatoes, peanuts, fodder corn, barley, and wheat are the first to fifth priorities for cultivation in the Moghan Plain. The first to fifth priorities for cultivation in the Moghan plain according to the NBPD index are peanuts, tomatoes, cotton, fodder corn, and sugar beet, and based on the UWV index, tomatoes, peanuts, fodder corn, wheat, and barley are the first to fifth priorities.

In the current research, the content of virtual water and the amount of physical and economic water productivity of crops covered by the Moghan irrigation network were calculated. The most important results of this research are presented below.The Crop Per Drop (CPD) index of rice shows the last level in the crop year 2019-2019 due to the amount of water consumed and significant cost. Also, in the analysis of BPD and NBPD index, this product has the lowest and ninth priority, respectively, and in the current water shortage conditions in the Moghan plain, there is a need to review the cultivation of this product. Tomatoes and fodder corn have good productivity in all three indices of CPD, BPD and NBPD in the crop year of 1399-1400. In fact, while tomato does not have a low water requirement, measuring the performance of this product shows the high net and gross profit obtained according to the cost of planting and harvesting.The amount of UWV index of wheat, rapeseed, soybean, rice, fodder corn, seed corn, tomato, barley, sugar beet, cotton, and peanut products is 24269, 15644, 18894, 9956, 36279, 17362, 50073, 23010, 21748, 19403 and 45718 rials per cubic meter, respectively. The proposed approaches and models of this research are different depending on whether the index of physical productivity or economic productivity of water is considered in planning and policy-making.

The main purpose of this study was to determine the return and physical and economical water productivity in the production of horticultural products using drip irrigation system under research conditions in Horticultural Sciences Research Institute (HSRI) in Alborz province during 2016-2019. In this study, the return criteria including; gross income, the percentage of sale return and the percentage of investment return, and also physical and economical productivity analysis were used to measure water productivity. According to the results, during 2017-2019, the average physical productivity of irrigation water in apple and pear genotypes was determined to be 2.75 and 1.7 kg/m3, respectively. The average economic productivity of water resulting from the gross profit of horticultural products in apple and pear genotypes was determined to be 39990.5 and 211486.7 Rials/m3 respectively, in Kamalshahr station. Results also showed that in 2016-2019, the average physical productivity of irrigation water in production of sour cherry, cherry, peach and apple genotypes was 1.08, 0.99, 1.69 and 1.61 kg/m3, respectively, and the average economic productivity of water based on gross profit of horticultural products in the genotypes of sour cherry, cherry, peach and apple were determined to be 106174.8, 95127.8, 25236.3 and 23011.2 Rials/m3, respectively, in Meshkindasht. The results of this study indicated the favorable state of the average economic productivity of water resulted from the profit of the production of apples and pears in Kamal Shahr station compared to the results of studies conducted in some parts of the country. However, in these stations the physical and economic productivity of water in the production of apple, pear and peach, have been generally much lower compared to the average ones resulted in some studied countries. So, investigation of their reasons using comparative studies and identifying strategies to increase water productivity in the production of these products at these research stations is recommended.

Improving the performance of water distribution systems in the agricultural sector is essential to increase arable crops production by considering surface water volume and energy consumption. Therefore, the main objective of the current research is to evaluate performance of practical alternatives in modernization projects in order to improve the performance of surface water distribution systems and to quantitatively evaluate their performance based on the water-food-energy nexus. The current operational management of the Rudasht Irrigation Network located in Isfahan, was simulated under normal and water shortage scenarios. Then the impact of two modernization methods including an improved manual operation and an automatic control system by using the Model Predictive Control (MPC) on the improvement of surface water distribution was investigated. In order to investigate the operational methods, eight indicators of surface water delivery, energy consumption, surface water productivity, food productivity, energy productivity, surface water economic productivity, energy economic productivity and food economic productivity were used. In the current status (Manual Method) under normal and water shortage scenarios, the values of water-food-energy nexus index were estimated 0.41 and 0.07, respectively. By improving the operational method to improved manual operation method, under normal and water shortage scenarios, the values of water-food-energy nexus index were estimated 0.46 and 0.09, respectively. The results of MPC method showed that this method has the best performance with 0.94 and 0.38 in normal and water shortage scenarios, respectively. The proposed evaluation approach can be used as an appropriate evaluation method to evaluate and prioritize modernization options of agricultural water distribution systems.

Rain flat sprinkler irrigation system is a new irrigation system that can be evaluated for its efficiency in crop yield. Due to the fact that a significant area of land in Markazi province is dedicated to bean cultivation and on the other hand, the effect of irrigation on beans by Tape drip and Rain flat sprinkler method in this area is unknown, so the purpose of this study is to determine the appropriate irrigation system with the aim of increasing productivity and reducing water consumption. Also in this study, furrow irrigation will be investigated as a control treatment.

In order to compare water use efficiency and nitrogen fertilizer distribution in dry bean cultivation under the furrow, Rain flat and drip irrigation systems, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Arak. Urea fertilizer was used three times, including the appearance of the third three leaflets, the beginning of flowering and the stage of filling the seeds. The TDR device was used to measure soil moisture. Crop biological yield, grain yield, harvest index and water use efficiency were determined in experimental treatments. Finally, to investigate the amount of soil nitrogen changes before and after planting, soil sampling was done from zero to 120 cm depth and it was determined by automatic Kjeldahl machine.

The results showed that the effect of different irrigation methods on the number of pods per plant and number of seeds per plant was significant at the level of 5% probability and on the amount of water consumed at the level of 1%. The Rain flat irrigation method increases the grain yield by a maximum of 29.5 and increases the biological yield to a maximum of 27.8 compared to the tape and furrow irrigation methods; however, this increase was not significant. Differences in water use in Rain flat and drip methods were not significant, but differences were significant in other cases with the furrow system. The highest physical water efficiency with an average of 360 grams of dry matter per cubic meter of water consumption belonged to the Tape irrigation method; but this advantage was only 2.8% compared to the Rain flat irrigation method. The rate of nitrogen leaching at the depths of 0 to 30 cm and 30 to 60 cm in the Rain flat irrigation method was higher than the drip Type irrigation method; However, no significant leaching of this element was observed at depths of more than 60 cm. Considering the ratio of the costs of implementing each irrigation method in comparison with the crop yield, it was found that the cost of implementing the drip Type irrigation system for each kilogram of beans produced was about 2.7 times more than the Rain flat irrigation system.

Physical efficiency of water in Rain flat irrigation is not significantly different from Tape drip irrigation, but it is significantly different from Furrow irrigation. However, bean cultivation using Rain flat sprinkler irrigation method is recommended due to better economic efficiency compared to Tape drip irrigation systems and Furrow surface irrigation.

Considering the limitation of water resources and their value in agriculture, determining the optimal crop cultivation pattern and irrigation planning in low water conditions in the country's catchments is of great importance. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an optimal cultivation model to be flexible in wet and dry conditions. The purpose of this study is to develop a model for offering the best program for irrigation and cultivation area for network operation under different conditions of water resources. After receiving basic information (plant, soil and meteorology) and various irrigation and deficit irrigation scenarios by connecting to the plant growth model (Aqucrop), the model calculates crop yield under defined scenarios. The scenario with the highest economic efficiency is determined as irrigation planning and by connecting to Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), the optimal cultivation pattern for different volumes of available surface water is determined with the aim of maximizing net profit. The optimal cultivation pattern for all crops grown in Qazvin irrigation network in four different modes of water delivery (100%, 80%, 75% and 70%) was performed for 93-94 crop year to evaluate the efficiency of model. The results showed when the year is normal and the amount of water delivered to the network is equal to the long-term average (100% scenario), the largest area is allocated to wheat cultivation (10740) and the dryland will be the least. In the case of 70% of average annual long-term amount to be provided, the area under wheat cultivation will be 3,000 hectares, and about 15,000 hectares of the network must be managed dryland or without irrigated cultivation. The results showed that the developed program with high capability and high flexibility for a variety of existing conditions is able to determine the optimal pattern and maximize network profits.

As the rarest agricultural input, water has increased its productivity over the last few decades. Surveys based on the amount of virtual water and water productivity indicators in agricultural crops, we need to examine the relationships that indicate the actual amount of water consumption for crop production. The present study, virtual water content of selected crops (Wheat, Barley, Chickpea, Sugar beet, Potato, Tomato, Cucumber, Alfalfa and Clover) examined in Saqqez city of Kurdistan province using three indices of physical and economic productivity of water including CPD, BPD and NBPD in the year 2015-16. The results of CPD index for Sugar beet and chickpea products were 9.5 and 0.2 kg / m3 with the highest and lowest values, respectively. Also, the results of BPD, and NBPD for Potato and Tomato products were about 3900 and 395 Toman per cubic meter respectively, and the NBPD index of 1420 and -110 Toman per cubic meter had the highest and the lowest values respectively. Other results of the research on the amount of virtual water showed that the chickpea product with 4.2 m3 / kg virtual water had the highest level of virtual water, which is also the lowest virtual water productivity in this product. In contrast, the index for sugar beet at 10 kg / m3 has the highest amount of virtual water productivity in the study area

Design operations and implementation of irrigation systems are usually done by experienced people with spending time, precision and high energy. But unfortunately, operation and continuous use of these systems done by farmers that they have little information about the operation and maintenance of irrigation systems and efficient irrigation management, that is an important part of operation of these systems, is not done properly. This study is done during the crop year 2017-18 in Faryab county in Kerman province and in fields equipped with drip irrigation systems. In this regard, the dominant agricultural products in the county including corn, wheat, rapeseed and watermelon, were examined.To do this research, two methods were examined and compared: 1- Projectsthat so far were without supervision on operation management of drip irrigation systems. 2- Projects that they were introduced by the Agricultural Jihad to monitor the operation management of drip irrigation systems. These projects for one crop year and according to the rules of description of monitoring services on the operation of drip irrigation systems, about the proper operation and maintenance of different parts of the irrigation system, proper irrigation management, also familiarity of beneficiaries with equipment and connections and their warranty, Necessary training was given to the beneficiaries in each project. Finally, by determining the volumeof irrigation water, crop yield and costs, each crop per hectare was examined and evaluated. The results of the study showed that by monitoring the operation of irrigation systems, in addition to significant water savings and increasing crop yield, it also increased the physical and economic efficiency of water consumption.

Optimizing the economic utilization and saving of water resources is a global issue in water resources and its demand management. Also food demand continues to rise with increasing population. Thus, it is necessary to use water resources efficiently in the agricultural sector as the major consumer of water resources in Iran. In relation to economic assessment of agricultural water uses, especially wheat as a strategic and dominant crop pattern, there has been inadequate study in the country and inappropriate attention to this issue. In this regard, it is important to investigate different timing and amount of irrigation, and determine optimum option based on different indices like productivity of yield per unit of input. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to determine the optimal water use in different growth stages and economic assessing of treatments in Shahrekord region, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province, Iran. This experiment was conducted in complete block design in Chahartakhte research station, in Shahrekord with dry and cold climate. There are five irrigation treatments included E0, E1, E2, E3 and E4 with the irrigation depth of 100, 85, 70 and 55 percent of wheat evapotranspiration obtain from lysimeter. Crop growth stages were divided into six stages (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6) including germination, tillering, stem elongation, flowering, milky and dough. Deficit irrigation and water stress was applied on only one step of growth season (as an example only T1) and other growth season periods were irrigated based on 100 percent of wheat evapotranspiration. In the current economic assessment study to achieve the best deficit management practices through partial budgeting, the cost ratio for each treatment, net profit, total productivity of water use and profitability in each of the treatments were determined, respecting the price of water and irrigation and other inputs. When the price of water is more than the profit from increased production by changing irrigation management, water and irrigation costs are equal and it is called as profit. After determining the price of water consumption as well as income and production costs, water productivity results and statistical tests were analyzed. SPSS and MSTAT-C statistical software was used for statistical analysis. Then, the best period and the best level of deficit irrigation for the production of wheat were determined and suggested as the optimal level and stage for deficit irrigation application. Investigation of the average cost showed that the maximum net profit was happened in treatments E3 during the tillering (40492 thousand Rials). According to results, the maximum cost ratio was 2.25, related to treatment E4 which was applied in the ripening stage. In general, all treatments have benefit-cost ratios greater than one. E4 treatments applied during the plant to achieve maximum economic efficiency (12.78 thousand cubic meter) and maximum productivity of irrigation water (1.58 kg per ha). According to mean comparison results, E2 treatments had maximum yield equal to 5.25 ton per ha and E4 treatment had minimum yield with 3.85 ton per ha. There was no linear relationship between yield reductions and reducing the irrigation water application. Comparing the average yield resulting from the application of deficit irrigation in different growth periods indicated the period T4 with the lowest yield (4.28 tons per hectare) was the most sensitive period to decreasing the irrigation water. The maximum gross income was gained by E2 (74127 thousand Rials) and the minimum by E4 (58080). The irrigation treatments cost had declining trend, E0 to E4. In all treatments benefit-cost ratio were greater than one. Applying deficit irrigation during the growing period (with the economic productivity of 1.17) is recommended. After it, the treatments of E3 and E4 (with economic productivity 1.09 and 1.01, respectively) and then applying deficit irrigation practices in growing period, T2 and T5 (tillering and pasty), by productivity of 1.049 and 1.092 are suggested. Achieving maximum yield and economic productivity, E2 treatment is recommended. In this treatment with 70% of evapotranspiration, the economic productivity was equal to 1.13; and by applying deficit irrigation during the growing period, the economic productivity was equal to 1.17. Finally, note that it is necessary to identify the critical periods of water stress and be aware of the relationship between crop yield and water use in irrigation. To achieve optimum production in wheat cultivation, efficient use of limited water resources is inevitable

Due to the quantity and quality limitations of available water resources, the measurement and analysis of water and economic productivity indices in various irrigation systems (including surface and pressurized systems) has a great importance. The objective of this study was to compare water and economic productivity of pressurized and surface irrigation systems. For this purpose, the data of irrigation systems as well as crop yield in Qazvin Plain in 2011 were used. The required data were collected using the survey in the studied fields, questionnaires, the design report of irrigation systems and Qazvin Agriculture Organization. The results showed that the irrigation water productivity for barley, alfalfa, maize and wheat was 0.75 to 2.5, 0.2 to 1.76, 0.3 to 2.78 and 0.61 to 2.2 kg/m3, respectively, in sprinkler irrigation systems. In surface irrigation system, the water productivity for barley, alfalfa, maize and wheat was 0.43 to 1.42, 0.12 to 1.64, 0.22 to 1.58 and 0.43 to 1.25 kg/m3, respectively. The minimum and maximum amounts of economic productivity of surface irrigation systems in Rials/m3 were 1387 and 4617 for barely, 382 and 5050 for alfalfa, 905 and 6474 for maize and 1447 and 4159 for wheat. The minimum and maximum values of economic productivity of sprinkler irrigation systems in Rial/m3 were 2442 and 8126 for barley, 673 and 5420 for alfalfa, 1283 and 11395 for maize and 2016 and 7319 for wheat.