جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « water » در نشریات گروه « آب و خاک »

Nowadays, resources management in the watersheds is a vital task for the managers and planners due to the necessity of handling challenging issues existed between supply and demand sector. Water, energy and food are necessary for human comfort, poverty reduction, sustainable development and are inseparable part of human life. Iran is located in arid and semi-arid climate and the average rainfall is very low. So, it is very important to apply the proper management of water resource with considering the conditions of water shortage and crisis, to provide people’s food in the future. In this study, which was conducted two regions in the west of Iran (Miandarband & Oshtorinan plain), with purpose to evaluate and compare the difference farmer’s performances in the same crops with similar weather, it was investigated for the sustainable agriculture by Water, Food and Energy Nexus Index (WEFNI). WEFNI includes six indicators of water consumption, energy consumption, water efficiency, energy efficiency, water economic efficiency and energy economic efficiency. The final results obtained by the weighting and averaging of these indicators. The data has been collected by interviews with 43 farmers, field observations, related organizations and NETWAT software. Three crops tomato, potato, and cucumber were evaluated, which are prevailing cultivation in two regions. WEFNI of tomato, cucumber and potato was 0.87, 0.49 & 0.24 in Miandarband plain and 0.96, 0.48 & 0.33 in Oshtorinan plain Respectively. In both regions, based on WEFNI, tomato has the best conditions. So recommended to use WEFNI as a management tool to improve cropping pattern, which consider aspects of water and energy consumption and food security.

Today, human society is involved in fundamental threats in the field of production, supply and distribution of water, food and energy. South Khorasan province is located in the arid and semi-arid region of Iran and is highly vulnerable in terms of water resources. Due to the close relationship between the three sources of water, food and energy and their mutual influence on each other, a new concept called the linkage approach has been proposed, which refers to the integrated nature and mutual effects of these three sources. The present research has analyzed the dynamic analysis of sustainable water resource management systems based on the correlation of water, food and energy resources in a 21-year horizon (2011-2031) in Darmian and Sarbisheh cities in South Khorasan province(The scope of implementation of the carbon sequestration project) with the help of Vensim DSS software. This research has been done based on Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis as well as the development of the model under the title of 5 scenarios, and finally, the fifth scenario was selected for the sustainable management of water resources in the research area. In this situation, optimal consumption modeling in different sectors, compliance with limit conditions and culture based on consumption pattern modification are among the key issues in resources crisis management.

Watershed management practices by biological, biomechanical and mechanical operations are not only trying to solving watershed problems, but also in line with the sustainable development through improving the economic condition and living standards of stakeholders. Therefore, the present study was conducted to impact evaluation of the soil and water conservation practices on the sediment yield of Kan watershed in Tehran province using the data of the period of 1998-2018. The initial results from the practices simulation using the SWAT model showed that there was the large difference between the simulated and observed values, the model was recalibrated and validated after steps performance of the sensitivity analysis with the 2-SUFI algorithm. Based on the obtained results, the coefficient value of explanation in the calibration and validation stage of model obtained equal to 0.74 and 0.86, respectively, and the Nash-Sutcliffe index value was equal to 0.74 and 0.77, respectively, that these values showed the model had the high efficiency for simulation. Then the simulation of watershed management practices investigated on the watershed level and the results indicated if the management practices implement the sediment values will reduce. In such away that the sediment yield in the watershed reduced using practices simulation of terracing, masonry check dams, gabion check dams, loose stone dams, seeding and planting decreased with rates of 44.65, 26.72, 26.70, 8.03, 4.97 and 9.73 percent, respectively.

The supply and distribution of sustainable drinking water is one of the most basic responsibilities of governments, and the protection and maintenance of water supply and distribution infrastructure is of particular importance. Currently, with the occurrence of natural threats such as drought and climate change in the country, the enemy can abuse these threats and carry out hostile actions such as creating disruptions or interrupting the provision of services as well as psychological operations to incite people against the government and sovereignty. Therefore, paying attention to drinking water infrastructure, industry, and agriculture is considered necessary and inevitable to increase resilience, continue essential activities, and facilitate crisis management. Our research method is practical and developmental in terms of purpose. The research approach is descriptive and analytical. The aim of this research is to provide an efficient model that helps identify the base threats and vulnerable points of the infrastructure of the border regions. In this article, in the form of a case study using the method of identifying and assessing the potential of natural and human hazards in a region (FEMA), firstly, the assets of the water and sewerage area of Marzi province have been identified and screened. Vulnerabilities are identified and assessed, and the risk of each asset is calculated. At the end, solutions are presented to reduce the risk to the water and sewage infrastructure of the border province.

The agricultural sector depends largely upon water and energy resources to fulfill sufficient water for producing adequate food for the rapidly growing world’s population. It requires great effort to improve water and energy productivity for agricultural products to provide consumers’ health as well as environmental protection. In this study, the volume of irrigated water, crop yield, water productivity, and the consumed energy for onion crops irrigated with sprinkler or surface irrigation methods under farmer management were measured and compared. The measurements were recorded from 2020 to 2021, on 17 farms across Esfahan Province where onion was a main crop in the region. The measured data from the foregoing two irrigation methods were statistically analyzed using t-test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The outcomes revealed that the volume of irrigated water as well as crop yield was greater for surface irrigation method compared to sprinkler irrigation, and the differences were statistically significant. Moreover, water productivity for onions irrigated with a sprinkler irrigation system was significantly higher (p<0.01) in comparison with onions irrigated with the surface method. In addition, the results indicated a significantly direct correlation between the volume of irrigated water and onion yield, whereas a significantly indirect correlation was observed between the volume of irrigated water and water productivity. A significantly inverse correlation was found between the productivity of energy for irrigation and energy consumption; so, an increase in the energy for irrigation resulted in a decrease in energy productivity. Based on the results of this study, the sprinkler method is more effective than the surface for irrigation of onion.

Maintaining food security in light of excessive depletion of limited unrenewable water resources, requires the authorities to make efficient use of water and energy as well as enhancing the productivity of these factors in every sector, particularly in agriculture. In this study, the volume of irrigation water supplied from tube wells with the same water level, seed yield, productivity of water as well as energy consumption for sunflower irrigated with drip tape and furrow methods under farmer’s management were recorded and analyzed. The measurements were made over 2020-2021 on 14 fields across Esfahan province where sunflower was a primary crop. Data from the irrigation systems were analyzed using t-test and Pearson correlation coefficients. Based on the results, the average volume of irrigation water for drip tape and furrow methods were 6272 and 7987 cubic meters per hectar, respectively; showing significant difference. Comparison between the water requirement and the volumes of irrigation water applied by the farmers indicated deficit irrigation in 13 out of the 14 fields. Average sunflower seed yield for drip tape and furrow irrigation methods were 1894 and 1781 kg ha-1, respectively. In addition, average water productivity for the said irrigation methods were 0.3 and 0.23 kg ha-1, respectively; where no significant difference was found for any of the two foregoing parameters. There were inverse correlations between the volume of irrigation water and both seed yield and water productivity of sunflower, which were insignificant and significant, respectively. There were direct and significant relations between the volume of irrigation water and both energy consumption and energy productivity. For drip tape and furrow irrigation methods, the average values for energy consumption were 44871 and 44345 MJh-1, respectively which were not different significantly; and the amounts of energy productivity were 0.042 and 0.045 kg MJ-1, respectively which were not different significantly.

Due to the increasing human need for electrical energy and the reduction of non-renewable resources for its production, the use of non-fossil and renewable resources and resources that have less environmental damage have been taken into consideration. Archimedes screw turbine is used as a means of producing clean energy in waterways, and many theoretical and experimental studies have been done on it. Most of these studies, in laboratory and numerical form, are in the field of optimization of screw constituent components and their effect on its efficiency including length, inner and outer diameter, installation angle, number of blades and screw pitch. In this research, the most important studies conducted in the field of Archimedes screw turbine performance, which have been published in the last two decades, were reviewed. The results showed that the parameters of screw components have a greater effect on efficiency compared to hydraulic parameters.

Expansion of urbanization, increasing in the population of planet, excessive exploitation of water resources and wastewater release in nature have negative and irreversible impacts on the environment. The present research has been carried out in order to optimize the redesign model of the green water and wastewater network.

In this research, a bi-objective optimization model for the green redesign of the water and wastewater network is proposed. The model includes locating the optimal place of storage ponds and also optimally allocating the treated wastewater to agricultural areas and industrial settlements in order to mitigate the devastating effects of discharging industrial wastewater into the municipal wastewater treatment plants and eventually mitigating the entry of such pollutants into the environment. The proposed model, has been solved using the - constraint method.

Accordingly, the total system cost is minimized, the demand is met and simultaneously the environmental issues are met and the environmental pollution load of the network is minimized, because of network redesign. Also, a sensitivity analysis is performed on some important parameters.

The results showed that the proposed model can help the designers in this field to design the distribution network, because despite the increase in costs the environmental pollution is reduced by installing COD meters and performing environmental disinfection. In addition, in this model, it has been tried to compensate part of the increased costs by selling activated sludge.

Water is one of the most important factors of development in human societies, water scarcity, specially fresh water which is one of the main limitation for agricultural, economic and social development in most developing countries. Providing and implementing an optimal cropping pattern, in addition to better management of water and soil resources, can lead to reducing production risk, increasing the ability to deal with crises, improving employment, better management of providing services to farmers, and providing the possibility of expanding agro-based industries. In many regions of the world, including in Iran, many studies have been done to improve the cropping pattern in different regions. Despite the existing problems in designing and implementing the appropriate cropping pattern in the plains, modifying the cropping pattern based on scientific principles and emphasizing the reduction of water consumption while reducing water consumption provides the possibility of sustainable agriculture and in terms of economic and social aspects. Implementing an optimized cropping pattern in the Farahan Plain is an undeniable necessity to preserve national resources. This study was conducted with the objective of optimizing the cropping pattern in the area, taking into account multiple criteria.

In this research, considering the importance of determining the cropping pattern based on the multiple objectives of the decision makers, it was tried to determine the optimal cropping pattern by using mathematical programming and fuzzy logic by establishing a compromise between the objectives of the cropping pattern. The model considered for this study was in the framework of the goal of the maximum ideal distance (Fuzzy Composite Distance). Also, in order to use water resources sustainably, scenarios of cropping patterns are presented based on different conditions of water resources uses. Based on the basin's water resource stability, an optimal cropping pattern was developed to address the conditions of normal water resource exploitation, as well as sustainable and unsustainable scenarios. Each scenario corresponds to a specific period. To achieve this, a multi-objective planning approach was utilized, integrating water, food, energy, and economic profit indicators. The resulting optimal cropping pattern considers stable water resource utilization during normal, drought, and wet periods, ensuring sustainable conditions.
 

The results showed that the amount of water consumed by the optimal cropping pattern compared to the existing cropping pattern under normal, drought and wet conditions is reduced by 23.2, 29.2 and 18.1%, respectively. On the other hand, compared to the existing cropping pattern, the amount of calories produced by the optimal cropping pattern under normal, drought and wet conditions increases by 51.7, 61.9 and 45.2%, the average energy efficiency increases by 40.9, 42.8 and 35.8% and the net profit productivity increases by 43.3, 30.9 and 44.2 %, respectively. Based on the obtained results, it can be seen that in the optimal cropping pattern in drought conditions, the cultivated area of crops such as potatoes, onions, tomatoes, grain corn, sugar beets, beans, alfalfa and watermelons should reach to the zero or be at the lowest possible level. In normal and drought conditions, the cultivated area of these crops should be minimal. On the other hand, the area under cultivation of crops such as fodder sorghum, fodder corn, saffron, cumin, camellia and medicinal plants should be increased and the cultivation of these crops should be promoted at the region. Also, regarding horticultural products, the cultivated area of walnut, apple, peach, apricot and almond orchards should be minimized and replaced with plants such as grapes, oleaster, jujube, barberry, rose, and figs.

Based on the obtained results, it was found that the use of the optimal cropping pattern derived from the indicators of water, food, energy and economic profit is completely superior and preferred over the existing cropping pattern and single purpose optimal cropping pattern. In order to achieve sustainable water resource management, it is recommended to modify the cropping pattern during drought, normal, and wet periods based on the suggested optimal cropping pattern. The existing cropping pattern currently falls short in terms of achieving the four objectives of water, food, energy, and economic profit. Therefore, it is crucial to develop main plans and strategies in the Farahan Plain that align with the implementation of the proposed optimal cropping pattern. By doing so, it will be possible to optimize the allocation of water resources and achieve improved outcomes in terms of water availability, food production, energy efficiency, and economic profitability.

Water resource management has always played a crucial role in sustaining human life. Wherever water exists, civilization has flourished. Analysis of laws, programs and policies, and guidelines in the field of water is one of the topics that has attracted a lot of attention among humanities experts. The aim of the current research is to analyze the discourse of upstream water documents in the time period (2000-2009), the statistical population in this study consists of eight documents from upstream water resources. The current research follows the discourse analysis methodology using the Laclau and Mouffe approach. The findings demonstrate that the dominant discourse during this period is centered around protective and participatory discourse, which serves as the main theme and focal point of these documents. This discourse manifests itself by contrasting the governmental and non-participatory discourse with the protective and participation-oriented privatization discourse in these documents. The main and floating signifiers such as the discourse of qualitative support for projects and programs versus quantitative growth, the discourse of reducing government control and promoting public participation, the discourse of multi-dimensional approach to water resource management, the discourse of privatization of projects, the discourse of resource management change and decentralization, the discourse of environmental protection, and the discourse of technology advancement and knowledge production all contribute to this discourse.

Water consumption grew twice as fast as the global population last century, and an increasing number of regions around the world are facing or will face, water scarcity. Access to water has been recognized as a major threat to world peace in the present century, and ethical issues related to water have been given high priority. Using a systematic review method, this paper examines the three fundamental perspectives of deontology, consequentialism, and virtue ethics in environmental philosophy and their implications for water management and policy-making. Each of the three perspectives has led to the emergence of different ethical approaches to water, but what is clear is that in all three perspectives anthropocentric view has prevailed and moral considerations about non-humans have received less attention. In addition, ethical approaches to water face weaknesses, and water management requires an integrated and holistic approach that integrates humans and aquatic ecosystems and avoids unilateralism.

In the present study, in order to optimally use the water and soil resources of Mazandaran province according to the potential of the region, the comparative method was used. For this purpose, the current situation of the province was first identified in terms of water and soil resources and the cultivation pattern, and in the next step, by comparing and adapting other regions of the world that have similar climatic conditions to Mazandaran province, modeling the experiences of those countries in the field of crop cultivation It was carried out according to the potential of the region. The results of the comparison phase showed that a total of 158 points on the earth had the same climate level as Mazandaran province. Based on the comparative results obtained, the current cultivation pattern in Mazandaran province should be slightly changed according to water and soil resources. The cultivated area of products such as cotton, which has been favored by farmers in this province in the past, can increase again in this province as a suitable product for the textile industry. Also, a tree like olive that can be used in different fields (eating raw, extracting oil and animal fodder) and considering that in Mazandaran climate, in many mountainous areas of this province, olive oil extracting species have shown good performance, Therefore, this product can also be recommended. Also, the possibility of growing some new crops in Mazandaran province, which was done through interviews with the professors of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and research projects, which products such as medicinal plants are also suggested.

The current study was conducted to investigate the yield, yield gross income and water and nitrogen efficiency of sesame cultivars grown under full and deficit irrigation conditions. The experiment was carried out at Seed and Plant Iprovement Research Institute, Karaj, Iran in 2017 and 2018. A randomized complete block design arranged in split-factorial plots with three replications was used to run the experiment. Irrigation treatments at two levels including deficit irrigation and full irrigation were assigned to the main plots and a combination of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1) and sesame cultivars were allocated to sub-plots. To measure the efficiency of the inputs, the yield gross income and physical and economic efficiency indicators were used. According to the results, the average gross income of sesame production in the experimental years was 63.3 million Rials per hectare and under full and deficit irrigation regimes the average gross income values were 94.1 and 33 million Rials per hectare, respectively. The average water physical efficiency under full and deficit irrigation treatment was 0.27 and 0.18 kg of product per cubic meter of water, respectively, and the average nitrogen fertilizer physical efficiency under full and deficit irrigation treatment was 18.8 and 6.56 kg per kg of fertilizer. In addition, the average water economic efficiency under full and deficit irrigation treatment was 21336 and 14224 Rials per cubic meter of water, respectively. The results showed that with a 50% reduction in water consumption, the gross income of sesame production decreases to one-third. In contrast, choosing the right cultivar due to the availability of water increased sesame production by 66%. According to the results, it is suggested to select cultivars that have high yield and economic efficiency.

Drought, population growth, industrialization of society, and expansion of urbanization are the factors that have led to the crisis of water resources in the country, In this regard, social marketing has an effective role in improving the pattern of water consumption. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors affecting social marketing in the field of water and wastewater industry. This research was applied in terms of purpose and since the implementation method was a descriptive survey with a mixed exploratory. approach. In the qualitative stage, the research team consisted of 16 academic and organizational experts who were selected by the targeted method and snowball technique. In the quantitative stage of the statistical population, there were 3500 water and sewage experts in the country. The sample size was determined to be 346 according to Krejcie and Morgan’s table and a simple random sampling method was used. The content analysis method was used to identify the factors and the method of the structural equation was used to analyze the relationships of variables with Smart PLS software. The results showed that the effective factors of social marketing include 20 components in the form of 6 dimensions (self-concept-perceived behavioral control-religiosity-mental norms-attitude-moral norms). Also, the results of structural equations showed that attitude factors with a coefficient (0.436) have the most and religiosity with a coefficient (0.310) has the least effect on social marketing.

With the emergence of the water crisis and its numerous consequences in Iran, researchers in various sciences have investigated the causes and offered solutions to prevent it, but most of them have not addressed the complex relations and interactions of the water sector with the wider social, political and economic systems. The present study is based on the idea that there are different perceptions about the water problem in Iran and this difference in meanings and perceptions has been effective in passing laws and adopting the country's water policies. Using the discourse analysis method and combining the approaches of Fairclough and Laclau/Moff, the semantic system of “ the equitable water distribution” law was studied. The findings were presented in two parts: an analysis of the textual characteristics of the law and its connections to the economic, social, and political conditions of the society. The results showed that the law has been influenced by revolutionary values and conditions of the society in the early years after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. Ambiguity in the definition of concepts such as justice and public interests, disbelief in water resources constraints and imminent crisis, disbelief in nature’s entity and living ecosystems, and neglect of citizens’ agency has made this law a non-equitable one that ignores the rights of nature and future generations.