جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « نان » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد کشاورزی »

Iran’s government has followed subsidies reform since 2010. Due to the fact that a significant part of these subsides historically has belonged to wheat, flour and bread, this study aims to investigate on outcomes and consequences of subsidies reform in above mentioned sectors. To this end, 2-stage cluster sampling method among different populations of bread producers (576 observations) and consumers (1622 observations) plus flour producers(21 observations) is implemented in Tehran and Khorasan Razavi provinces as the dominant poles of consumption and production. Furthermore, this study covers subjects related to the fields of bread consumption, waste, flour and bread quality and production. Changes in variables have been verified by mean-comparison tests. Results indicate that more successful outcomes have been achieved with ‎bread consumption variables than those of bread and flour production. Consequently, this fact is argued that stems from incomplete enforcement of obligations to producers induced by subsidies-reform law. To address these issues, modification of bread and flour prices is proposed.‎

This study evaluates the economic effects of the liberalization of energy carrier prices on the wheat, flour and beard markets, using price endogenous mathematical programming model. The results showed that the reduction of subsidies resulted in decrease in wheat production and increase in price, import and wheat allocated to flour in the wheat market and as well, will lead to increase in price, import and flour allocated to bread in the market of flour and bread. Following these changes, the removal of energy subsidies in the short term and long term, cause decrease in the consumer’ surplus, net exports as well as increased producers surplus, government gain and the costs of production of flour and bread. Finally, it is recommended to implement complementary policies (such as improved seeds, reducing waste and improving flour and bread production technology) coinciding with performing the reform to compensate the reduction in social welfare.

This study attempts to provide a quantitative and economic framework for analyzing the impacts of reducing bread waste on production, consumption, trade as well as consumer's welfare. For this purpose, a partial equilibrium model of vertical markets was applied for wheat, flour and bread market. Statistics of production from agriculture ministry of agriculture as well as industry, mining and trade ministry, customs and central bank were gathered for analyzing the changes in consumer’s welfare from bread waste reduction in 2009. Results could efficiently reproduce actual quantities and market prices and so the validation of the applied model for scenario-building was confirmed. Then, the effects of reduction in total bread waste were examined for short and long-term horizon. The results showed that consumer's welfare decreases in short run as the total wastes decreases. While consumers and social welfare prosperity is possible in long-term. Also results showed that reforming the bread consumption pattern is associated with social disadvantages in short term and a minimum three-year program is required for changing it. So it is suggested that reforming bread consumption pattern should be considered as a medium-term or long-term policy among agricultural decision makers.

In this survey the poverty line and the food security index of the rural and urban household of Iran during 2001- 2007 years in two cases, with and without accounting bread wastes is calculated. For accounting poverty line, it is used of poverty line method based on need to calory and for accounting food security index; it is used of aggregate household food security index method. The result of this survey shows that in the 2007 year, urban region just first revenue village receives lower than energy standard with which accounting bread wastes are increased into five village of first revenue. In the urban region also at this year, without accounting bread wastes four village of first revenue and with accounting bread wastes first five villages are placed under absolute line poverty based on calory. The result of the studies shows that during 2001- 2007 years with accounting bread wastes, food security index and its making elements in urban and rural regions of Iran during studied year has no specific way and has the up and down experience

The objective of this study is evaluation of government’s optimum combination of policy instruments on per capita consumption of bread and the share of this product in food cost of families in different income classes. The minimization of changes in dead weight loss function is used in this study. By using boot strop method and on base of normal distribution for supply elasticity and demand elasticity, statistical properties of optimum combination of the policy instruments and the welfare outcomes were analyzed. The results of the welfare outcomes in wheat market show that government protects consumers more than producers by using consumption subsidy and guarantee price simultaneously. The optimizations of governments’ policy in wheat market reduce governments’ cost and dead weight loss by reduction in protection from consumers. Results also show that per capita consumption and the share of bread in food cost of families change considerably after using optimum combination policy instruments and the effect of using optimum combination policy instruments on the share of bread in food cost of rural families is more than urban families and for low income classes is more than high income classes.

With respect to impact of chemical fertilizer subsidy elimination on wheat production costs, this study aimed at evaluating welfare impacts of reduction in chemical fertilizer subsidy on bread consumers. To achieve this objective, supply and demand of bread was estimated using data for period of 1353-85 (1974-2006). Then, welfare effects of subsidy reduction were determined. Findings of study showed that due to lack of sensitiveness of bread consumers to price changes, the increase in cost of wheat production would transfer to consumers via bread price increase. As a result, consumers would loose 661.8 billion Rials as chemical fertilizer subsidy was eliminated. Meanwhile, government expenditure decreased by 3927.6 billion Rials, and overall impact was 3265.8 billion Rials gain for the society. The results also indicated that the removal of chemical fertilizer subsidy is expected to increase the bread retail price by 6.72 percent. Finally, gradual reduction of chemical fertilizer subsidy and targeting subsidy paid to bread consumers is recommended.

This paper uses contingent valuation method and Iterative Bidding Game Technique for assessing willingness to pay of breads consumers for increasing quality of various kinds of bread in Isfahan over the year of 1386. For this purpose we compiled a questionnaire and randomly filled by 1112 persons who were coming back from bakery. The results show that there is willingness to pay for increasing quality of various kinds of a loaf of bread (to approach quality of bread to the confirmable quality of hygiene experts). This willingness to pay for increasing quality of Barbari bread is around 100 rials, for Tanuri breade is around 75 rials, for Khanegi-Mashini bread is around 90 rials, for Ghopi breade is around 95 rials, for Mashini bread is around 60 rials, for Nime Hajim bread is around 170 rials. The consumers don’t tend to pay more money for increasing quality of Sangak bread. Furthermore, according to composite commodity theorem, we can consider various kinds of bread as a unit good and the study shows that consumers tend to pay about 37% of increased price of bread relative to current price of bread (price of 1386) for increasing quality of bread as whole.

Iranians population formatted one percent of world's population but they use 2.5 percent of world's wheat. One of the most important reasons for lacking of wheat in Iran is wheat wastage from production to consumption. The aim of this research is to estimate the amount of bread and flour wastage in Mashad’s bakeries. To stratify the bakeries according to the other research classification method was selected. Bakeries were divided in to three main categories of their products consist of traditional, bulky and mechanized breads. According to 1613 bakeries in Mashed, 54 bakeries were selected that divided in to 3 groups, 10 bakeries from group 1, 9 bakeries from group 2 and 35 bakeries from group 3. Questionnaires were completed by face to face interview. The result shows that the bread and flour wastage in traditional, bulky and mechanized were 2.6, 2.5, and 3.7 Kg/day. According to the statistic 0.46 percent of incoming flour was waste in the form of bread and flour in the bakeries. The result shows that bread and flour wastage in bulky bread were lower than traditional and mechanized bakeries. But customer satisfaction was lower than the others. It is recommended that to do more researches about bulky bread and decrease in price of them and programming to acquainted bakeries to the real price of flour and farmers troubles.