جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تناسب اراضی » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

Stochastical analysis can increase decision-making reliability, meanwhile increasing the flexibility of decisions. The critical role of climatic factors in land zoning on the one hand and the stochastical nature of climatic variables, on the other hand, causes the uncertainty of land suitability grading for plant cultivation, especially in dryland conditions. Golestan province has the third rank among the Iran provinces with about 400,000 hectares of cultivated land and production of more than one million tons of wheat, of which about 57 and 50 percent are allocated to rainfed cultivation, respectively. The present study was conducted to examine changes in various climate variables affecting wheat growth under the influence of different occurrence probabilities and zoning agricultural land in Golestan province for the rainfed wheat cultivation under these conditions.

 First, dates of planting and occurrence of each phenological stage of rainfed wheat were determined by daily data of precipitation and minimum and maximum temperatures for 33 weather stations in Golestan province in a 26-year typical statistical period. Then, by fitting different probability distribution functions and selecting the best distribution, the values of these variables were estimated at five occurrence probability levels of 25, 50, 75, 85, and 95 percent. Next, the average air temperature, the possibility of occurrence of adverse temperatures, precipitation and ratio of effective precipitation to potential evapotranspiration of wheat for each growth stage and total growth period were calculated for whole weather stations at different occurrence probability levels. Finally, by providing zoning maps of these variables and other features including elevation, land slope, land type, soil salinity and overlaying 22 layers for each occurrence probability level, agro-ecological zoning of agricultural lands of Golestan province for rainfed wheat cultivation at different occurrence probability levels was performed.

 Results showed that increasing occurrence probability level from 25 to 95 percent due to delaying suitable planting date from late autumn to early winter and its effect on the climatic-environmental conditions and the length of the plant growth stages improved the degree of land suitability grade for rainfed wheat cultivation in terms of mean air temperature in stages of flowering, maturity and total growth season, the occurrence possibility of temperatures higher than 14 and less than 9 °C in germination and flowering and maturity stages, respectively, and the amount of precipitation in the germination stage. Adversely, it resulted in degradation in the degree of land suitability in term of mean air temperature in the germination stage, the occurrence possibility of temperatures higher than 25 and 30 °C in flowering and maturity stages, respectively, and the amount of precipitation and ratio of effective precipitation to potential evapotranspiration in stages of flowering and maturity and the entire season. The results of agro-ecological zoning showed that the extent of suitable and moderate zones was between 50-56 and 44-50 percent of the agricultural land, respectively, for the occurrence probability levels of 50, 75 and 85 percent and the occurrence probability did not have a significant effect on zoning. In comparison, at the occurrence probability levels of 25 and 95 percent (equal to the early and late planting dates, respectively), about 91 and 78 percent of the province's agricultural land was located in a suitable and moderate zone, respectively. These results are accordant with the findings of Hoseini et al. (2018), who showed that the maximum extent of suitable land for cotton cultivation in Southern Khorasan province occurred in the early planting date. Considering the majority of agricultural land of Golestan province is located in the middle strip of the province, most changes of zoning maps by occurrence probability level have also occurred in this region.

A low reduction in cultivation risk (increasing the occurrence probability from 25 to 50 percent) significantly degraded the land suitability for rainfed wheat in Golestan province while more reduction in the farming risk (increasing the occurrence probability up to 85 percent) led to no significant effect on land suitability. However, if the minimum risk (95% probability) be selected as a management decision for rainfed wheat farming, the lowest land suitability for rainfed wheat cultivation will occur.

Growing demand for food in the coming decades will require a significant increase in crop production. Indeed, the variability of weather, soil and topography result in different agro-ecological conditions which may be suitable or unsuitable for some crops. To determine land suitability in an ecosystem, agro-ecological zonation is one of the effective tools for recognizing the capabilities of land and allocating them to the best and most profitable types of crop utilization. Currently, it is one of the most commonly used methods for determining the agro-ecological characteristics of large geographical areas for the production of crops. This research was performed to perform the agro-ecological zoning Shavoor area for the production of wheat. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of agro-ecological zoning and evaluate the land suitability in a part of Shavoor lands of Khouzestan, with using the parametric method (square root). Also, wheat potential production and potential land production were calculated.

Study area: The present study conducted in Shavoor area, Khouzestan Province, Iran, is located in 31° 47' 39" to 31° 53' 19" N latitude and 48° 27' 32" to 48° 22' 12" E longitude. The study area is 5000 ha. The length of the "growing season" or "growing period" (LGS or LGP), as defined by the Agro-Ecological Zones project, is the period (in days) during a year when precipitation exceeds half the potential evapotranspiration. A period required to evapotranspiration an assumed 100mm of water from excess precipitation stored in the soil profile is sometimes added. No provision made for stored soil moisture. To obtain a length of the growth period, the rain, and potential evapotranspiration during the growth period estimated from the data weather of Safiabad station. For soil mapping, it was used for precise semi-detail studies irrigation and drain networks of Shavoor plain. Finally, the soil map prepared. Landsat 8 and IRS satellite images in 2016 were used to provide a land-use map. The agro-ecological zoning map of the study area was obtained by the combination of agro-climatic and agro-edaphic data and apply the function in the GIS environment. To evaluate the Land suitability in Agro-ecological zoning, conformity of the land characteristics in each defined zone with wheat growing requirements performance, and the final class of land was measured. To estimate the Potential yield in the region, the FAO model, was used.

After overlapping desired maps in the GIS, the study area defined and separated into 8 Agro-ecological zones. Land suitability evaluation

Based on square root and Storie methods 42% and 58% of the land were located in the classes including moderately suitable land (S2) and marginally suitable (S3). The potential yield of wheat was obtained 6823 kg ha-1 by using the FAO method. The land production potential in each of the zones was also estimated. Because of the effects of the aforementioned limitation factors, the land potential production for wheat decreased in lands the Khalaf Aziz (A), Bam Dej (B), Elhaee (C), Ali Chaab (D), Karkheh (E), Abdul Khan (F), Sayed Abbass (G) and Bait Hatam (H) by 28, 60, 60, 60, 55, 52, 40 and 51%, respectively. By improving these constraints, such as proper management practices such as increasing organic matter to the soil and land leaching, it is possible to increase the production of wheat in these ecosystems.

This evaluation conducted to agroecological zoning of the Shavoor plain for agro-ecosystem planning. Land suitability and land production potential estimated in each zone for wheat-based on parametric (square root) and Storie method. The results showed that climatic properties did not create significant limitations for wheat cultivation in an ecosystem. Limitations related to soil properties results showed that the A and F zones of the study area were the moderately suitable class (S2). Also, the deficit of organic matter, salinity, and alkalinity in the other parts are the major limiting factors.

One of the suitable strategies for runoff management in watershed area is correct use of land according to its ‎capability. Watershed manager could be offer optimal land use between different combination of land uses ‎according capability and limitations which existing in watershed. The purpose of this study is land suitability ‎classification using Fuzzy-AHP method in the Kardeh dam watershed of Mashhad and its effects on runoff ‎quantity using SWAT model.‎‏ ‏For this purpose, the present land use map of the study area was prepared using ‎remote sensing and field surveys. The SWAT model was calibrated and evaluated using current land use map. ‎Then, criteria and constraints were determined for rangeland, agriculture, forest, and urban land use. Land ‎suitability map for mentioned land uses was prepared using combination of Fuzzy and AHP method by MCE ‎in EDRISI software. The prepared land suitability map introduced into the SWAT model instead to the existing ‎land use map and results were evaluated. Results showed that 13.98 percent of the watershed area is suitable ‎for forest and the area of rangelands has decreased in land suitability map. The results of the SWAT model ‎showed with optimal land use in Karde dam watershed, mean and maximum of daily discharge have been ‎reduced respectively 16.25 and 4 percentages. Reduction of the discharge amount helps to flood declining and ‎recharge of groundwater.‎

In many parts of the world, there is not enough precise information about suitable land for cultivation. Understanding climate and the required parameters during the growth period of crops is the mostimportant factor in the zoning Agroclimate. In Iran, lentils with acreage of 240 thousand hectares and the production of 166 thousand tons per year after the peas in second place is important. Agro-ecological zoning is one of the land evaluating method that can be used to find better lands and improve the planning and management of land resources. The purpose of this research, zoning Agroclimatic Ardabil Province for the cultivation of lentils, In order to identify the characteristics of land resources for the planning and organize and optimal land, Assessing of land suitability, in any of the zone by using AHP is Agroclimatic. Ardabil Province is in northwestern Iran, with an area of 17953 square kilometers, 1.09 percent of the country's total area. The present study was conducted across Ardabil Province which is located in 37° 25' and 39° 42' N latitude and between 47° 03' and 48° 55' E longitude. Data used in this research; climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration and degree-days during the growing season are the data of 37 synoptic and meteorological and data physiographic such as elevation, slope, aspect, soil and land use map of the study area were collected from relevant organizations. By performing the necessary calculations using SPSS and EXCEL software, the database was frormed in GIS environment. Then for each of the parameters in the GIS environment with generalized point data, linear and polygon surrounding surfaces (Interpolation) were performed, as the data layers and maps. Each of the layers of the study, based on favorable climatic requirements lentils were categorized based on AHP. According to the purpose of this study, the role of the main criteria such as Climate, Soil, Physiography and land use criteria selected under Options AHP were calculated and then using the weighted important factor, weight and final weight of all criteria were determined.
Lentil planting zoning based on climatic factors: Data of climatic elements during the growing season lentils have an influential role. The sudden change of climate data is effective on crop yield. In this study, the rate of climate data based on hierarchical, weight coefficient was determined as follows: Temperature 0.382, precipitation 0.250, humidity 0.160, sunshine hours 0.101, evaporation 0.064 and wind 0.043. By overlaying maps of climatic elements, about 20.42 percent with a very suitable, 37.75 percent was suitable, 24.47 percent average and 17.34 percent of conditions are unsuitable for cultivation of lentils.
Zoning planting lentils, based on physiographic factors: For evaluation the cultivation of lentils, map each datas, elevation, slope and aspect were prepared in GIS environment. Based on the favorable climatic lentils product to physiographic factors, weighting layers were based on AHP. Therefore, the height by a factor of 0.614, slope 0.268 and slope were determined 0.117. By combining maps of physiographic province, 22.68 percent has a very suitable, 21.11 percent sutitable, 17.33 percent average and 38.86 percent conditions are unsuitable for cultivation of lentils.
Zoning lentil cultivation, on the basis of physiographic and climatic elements: By combining all the maps of climatic and physiographic factors that were prepared based on hierarchical method weighting coefficient, the final zoning map Agroclimate lentil cultivation in this province was prepared. Based on the final map, in Ardebil province about 17% very suitable, 32% was suitable, 27% moderately and 24% had poor conditions for the cultivation of lentils. This study aimed to Agroclimateland zoning for planning agriculture in the province of Ardabil. Based on the favorable climate condition for lentil crop, land evaluation of each data was done for production of lentils. So the the main criteria including; climate 0.565 factor, physiographic by a factor of 0.262, soil 0.188 and land the highest weight by a factor of 0.055 respectively has an effective role in the lentils, as well as minimum temperature during the growing season and maximum temperatures and low rainfall (during seed germination and flowering) altitude and the high slope is the limiting factor for the cultivation of lentils in the province.

 

Undoubtedly, development of agricultural production systems without sufficient knowledge of the current situation and defining constraints is impossible. The potential of lands for cultivation of crops is determined by evaluation of biophysical and environmental variables. Therefore, climate, soil and geomorphologic environmental components are the most important agro-ecological variables for the evaluations. GIS is a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, transforming and displaying spatial data of the real world. Much progress has been made over the last twenty years in developing methods of multi criteria-land suitability evaluations, especially by integrating GIS with multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). From MCDM, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is one of the most common methods to determine criteria weights. The integration of GIS and AHP approach is a useful method for decision-making, suitable for analysis of a big amount of data with a new set, enabling to show them in the form of maps and shapes. The aim of this study was to investigate the potentiality of lands for cultivation of Canola and Wheat in order to increase the sustainable productivity of the crops in Maroon basin of Khuzestan province, Iran, using a GIS based approach.

The study area of this experiment is located in the Maroon basin of Khuzestan Province in South West Iran with hot and dry climatic conditions. This area contains nearly 30 percent of current agricultural lands in Khuzestan province. Relevant environment components such as soil properties (pH, EC, texture, organic matter), topography (Elevation and slope), climate factors (precipitation and temperature) and water resources potential for cultivation of canola and wheat at different spatial resolutions were considered, collected from scientific references and then classified. Afterwards, digital information layers for Wheat and Canola were prepared based on the growth parameters and available environmental conditions, with AHP weighting using GIS. Experts’ opinions were employed to determine the sufficient weights of each factors using relevant questionnaires. Finally, the generated agricultural land suitability maps were divided into 5 categories according to FAO classification guidelines as: highly suitable, suitable, moderately suitable, marginally suitable and not suitable.

The results of the research showed that among the factors contributing to land, the weightings of soil salinity and slope, with 0.2231 and 0.0254 were the highest and lowest limit, respectively. The weights are applied in overlapping layers of existing conditions using GIS software shows that an area of 632473 hectares of land in the basin Maroon, each year, and the different potential for canola and wheat crops. According to the agricultural land use suitability map, it was determined that 7.4% (46890 ha) of the studied area is highly suitable, 9.8% (62013 ha) suitable, 27.8% (175950 ha) moderately suitable, 29.4% (185434 ha) marginally suitable and 25.6% (162186 ha) not suitable for cultivation of wheat and canola. High soil salinity and limited water resources in the studied area were the most effective factors lowering the suitability of agricultural lands, in this study.

GIS is a powerful tool, as it provides many special features in a single system usable for land suitability. Generally, the goal of this study was to achieve some conclusions on the quality of land, decide on crop rotation and scheme for the management of the farms. This study were realized with the aid of GIS and AHP. It determined spatial highly suitable in Maroon basin district of Khuzestan province which help to sustainable agricultural production.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Jehad Agricultural and Water and Power Authority of Khuzestan province. We acknowledge them for their assist

  Pea plants are grown in hot and arid and semi arid weather conditions in cold areas in spring and autumn in the tropics. Iran is the fourth largest producer of peas in the world after India, Turkey and Pakistan. Despite the high-yielding cultivars development, weather is one of the most important determinants of the plant's performance. In this study, with the use of meteorological data, physiographic regions favorable for the cultivation of pea in Ardabil are identified. Collecting of data in this study is as follows. 1- Collecting climatic elements such as temperature and precipitation in the Province Ardabil during the period 1988 to 2013. 2- The preparation of topographic map with a scale of 1: 50,000 of the Armed Forces Geographical Organization. 3- Preparation maps of slope, elevation 4- Preparing soil maps and land use 5- Preparation of physiographic and climatic zonation map of pea cultivation of combining all data using AHP. In this study, each of the data after a review of the valuation methods were studied in GIS environment and the combination of the following options, criteria and sub-criteria, the final map was prepared. Precipitation play an important role in maintaining moisture and water requirement of pea. In this study, the amount of precipitation was used in the weather stations in April, May, June and July. Temperature is one of the decisive factors in the geography of plants and garden areas. Climatic factors such as: the distribution of the amount of rainfall during the growing of peas, average minimum temperature, germination, flowering temperature, temperature and relative humidity during their growth and climate elements by analyzing the data was about 37 percent very suitable, 21 percent suitable, 20 percent average and 22 percent was unsuitable for the cultivation of peas. Physiographic data played a significant role and is a limiting factor during the growing season of pea. The results of physiographic maps show that about 55 percent very suitable, 25 percent fair and 20 percent is unsuitable for cultivation of pea.
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of physiographic and climatic elements in the cultivation of pea, each of them prepared in different forms and was weighted, and results of zoning pea cultivation in this Province are as follows.
1. The areas are very suitable for cultivation of peas, plain and south of the cities of Ardabil is Meshkinshahr that is consistent with agricultural areas and there are no limitations for pea and constitute about 18 percent of Ardabil Province.
2. The regions in terms of Pea has the perfect conditions surrounding cities of Khalkhal and Sareyn, Kowsar and central areas of the city, Nir, northeast and constitute Meshkinshahr cities. A major constraint in the areas of water requirements and minimum temperature that is about 45 percent of the total area of the province.
3-Areas that slope, soil depth, elevation, temperature fluctuations are considered a major factor in limiting Pea-are the northern and southern areas and around the city Meshkinshahr form and about 27 percent of the total area of the province.
4-The areas of the Ardabil province due to the mountainous area, cold air and a lack of proper soil horizon with severe limitation is facing the possibility of planting about 12 percent of the Province Ardabil. In addition to the fact that peas are cultivated as human and animal food, the cultivation of this plant should be included in the crop pattern due to the contribution of soil fertility as one of the components of sustainable agricultural systems.
The final results show that:1- Among the main criteria, 0.603 climate, topography, 0.245, 0.114 soil and land use 0.038 higher priority on locating the pea are grown.
2-The results show consistency index criteria, all criteria are used with consistency index less than 0.1

suitable location for organic apple production is the important factors involved in site selection including elevation, slope of land, access to water, land units, the average annual temperature and average rain fall and access to markets, each with more variables were separated and proportional to their importance in site selection were ranked and weighted. Then, with GIS, digital layers of each of these factors were prepared and integrated with the digital layer of apple orchards and the final map of suitable orchards for organic apple production was prepared. Results showed that in the studied area, from 26, 000 ha of apple orchards, about 25.5 and 707 ha were grouped as most suitable and suitable, respectively. The main features of the suitable area are desired topography (elevation more than 1,300 m) and slopes (8 -20%), type of land (with sediment and deep soil) and favorable average daily temperature (5-10 ° C) as well as access to the river and the market. However, much of apple orchards in Urmia (over 17,000 ha) were determined not suitable for organic apple production, because of the lower altitude less than 1300 meters, low quality water for irrigation, and higher average daily temperatures or poor access to the roads and markets. It can be recommended that the only suitable and most suitable orchards as determined in this study should be involved in programming for sustainable production of organic apple.

Land use suitability is the ability of a given type of land to support a defined use. The suitable areas for agricultural use are determined by evaluating the environmental components and understanding of local biophysical restraints. The topographic characteristics, climatic conditions and the soil quality of an area are the most important determinant parameters of land suitability evaluation (Almashkreki et al., 2011). Bhagat et al. (2009) analyzed land suitability for cereal production in Himachal Pradesh (India). In this study different parameters including climatic variables (precipitation and temperature), topographic (elevation), soil type and land cover/land use have been used in order to evaluate land suitability for cereals food-grain crops. The possibility of further expansion of cultivation area under each cereal crop was also determined. Golestan province is one of the most important region for crop production in Iran. In this study, geographical information system (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) were applied to evaluate the feasibility of agricultural lands in Aq-Qalla township for annual alfalfa (Medicago scutellata L. Mill.) cultivation. This research was conducted in northern part of Iran, Aq-Qalla township in Golestan province. The climate of this region is under the influence of Alborz Mountains, Caspian Sea, the southern wildernesses of Turkmenistan and forests. The suitability of current agricultural lands in Aq-Qalla township for annual alfalfa cultivation, were evaluated by matching the environmental requirements of crop and the land characteristics. For this purpose, required data and information of the study area were collected during 2013, and thematic maps were provided. Climatic data were collected from 43 weather stations located in Golestan province. The digital elevation model (DEM) dataset with a 40×40 m resolution and township boundary of the study area were obtained from Natural Resources Organization of Golestan province. The soil nutrient data were collected from 300 sampling sites distributed in Aq-Qala township, including EC, pH, Texture, N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn and Organic matter. Kriging and IDW methods were applied for interpolation of environmental variables. The digital environmental layers overlaid and integrated in GIS in respect to Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) weights. The weight of factors for feasibility were obtained from local experts, through a pairwise comparison of statistical analysis in Expert Choice software (ver. 2000). Zoning of lands carried out in four classes including: highly suitable (S1), suitable (S2), semi-suitable (S3) and non-suitable (NS). This system was based on matching between land qualities/characteristics and crop requirements. Highly suitable, suitable and semi-suitable lands were expected to have a crop yield of 80-100%, 60-80% and 40-60% of the yield under optimal conditions with practicable and economic inputs, respectively. Non-suitable lands were assumed to have severe limitations which could rarely or never be overcome by economic use of inputs or management practices (Ghaffari et al., 2000). Results of AHP questionnaires analysis showed that among the factors affecting land suitability, climate (0.559) and topography (0.113) criteria had the highest and least weight, respectively. In this AHP model inconsistency ratio is about 0.002. This indicates that the comparisons of criteria were perfectly consistent, and the relative weights were suitable for use in the land suitability analysis in Aq-Qala. The results showed that 23.1% and 47.2% of these areas were high suitable and suitable for alfalfa cropping, respectively. These zones had enough precipitation, suitable topography and high fertility. The semi-suitable and non- suitable regions (about 30% of area) were located in the northwest, east and south of Aq-Qalla township. In these zones, the environmental requirements of annual alfalfa were not fitted to ecological variables of agricultural land. The results showed that the topography and climatic characteristics (temperature and precipitation) of this region were suitable for annual alfalfa growth. In this study, the limiting factors were: high EC (about 30 dS.m-1), deficiency of organic matter, K and Ca. Therefore, analyzing the soil quality is essential for understanding the environmental degradation processes in the region. Proper land management practices, leaching, drainage, land preparation, crop rotation, specific irrigation methods and using resistant crop are helpful methods to increase crop yield in this area.

Optimal use of lands heavily relies on careful assessment of agro-ecological resources. Evaluation of potential lands for various cultivated crops is the first strategic priority to increase production and optimized use of resources. This present study was aimed to identify effective climatologic، topographic and soil-related factors on rainfed wheat cropping in Qaresoo basin of Golestan province and determination of suitable areas to produce this crops usings Geographical Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). At first، ecological requirements of rainfed wheat was identified from scientific literatures and then were classified to provide thematic maps. In this study، minimum، average and maximum temperatures، precipitation، slope، aspect، elevation and EC were considered. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to find weight of each factor. Finally، the maps were provided and overlaid in GIS media and afterward the zoning of areas for rainfed wheat cultivation was done. Results showed that wheat grown lands would be located in four suitability classes. About 5170 hectares (6%) of the agricultural areas and 3% of the total area of the Qaresoo basin were located in high suitable class for rainfed wheat cultivation. Suitable precipitation، lower slope and projecting to south slopes and also the desirable electrical conductivity were the reasons make these regions suitable. Also، results showed that about 909 hectares (1. 5%) of Qaresoo basin lands that now are cultivating by rainfed wheat، have not required potency to produce this crop.