جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « essential oil » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

Today, the use of medicinal plants as one of the most effective methods in the field of health and business is increasing. Among the required factors, micro-elements elements play a significant role in feeding and increasing of plant yield. In recent years, due to the prevent the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers, the application of biofertilizers has been considered. The present study was conducted to investigate the yield, yield components, and essential oil of the dill plant in response to phosphozist and nitrozist and foliar application of zinc and iron elements. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included foliar application with zinc, iron and combined application of zinc and iron, and biofertilizer treatments consisted of application of phosphozist biofertilizer, pbt of nitrozist biofertilizer, combined pbt of phosphozist and nitrozist biofertilizers and control.The results showed that the highest plant height, number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per umbel, percentage and yield of shoot essential oil were achieved from the combined application of nitrozist and phosphozist. There was no significant difference with foliar application of zinc and iron. In terms of grain yield, root dry weight and percentage and yield of grain essential oil, the application of these biofertilizers was significantly superior to other treatments. Based on results, in order to produce more yield, yield components and essential oil in dill, the combined application of nitrozist and phosphozist biofertilizers was identified as the most desirable nutritional treatment.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of natural and organic fertilizers, compared to chemical fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of black cumin.

Factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications at the Research Farm of the University of Kurdistan during 2021 growing season. The first factor consisted of three levels of fertilizer (control, digested fertilizer, and chemical fertilizer) and the second factor included three concentrations of humic acid foliar application (0, 200, and 400 mg.L-1).

The digested fertilizer significantly increased plant height, capsules number per plant, seeds number per capsule, grain and biological yield, oil percentage and yield, and essential oil yield. These mentioned traits significantly increased with humic acid foliar application except for essential oil yield. The third level of humic acid had the most effect. The highest values of seed nitrogen and phosphorus content belonged to the integrated treatment of digested fertilizer and 400 mg.L-1 humic acid.

The digested fertilizer and humic acid (400 mg.L-1) improved the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of black cumin and they can be alternative inputs for chemical fertilizers.

‎‏ ‏Mycorrhiz species are factors that improve plant growth and yield. The ‎effects of these fungi are ‎exerted by altering some of the root properties and absorbing nutrients in the ‎host plants under water ‎stress conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and ‎qualitative yield of basil in ‎greenhouse conditions under the influence of different levels of soil ‎moisture and three species of ‎mycorrhiza on morphological or agronomic traits, plant pigments, ‎percentage and Essential oil function. ‎

Methods & Materials:

 The experiment was factorial with a randomized complete block design with ‎three replications in ‎‎greenhouse conditions. Experimental factors include soil moisture at four levels of ‎‎25 (severe stress), 50 ‎‎(moderate stress), 75 (mild stress) and 100 (no stress) percent of field capacity, ‎three species of ‎mycorrhiza fungi Clarodeoglomus etunicatum (Glomus etunicatum), Funneliformis ‎mosseae (Glomus mosseae), Rhizophagus irregularis (Glomus intraradices) and control treatment.‎

‎According to the results, increasing the level of water stress reduced the performance of the ‎aerial part ‎yield, as the economic performance of basil, but coexistence with mycorrhizae reduced the ‎destructive ‎effects of water stress. Different species of mycorrhiz had positive effects on increasing ‎plant ‎pigments. ‎

According to the experimental results, it can be said that F. mosseae‏ ‏compared to other ‎species had a greater effect in improving the adverse effects of dehydration stress in most of the ‎evaluated traits. While the effect of G. intraradicse on the percentage and yield of essential oil was ‎higher than F. mosseae.

Zataria multiflora is very valuable economically and its components are used in Pharmaceutical industries. Since a little research has been done on this plant, therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the reaction of plant populations collected from different habitats to cultivation in one place.

The experiment was conducted during 2017-2019 in Fozveh station Isfahan. The experiment was on the basis of randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments were 3 populations of Zataria multiflora including Baghbahadoran, Fooladshahr and Shahreza.

The studied populations were significantly different in many studied traits. Baghbahadoran population had the highest seed yield, essential oil and shoot dry yield with average (3.3, 60.2 and 1764 kg/ha). Years had a significant effect on aerial dry matter yield, seed yield and essential oil percentage. Interactive effect of genotype×year revealed that Baghbahadoran population had the highest seed and aerial dry yield in the second year that did not have significant difference with Shahreza. 19 components were found in populations oil. Carvacrole observed as the main essential oil component. Its rate was variable from 31.2% to 61% during two years.

The studied populations had the sufficient genetic diversity for various traits such as shoot yield, seed yield and essential oil percentage. The existence of this diversity can pave the way for remedial work in the future. This plant can also be introduced as an appropriate source to provide a combination of Carvacrole used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

In the conventional agricultural systems, the excessive use of chemical inputs, such as chemical fertilizers, increased the agricultural productivity. Detrimental implications from intensive agricultural practices and long-term use of chemical fertilizers have been well evidenced on the environment and human health. Intercropping system and application of organic fertilizers and biofertilizers including vermicompost and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are recommended in the development of sustainable agricultural systems. The objectives were evaluating the effect of different fertilizer sources on the quantity and quality characteristics of Salvia officinalis L.

The experiment consisted of two successive phases at the Miandoab, Iran in 2019-2020. The first was cultivation of spring green manure until the soft dough stage of barley and flowering stage of hairy vetch then returned to the soil, and the second phase was cultivation of medicinal plant of sage. Two species, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), were used as green manure. In second phase, a field experiment study was carried out as split plot in time based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 16 treatments and three replications. The main plot factor was eight different fertilizer sources including control (C), barley monoculture (B), hairy vetch monoculture (V), 75% V + 25% B, 50% V + 50% B and 25% V + 75% B, AMF: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus intraradices) and vermicompost. Also the sub plot factor was harvesting time (first and second harvest). In AM fungi treatments, 80 g of the soil containing mycorrhizal fungi hyphae and the remains of the root and spores was added to soil in planting times. Also, vermicompost (2 t ha-1) was applied to the soil before planting. Analysis of variance of the data and mean comparison based on least significant difference (LSD) test and interaction effect slicing of different fertilizer sources × harvesting time were carried out by using of SAS 9.3 statistical software.

The plant height, number of lateral branches, number of leaves, chlorophyll index, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, essential oil percentage and yield was significantly affected by interaction of diffirent fertilizer sources×harvesting time. The highest of dry matter yield was achieved under AMF followed by 50% V+ 50% B. Also the highest of chlorophyll index and essential oil percentage of sage was obtained in 50% V + 50% B and first harvest. Also, the first harvesting time increased by 33.9, 10.7 and 40.7% this trait in comparison with second harvest. In addition, the maximum of essential oil yield was observed in AMF followed by 50% V+ 50% B in first harvest. Chemical analysis of the essential oil of sage demonstrated that in all treatements, cis-Thujone, 1, 8-cineole and camphor were the main dominant components. The maximum of cis-Thujone, 1, 8-cineole content was achieved in 50% V+ 50% B and second harvest. Also, the highest of camphor observed in 25% V+ 75% B treatment and first harvest. The roots of green manure plants can uptake nutrients from the lower layers of soil and transfer them to the aerial parts of plant. By incorporating green manure, the sage growth characteristics improved as a result of increasing soil microbiological processes and releasing of nutrients. Also, mycorrhizal fungus inoculation enhanced plant performance by increasing root surface area, turgor pressure adjustment, gradual availability to nutrients and water. Since essential oils are terpenoid components so that for the biosynthesis of precursor compounds (isoprenoids) such as isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate necessary Acetyl-CoA, NADPH and ATP and mineral nutrients like N and P. Treating plots with 50% V + 50% B and AMF increase the essential oil percentage and compounds through releasing of nitrogen and phosphorus into the soil. Also, the higher morphological traits, essential oil percentage and yield in the first harvest than the second harvest can be attributed to longer growing period and optimal growth conditions (day length, sunlight, ambient temperature).Treating plots with green manure and AMF improve the morphological traits, quantity and quality of sage essential oil through adjustment the soil chemical properties. According to the quantity and quality indicators, application of 50% V+ 50% B as green manure and AMF can be suggested as an efficient and eco-friendly agricultural strategy in sage cultivation.

This experiment was performed as factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor included of the application of chemical and farmyard fertilizers in four levels of control, 100 % chemical fertilizer, 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% of farmyard manure and 100% farmyard manure (30 tons per hectare). The highest plant height, inflorescence length and dry matter yield were obtained with application of 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% farmyard manure, the highest number and weight of flowering lateral stems with 100% application of farmyard manure and the highest number of lateral stems, main stem diameter and plant dry weight by applying 100% chemical fertilizer. The number of lateral and flowering stems per plant, 1000-grain weight and dry matter yield were significantly increased under Super nitro plus or Humica application compared to the control. The highest percentage of essential oil was obtained in the treatments of 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% manure without Humica and Super nitro plus (0.77%), 100% farmyard manure + Humica (0.72%) and 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% farmyard manure with the application of Humica (0.69%), with no significant difference each other, respectively. The highest essential oil yield was obtained in 50% chemical fertilizer + 50% animal manure with application of Humica (1.83 g.m-2), application of 100% farmyard manure with application of Humica (1.79 g.m-2) and 50% chemical fertilizer + 50 % of farmyard manure without Humica and Super nitro plus (1.74 g.m-2).

Water deficit is one of the most important factors limiting the crops performance like basil. Using growth-promoting bacteria along with silica could improve them. Accordingly, the present research was conducted to investigate the effect of Enterobacter sp. and foliar application of silica on vegetative and physiological characteristics of basil under water deficit irrigation.

Methods & Materials:

 This research was conducted in a split factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design. The main plot was irrigation levels (two, three and four days) and sub-plots were Enterobacter (inoculation and control) and silica concentrations (0, 6C, 6X and 12X).

Results showed that irrigation with three- and four-days intervals reduced vegetative and some physiological traits alone. However, SPAD in irrigation with three and four days intervals and essential oil percentage (EOP) and yield in four days intervals showed an increase at the range of 11 and 29%. 12X silica was very useful in some of these traits with increasing irrigation intervals. Although using bacteria inoculation with 12X silica was able to produce the highest amount of chlorophyll a and a+b in complete irrigation and dry matter yield in water deficit irrigation. However, when plants grown under water deficit irrigation, using 12X silica was maximally improved the EOP and yield.

In conclusion, the positive effect of silica was more pronounced than Enterobacter on improving the vegetative and physiological traits of basil. In addition, silica with high concentration (X) showed better results than low (C) concentration.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and fulvic acid foli-ar use on some growth responses and essential oil content of thyme.

A factorial experiment as completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The first and second factors included: fulvic acid (0,1,1.5,2 mg/l) and salicylic acid (0,10,50,100 µM). After spray-ing and harvesting, the following factors were evaluated; fresh and dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids, total antioxidants activity, and essential oil content of the aerial parts.

Foliar treatments significantly influenced plant height, fresh and dry weight biomass as well as chlorophyll b content. Also, salicylic acid had a significant effect on yield traits such as fresh weight, total antioxidant activity, flavonoids and essential oil content. The interactions of salicylic acid and fulvic acid on fresh and dry weight also showed a significant effect. The highest total antioxidants activity and flavo-noids were obtained at 100 µM salicylic acid. The highest essential oil content was obtained at of 50 µM salicylic acid.

In order to produce the highest yield of the plant, the application of 50 μM concentrations of salicylic acid and fulvic acid with a concentration of 1.5 mg/l seems appropriate. Also, to achieve the highest essential oil content of shoots and leaves, a concentration of 50 μM salicylic acid is recommend-ed.

Medicinal plants are used in all civilizations and cultures are one of the most essential defensive lines to protect human health and fight human diseases in the world. From the distant past to now, the plants have long been considered as a source of renewable medicines.Perilla (Perilla frutescens var. crispa)is an annual plant native to East Asian, which used as a medicinal plant due to the presence of active metabolite, especially rosmarinic acid. The medicinal organs used in this plant are its leaves and flowering branches. Growth, drug yield, as well as quantity and quality of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants are affected by ecological factors. The present study was conducted to evaluate the agro-morphological and phytochemical traits of Purple Perilla grown in three different locations of Sari, Rasht, and north of Tehran.

 The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Purple Perilla  were planted as seedlings in early spring in the trial field with the density of 25×50 cm (inter-plant space × inter-row space) in three locations including Sari, Rasht, and north of Tehran in 2018. Plants were harvested at the flowering stage in late September. Argo-morphological and phytochemical traits including plant height, inflorescence length, number of branches, stem diameter, internode length, leaf length, leaf width, plant fresh weight, stem fresh weight, leaf fresh weight, flowers fresh weight, plant dry weight, leaf dry weight, flower dry weight, total phenolics and flavonoids as well as rosmarinic acid content were measured. The total phenolic contents of extracts of Perilla plants were determined according to the method of Ciocalteus Reagent (FCR) Folinthe aluminum chloride method was used for the determination of the total flavonoid content of the extracts. The rosmarinic acid content was estimated with method HPLC. Data set were subjected to variance analysis using SPSS statistical software (version 19). Also, Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare treatment means at P<0.05.

 Results of variance analysis showed that almost all morphological traits (except stem fresh weight, plant dry weight, and plant fresh weight) and all phytochemical traits were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by locations. Mean comparisons of the effect of different locations for morphological traits showed that the maximum plant height (137.67 cm), leaf length (15.28 cm), fresh weight of leaf (108.3 g), dry weight of leaf (41.63 g) were observed in Sari, while the minimum plant height (87.34 cm), leaf length (10.8 cm), fresh weight of leaf (69.74 g), dry weight of leaf (26.13 g) were detected in north of Tehran. The Rasht had the highest flower fresh weight, flower dry weight, and number of branches with an average of 108.67 g, 25.99 g, and 33, respectively. The lowest flower fresh weight, flower dry weight, and number of branches were observed in the north of Tehran with an average of 47.07, 12.71, and 22 g, respectively. The results revealed that the highest internode length, inflorescence length, and leaf width belonged to the Sari with an average of 9.12, 13.17, and 98.8 mm, respectively, while the Rasht had the lowest internode length, inflorescence length, and leaf width with an average of 6.28, 9.8, and 6.97 mm, respectively. Also, the maximum and minimum stem diameter were observed in the north of Tehran and Sari (8.95 and 7.65 mm), respectively. Mean comparisons of the effect of different locations for phytochemical traits showed that the maximum total phenolic contents and rosmarinic acid produced in the Rasht with an average of 49.03 and 52.20 (mg/ g dry matter), respectively, while the Sari had the maximum flavonoids content (14.8 mg/ g dry matter).

 Drug yield (leaf and flower fraction) of the plants grown in Sari, Rasht, and north of Tehran was 41.63, 32.05, 26.13 and 12.71, 25.99, 18.47, respectively The highest total phenolics (49.027 mg/ g dry matter) and rosmarinic acid content (46.99 mg/ g dry matter) were observed in Rasht region, while the highest total flavonoids was observed in Sari (14.8 mg/ g dry matter).  In terms of argo-morphological and phytochemical traits, Sari and Rasht were suitable places for the growth of purple perilla.

Sustainability of production in agricultural lands is directly related to soil fertility management. In this regard, the application of livestock manure is a very important method in improving soil fertility without adversely affecting the environment. Although the efficiency of these manures could be sustained for several growing seasons, however their efficiency at the first year is principally more important due to the direct relationship with the production of that year. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of source and amount of manure on the growth and production of thyme.

The experiment was performed as a split plot design in time and in the form of a randomized complete block with three replications at the model cultivation site of medicinal plants of Koohrang Agriculture-Jahad in 2018 and 2019. Experimental treatments were included three levels of poultry manure (100, 143 and 250 kg N/ ha; PM100, PM143, PM250), three levels of sheep manure (100, 143 and 250 kg N/ ha; SM100, SM143, SM250)), three levels of cattle manure (100, 143 and 250 kg N/ ha; CM100, CM143, CM250) and chemical fertilizer (CF) and no fertilizer application (C) as positive and negative controls, respectively, which in two cutting were compared. The measured traits were includedphotosynthetic pigments, leaf area index, aerial biomass, essential oil content and essential oil yield. Data was analyzed by SAS software and means were compared by LSD test.

In both cuttings, the amount of chlorophyll a in plots received medium and high level of animal manures were similar to plot received chemical fertilizer. Except to CM250 treatment, chlorophyll b in all manure treatments were similar to CF treatment. In the first cutting, the leaf area index in PM250, SM143 and SM250 treatments had a significant advantage compared to CF treatment, but in the second cutting, manure treatments (except SM100) did not show a significant difference comparing to CF treatment. Thyme biomass obtained from PM250, SM143 and SM250  treatments had a significant advantage compared to CF treatment in the first cutting, but in the second cutting, there was no significant difference among manures and CF treatments. In the first cut, the essential oil content of medium and high levels of poultry manure and also high levels of sheep and cattle manures were significantly higher than the CF treatment. However, in the second cutting, the amount of essential oil under all levels of poultry manure and medium and high levels of sheep and cattle manures were higher than the CF treatment. In the first cutting, the essential oil yield of medium and high levels of poultry and sheep manures and high level of cattle manure were higher than that the CF treatment, but in the second cutting, only high level of poultry manure had a significant advantage in comparison with CF treatment. The fertilizer application efficiency regarding to biomass production was similar for all fertilizer treatments, except SM143. The highest fertilizer use efficiency in the production of essential oil was obtained with SM143 and PM143, respectively.

Applying a medium amount of sheep manure could be more effective in the crop ecosystem due to its superior efficiency in comparison with other levels of this fertilizer and other studied animal manure and chemical fertilizers. However, if the essential oil yield of the thyme be the gold of the farmer, the high level of poultry manure has priority over the balanced level of sheep manure, although the efficiency of this level of poultry manure is 35% lower than the balanced level of sheep manure. Therefore, in addition to producing the essential oils, the efficiency of fertilizers could be also considered as an important factor, regarding to achieving the sustainable aspects in the medicinal plants ecosystems.

The experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The first factor was including as application of 0, 10and 20 tons cattle manure per hectare and the second factor application of humic acid, nitroxin, humic acid +nitroxin and control. The highest plant height, lateral stems number and biological yield were obtained by applying 20 and 10 tons cattle manure per hectare and the highest flowers number, leaf chlorophyll index, dry yield of flowers, number of grains per capitol, and 1000-kernal weight by applying 20 tons cattle manure per hectare. Plant height, number of flowers per plant, number of grains per capitol and biological yield were reached to maximum value by applying of humic acid +nitroxin. The lateral stems number and 1000-kernal weight with the combined application of humic acid +nitroxin or separate application of nitroxin showed the highest increase compared to the control. Application of catlle manure 20 tons per hectare increased the biological yield by 18.9%, and 10 and 20tons per hectare increased the essential oil by 24.8% and essential oil yield by 43.3%, compared to the control. The highest dry yield of flowers, essential oil content and essential oil yield were significantly obtained in humic acid +nitroxin treatment compared to the control. The highest grain yield was obtained in two treatments of nitroxin and nitroxin +humic acid application without significant differences with each other at the level of application of 20 tons cattle manure per hectare.

The present study was conducted to study the effect of mycorrhiza and vermicompost biological fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.).

An experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatment and four replications was conducted at the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz farm in 2015-2016. The treatments were included mycorrhiza fungi (combination of Glomus mosseae, G.intraradices, G.etunicatum), vermicompost, chemical fertilizer and control. After ripening 50% of fruits, the number of umbels per plant, number of seed per umbel, seed weight per umbel and seed yield were measured. Phosphorus content and percentage of root symbiosis with mycorrhiza were measured by colorimetric and root staining methods, respectively. The essential oil of plants was extracted by water distillation method.

The results of mean comparison of data showed that the highest of number of umbels per plant (31.05), seed yield (673.24 g.m-2), percentage of mycorrhizal symbiosis (60.25%), phosphorus content of leaf (1.63 %) and essential oil content (0.44 %) were obtained in plants inoculated with mycorrhiza. Also, highest of plant height and number of seed per umbel were observed in chemical fertilizer and mycorrhiza treatments. The control plants had the least of the above traits. Among the components identified in coriander essential oil, Linalool was the most abundant component of essential oil in all treatments.

Overall, according to the results, the application of mycorrhizal fungi can be effective in increasing yield, yield components and essential oil of coriander.

Determining the morphological characteristics of each plant is an important criterion in generating information for breeding programs. Understanding the vegetation of the region provides planners with a sound vision of the future. Zanjanchr('39')s Tarom Sheet area is a desert state and only allows certain species to grow. In this area, the plants are highly resistant to drought and with unpredictable rainfall. Capparis spinosa, one of the most important multifunctional plants, is of less concern to the inhabitants of these areas and grows in places with minimal rainfall and sandy soils. It is one of the rare plants that can withstand this harsh condition. Unfortunately, the plant is under threat from genetic erosion, pests and severe grazing. In order to preserve this valuable food, medicinal, industrial and cover crop and evaluate the genetic diversity of six blind populations of the region under 752 hectare conditions, the area was randomly selected. 18 phenotypic and quantitative traits and 4 qualitative traits were measured and analyzed. Multivariate analysis was performed using SAS 9.1 statistical software and one-way correlation coefficient was determined by Pearson method. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to analyze the data. Data analysis using these methods showed the relationships between the studied populations. Principal component analysis helped to create patterns of diversity and identified germplasm of the studied populations in the blind, taking into account the main traits, the existence of blind diversity in the Sheet area. The analysis showed a significant difference (at 1% level) in all studied traits with the exception of width, petiole length, width of spleen and spine length which was significant at 5% level. Among 18 morphological traits by cluster analysis, four clusters were obtained by Euclidean square method using intergroup linkage method. The first three principal components accounted for about 81.34% of the total variation among the 18 traits. The results of principal components showed that traits such as flower and fruit size and their components, number of main and secondary shoots and leaf size were the main distinguishing traits in the blinds of Sheet area. The highest amount of total phenol and antioxidant activity belonged to region 6 and then region 2. In cluster analysis of phytochemical traits, in cut from 5 Euclidean units it was observed that Capparis spinosa growth sites are divided into three separate groups. In the first group are places 1, 4 and 3. 5th place in a separate group and 2nd and 6th place in the third group.

The study was performed to evaluate the animal manures effects on growth and development of sage biomass to achieve optimal essential oil yield. 

The experiment was conducted as a split plot design in time and in the form of randomized complete block with three replications in 2018 and 2019. Experimental treatments include poultry manure levels (low, medium and high: 2222, 3174, 5555 kg.ha-1, respectively), sheep manure levels (low, medium and high: 3788, 5411, 9470 kg.ha-1, respectively),, and cow manure levels (low, medium and high: 4310, 6157, 10775 kg.ha-1, respectively), chemical fertilizer, control that were compared in two cuttings. Measured traits included photosynthetic pigments, leaf area index, aerial dry weight, essential oil content and essential oil yield. 

The main effects of fertilizer and cutting on all studied traits (except carotenoids, essential oil content, respectively) were significant. Chlorophylls content, aerial dry weight and essential oil yield were significantly influenced by the fertilizer treatment × cutting interaction. In the first cutting, the highest level of chlorophylls was observed in plots receiving high level of poultry manure. In the second cutting, plots receiving high level of poultry manure had the highest aerial dry weight (2953 kg.ha-1) and this treatment had the highest essential oil yield without significant difference with chemical fertilizer treatment. 

In general, high level application of poultry manure can produce dry matter yield as well as essential oil production equivalent to chemical fertilizer treatment. Therefore, considering the optimal agronomic efficiency of poultry manure and its residual effects in the agroecosytem, it is recommended for the production of sage.

In this study, the effect of magnetic water on morphological properties, chlorophyll values, carotenoids, relative leaf water content, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, total phenol, flavonoids and the amount of savory essential oil was investigated. Materials &

This field experiment was performed in the layout of a randomized complete block design in three magnetic treatments (0, 0.1 and 0.2 Tesla) in four replications.

The results showed that magnetic water had a significant effect on plant height and fresh weight yield, and the number of flowers per plant at probability of 5 percent. On the other hand, magnetizing water increased the concentration of nitrogen in the plant compared to the control. The results showed that the magnetic water increased the amount of to the control. This treatment also increased the percentage of essential oil in compared to the control. In addition, magnetic water used in this experiment increased the percentage of compounds such as gamma-terpinene, alpha-terpinene, p-cymen, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and alpha-tujene.

Using of magnetized water by solubility and absorption of elements, can lead to increase yield and essential oil composition and medicinal properties of savory.

Evaluation of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) effect on weed control, yield, yield components and essential oil of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in mixed cropping were important objectives of this study.  

Experiment was carried out as a split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications at the field of Agricultural and Natural Resources Research of Meshginehshahr in 2018. The effect of weed control as the main factor was included two levels of control and non-control of weeds and different planting pattern in 7 level: coriander sole cropping, hairy vetch sole cropping, intercropping of coriander and hairy vetch (1:1) with different spacing of plants on hairy vetch rows including 5 (A), 7.5 (B), 10 (C), 12.5 (D) and 15 (E) cm, were as sub factor.  

The highest number of lateral branches and essential oil percentage (0.29%) of coriander were obtained in E, number of umbrella per plant in all intercropping treatments, and the number of grains per umbrella in C and D treatments. The highest biological yield (3013 kg.ha-1) and grain yield (689.2 kg.ha-1) of coriander were obtained in sole cropping with weed control treatment, and the highest essential oil yields were obtained in sole cropping (1.85 kg.ha-1) and intercropping of coriander with hairy vetch at 15 cm distances on rows (1.86 kg.ha-1) in weed control conditions. The lowest weed biomass was recorded in intercropping with 5 cm distances of seeds on rows of hairy vetch without any differences with 7.5 and 10 cm distances of seeds, which led to decreases of weed biomass by 14.2 and 9.2 % compared to sole cropping of coriander and hairy vetch, respectively. Land equivalent ratio (LER) based on biological yield in all intercropping treatments was greater than 1 and indicated the superiority of intercropping over sole cropping in both crops in the studied treatments.  

In general, to achieve higher yield of coriander essential oil in intercroping with hairy vetch, planting distance of 15 cm of hairy vetch under weed control and planting distance of 5 cm of hairy vetch without weed control are appropriate. For more control on weed, planting of hairy vetch at distances of 5, 7.5 and 10 cm will be effective in intercroping with coriander.