جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فنول » در نشریات گروه « باغبانی »

The beneficial effects of the chamomile plant have been attributed to its essential oil, so any factor that affects the quantity of its essential oil will be of interest to researchers. To investigate the effect of plant growth regulators salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate on the production of secondary metabolites in chamomile plants, this experiment was conducted under the native in vitro conditions of Sharbian City. To conduct this research, chamomile seeds were collected from Sharbian (N ʺ52 58 37 and E ʺ06 ʹ11 ˚), East Azerbaijan province. After transfer, the seeds were sterilized for 15 minutes in a detergent. Their surfaces were disinfected with 70% alcohol for 45 seconds and then with sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes. After surface disinfection, they were washed twice with distilled water. The basic culture medium in this study was the MS culture medium. All cultures were placed in the growth chamber at a temperature of 24±2°C and 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. A factorial experiment was performed in a complete random design with three replications. Test treatments included salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) at five levels (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 μM). Minguez-Mosquera and Perez-Galvez methods were applied to determine photosynthetic pigment amounts. The amount of phenolic compounds in the plant extract was measured with a slight modification based on the Slinkard and Singleton method with the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent. The data related to this research were analyzed using SAS V.9.g.1 statistical software. The comparison of treatment averages was done with Duncan's test at 5% and 1%. Graphs were drawn using Microsoft Excel software. The analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of the applied treatments on the traits of stem weight, root weight, stem length, and root length is significant at the 1% probability level. In addition, it is significant on the number of stems at the 5% probability level. The comparison of the averages showed that the highest amount of stem weight was obtained in the interaction effect of (50 µM) SA and (200 µM) MeJA, and the lowest amount of stem weight was obtained in the interaction effect of (400 µM) SA and (400 µM) MeJA treatment. The comparison of the means shows a significant difference in this trait. The highest amount of root weight was obtained in the interaction effect of (100 µM) SA and (100 µM) MeJA, and the lowest amount of root weight was obtained in the interaction of (400 µM) SA and (400 µM) MeJA treatment. Came. A comparison of the averages showed that the highest number of stems was obtained in the interaction of (100 µM) SA and (50 µM) MeJA, and the lowest number of stems was obtained in the interaction of (400 µM) SA and (200 µM) MeJA. The comparison of the means showed the significance of the stem and root length traits. The highest value of these two traits was due to the interaction of (50 µM) SA and (100 µM) MeJA treatments, and the lowest value of stem length was in the combination of (400 µM) SA and (µM) treatments. 400) MeJA and root length were measured from the combination of SA (400 µM) and MeJA (200 µM) treatments. In the biochemical traits, variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of SA levels on the amount of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll, phenol, and flavonoid in all three wavelengths was significant at the 1% probability level. In this experiment, it was shown that metabolite production depends not only on enzyme activity but also on stimulant concentration. Increasing the stimulus more than usual not only increases metabolism but also reduces or stops the production of metabolites through the reduction of enzyme activity (probably through the reduction of the corresponding gene expression).

Salinity is among the abiotic stresses restricts citrus growth. In this regard, the selection of appropriate method to improve growth characteristics and antioxidant response under salt stress conditions can be useful. The present pot research was conducted as factorial reperiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of University of Hormozgan during 2021. The used lime plants were six-month-old seedlings (height about 60 cm) healthy and disease-free. Experimental treatments were included salinity (1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 dS/m) and potassium phosphite (0, 1.5, and 3 g L-1). The results revealed the 6 dS/m of salt led to a decrease in leaf number, stem length and root volume (25.27, 13.8 and 47.8% respectively) and increased ion leakage and malondialdehyde (50.47 and 34.5%, respectively). Application of potassium phosphite (1.5 g L-1) increased leaf number, stem length, root volume and root length (33.87%, 32.38%, 15.5% and 11.05%, respectively). In addition, the potassium phosphite treatment increased protein content and activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, phenylalanine ammonialyase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbic peroxidase (36.9, 95.97, 69.1, 30.20, 65.7 and 78.5%, respectively) and decreased ion leakage and malondialdehyde (75.7% and 40.6%, respectively). Based on the results, it can be expected that potassium phosphite (1.5 g L-1) by stimulating the antioxidant system and neutralized oxygen free radicals, improves growth characteristics and moderates the harmful effects of salinity stress in lime.

The amount of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants are changed during different stages of plant growth, so in order to determine the best time to harvest each medicinal herb, it is necessary to determine the amount of active substances and their biological activities in different phenological stages. Tanacetum parthenium L. is one of the important species of chicory genus that has many medicinal properties. This study investigated the content of total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and anthocyanins and the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Tanacetum parthenium L. aerial parts and root ethanolic extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding). For this purpose, total phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and anthocyanins were measured spectrophotometrically in the aerial parts and root ethanolic extracts of T. parthenium. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and antibacterial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) by disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. The maximum levels of total phenol (62.3 ± 1.2 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry weight), flavonoids (35.7 ± 0.9 mg quercetin equivalents (QE).g-1 dry weight), alkaloids (73.2 ± 0.6 mg atropine equivalent.g-1 dry weight) and total anthocyanin (4.2 ± 0.3 mg cyaniding-3glicoside equivalents.g-1 dry weight) were measured in the shoot extract of the studied species at the flowering stage. Results of the antioxidant activity evaluation showed that the shoot extract at the flowering stage had the highest antioxidant activity (75.3 ± 0.7 %). The lowest antioxidant activity (16.5 ± 0.9 %) was measured for the root extract at the vegetative stage. According to the antibacterial investigation, the maximum inhibition zone (21 ± 0.3 mm) was observed for the shoot extract at the flowering stage against Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (12.5 mg.mL-1) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (25 mg.mL-1) were recorded for shoot extracts at vegetative and flowering stages against the abovementioned bacteria. Based on the results, the studied species' extracts were more effective against gram-positive than gram-negative bacteria. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that the flowering stage extract of T. parthenium had considerable phytochemical compounds with appropriate antioxidant and antibacterial properties. It can be used as a source of natural antioxidants and antibiotic agents.

Genetic diversity and the use of different cultivars and genotypes are important in pomegranate breeding and cultivation. Although, the quantitative and qualitative fruit characteristics of pomegranate genotypes have been studied in different regions of Iran, there are still regions, including Kurdistan province in the west of Iran, where no report has been published about the pomegranate genetic diversity. The present experiment investigated the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fourteen pomegranate genotypes collected from four regions in Oraman, Kurdistan. Investigating the biochemical characteristics of fruit juice showed that the amounts of total acidity and ascorbic acid, total phenol, and total flavonoids were significantly different, but total soluble solids, taste index (soluble solids/acidity) and Brima-A index were not different. Also, the examination of fruit color indices showed significant differences in total anthocyanin, color intensity, pure red color intensity, and the ratio of total phenol to anthocyanin. Results showed that identifying and collecting pomegranate genotypes in other regions of Kurdistan province can increase the genetic diversity information of pomegranate. Furthermore, these studies can be utilized to introduce suitable genoypes in Kurdistan province or to implement breeding programs to introduce new pomegranate cultivars adapted to the climatic conditions of Kurdistan.

Citrus fruits are important sources of antioxidants including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids and ascorbic acid, which can be changed by using mineral elements, especially potassium and calcium. This research was conducted factorial form in a completely randomized design. Foliar application of calcium nitrate (0, 2 and 4 g L-1) and potassium phosphite (0, 1.5 and 3 g L-1) before commercial maturation of blood orange fruits of Sanguine cultivar, and one week after treatment, fruit harvesting operation done. The fruits were stored for 3 months in normal storage. The antioxidant properties, elements and enzymes were evaluated at the time of harvest and during the storage period at intervals of one month. The results showed that the use of higher concentrations of calcium nitrate and potassium phosphite improved the characteristics measured on the day of harvest. Fruits treated with 4 g L-1 calcium nitrate and 3 g L-1 and 1.5 g L-1 potassium phosphate had the best effect on antioxidant properties and elements. Also, the amount of APX and SOD enzymes increased with these treatments during the storage period.

Tulipa is one of the most important bulbous plants in the world which is highly distributed in many parts of our country. This research was conducted to explain the correlation of canonical functions between morphological and phytochemical traits of two species of wild tulips: Tulipa montana var. montana (with red flower) and T. montana var. chrysantha (with yellow flower) collected from the altitudes of Qeydar city of Zanjan province. Measured phytochemical traits were phenol, flavonoids and antioxidants of flowers and bulbs and chlorophyll a in both varieties of tulip, morphological traits such as petal length, bulb diameter, fresh weight of plants, plant height and the height of rhizome. Data analysis was performed to determine the correlation relationship and Wilks' Lambda, Pillai's Trace, Hotelling-Lawley Trace and Roy's Greatest Root tests were used to define the relationships between variables. The results of this study showed that three functions were only fitted between four canonical functions and the highest special value was 224 and it belonged to Roy's Greatest Root. Three first canonical variables of morphological traits fit 91% of the canonical correlation between variables which this rate of correlation is higher than phytochemical traits. The highest percentage of fitness (0.76%) in morphological traits was belonged to the first canonical function; which shows the first canonical function fit the canonical correlation relationships in morphological traits better than others. Also, comparison of two types of traits in red and yellow tulips showed that morphological traits can establish a significant relationship with the canonical correlation better than phytochemical traits. Analysis of canonical correlation equations displayed that the amount of phenol in bulb and petal flavonoid decreased with a coefficient by reduction in petal length. Also, the amount of phenol in petal, flavonoid in bulb and antioxidant in petal enhanced by reduction of petal length. Phenol in tulip bulbs and antioxidant amount of petal showed a direct correlation with tulip bulb diameter. Also, reduction in tulip height reduced the amount of petal and bulb’s phenol, bulb flavonoid and petal’s antioxidants, while the content of petal flavonoids increased significantly. Based on the result of this study, researcher will select the best plant according to their ultimate goal of producing or collecting wild tulips, considering the relationship between morphological and phytochemical traits.

Postharvest conditions have a noticeable effect on the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants. Accordingly, in the present study, the effects of different storage durations (0, 2, 4, and 6 months) and packaging types (kraft, polyethylene, polypropylene, and without packaging) on the quantity and quality of essential oil and phenol and antioxidant activity of methanol extract in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) fruit were evaluated. Essential oils and methanol extracts were prepared using hydrodistillation (Clevenger, for 3 hours) and Soxhlet extraction methods, respectively. Essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. In general, increasing the storage duration reduced the essential oil content of fennel (with the exception of kraft packaging) and the rate of this reduction varied depending on the packaging type. The polyethylene-packed fruitsstored for 2 months and unpacked fruits stored for 6 months had the highest (3.25% v/w) and lowest (1.8% v/w) essential oil content, respectively. The number, type, and amount of essential oil compounds were affected by storage duration and packaging type. The highest (75.8%) and lowest (49.46%) amounts of E-anethole were obtained from the essential oil of unpacked fruits stored for 6 months and unstored fruits, respectively. The amount of phenol and antioxidant activity decreased with increasing storage duration, but the effect of packaging type varied at different storage durations. Overall, based on the essential oil content, phenol, and antioxidant activity, storage of fennel could not be recommended, but based on the type of target compound in the essential oil, different storage durations could be suggested. If the storage of fennel is necessary, the polyethylene and kraft packaging could be recommended based on the total characteristics measured in this research.

 Phalaenopsis is one of the beautiful and commercial species of orchid family that there is little research on its medicinal properties. Phalaenopsis orchids can be grown outdoors in warm, humid conditions that are damp but not wet, in a location that is shady but bright. Since the introduction of orchid meristem culture in 1960, branching in micro-propagation methods develop based on using two clearly different culture schemes. It have been used from medicinal properties of orchids for anti-rheumatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-seizure, diuretic, nutrient protection, relaxation, anti-aging, wound healing, hypoglycemia, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, antibacterial, anti-oxidants and anti-diarrhea.
 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the canonical correlation between morphological and phytochemical characteristics of five phalaenopsis orchid varieties: Nottingham, Bucharest, Andorra, Memphis, and Dubrovnik. Micro-propagation of orchid seeds was performed after sterilization of capsules by bleach and ethanol. Leaf and root organs of 5 orchid varieties were harvested from Chen medium in Institute of Agricultural Research, University of Zabol, on 2020. The sliced samples were dried in an oven at 50 °C for 72 hours, after separating the leaves and roots of each variety. The powdered leaves and roots of each variety (5 g) were separately immersed in 50 ml of ethanol for 24 hours at room temperature. Then the extracts were placed on a shaker at room temperature at 120 rpm.
 The results showed that the first two canonical variables were significant and third variable was not significant. The first canonical variable has the highest special value of 65.83 and the second and third canonical variables have 4.59 and 0.10 special values, respectively. According to this research the first canonical variable with the highest special values, square of canonical correlation and the most cumulative percentages should be studied in all morphological and phytochemical characteristics. Significant canonical correlation in morphological characteristics fit 94% of the total variance of physiological variables, while significant canonical variables in phytochemical characteristics fit 100% of the variance of phytochemical characteristics. Due to the fact that phalaenopsis orchid flower has many leaf and root wastes, the findings of this study show that due to the medicinal properties of this plant, we can reduce the waste of this plant in greenhouses and production centers of this flower. In this study, the amount of phenol, flavonoid and antioxidants were determined. Also the relationship between morphological and phytochemical traits showed that this plant has medicinal properties. The lowest number of leaves belongs to Memphis variety and the highest number of leaves belongs to Nottingham variety, among the studied varieties. Therefore, it can be concluded that the roots are longer and shorter in orchid varieties with white (Nottingham) and purple (Memphis) flower respectively. Also, the second focal variable of root trait with the highest coefficient had a negative correlation with the number of leaves and root length, which shows that in the second correlation of the number of leaves and root length, the number of roots will decrease. In the second focal variable, the number of roots had a positive focal correlation with leaf length. That is, the closer we get to the second center of correlations between morphological traits, the more direct and positive becomes the relationship between root number and leaf length traits.
 According to the results and high percentage of fitness in phytochemical characteristics, it can be concluded that phytochemical traits can more precisely express the correlation between the traits. Also it showed significance of canonical correlation between two variable groups, the relationship between phytochemical and morphological traits of five varieties of phalaenopsis orchid. In general, the results of this study showed orchid varieties have high phenolic and flavonoid compounds and have the highest restraint power of free radical in canonical correlation, and they can be used as medicine. In this study, it was found that Phalaenopsis orchid varieties had phenolic content and good antioxidant capacity relatively and there was a high positive correlation between morphological and phytochemical traits and enhanced with adding the plant's length or number of leaves containing phytochemical compounds. Also, according to the results of this study and similar findings in other research, it was found that the production of secondary metabolites of orchids and other plants under the influence of genetic and environmental conditions can affect the production and amounts of chemical compounds and medicinal performance of plants.

 Cucumber is a vegetable with a low capacity for storage; it usually loses quality 14 days from the beginning of storage. The benefits of cold storage are not the same for all the fruit or vegetables, some given vegetables are more suitable for cold storage than others. However, pre-cooling is always advisable, because the products takes profit from the benefits of low temperatures in cold storage rooms. Due to the short shelf life of cucumber and the high speed of reducing its quality, various methods are used to maintain the quality of cucumber, such as edible coatings. Propolis, also called “bee-glue,” is a natural resinous substance produced by honeybees from plant exudates, beeswax, and bee secretions in order to defend the hives. Propolis has an important role in prevention of food loss weight and waste, thus helping to ensure food safety and security. The concoction of aqueous propolis extracts has a lower cost as compared to hydroalcoholic extracts and it is believable that both, aqueous and hydro alcoholic extracts, present similar concentrations of phenolic compounds resulting in a product of appropriate functional characteristics. Herein, the biochemical composition and efficacy of propolis in maintaining the postharvest storability of food products were discussed to provide a comprehensive guide to farmers and food processing and storage sectors and to scientists.

 In order to investigate the effect of two factors of hydro cooling and propolis as an edible coating on cucumber shelf life, this study was conducted in the spring and summer of 2019 in the laboratories of horticultural sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The factorial experiment was based on a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included three levels of propolis alcoholic extract (0, 4 and 8%) and two temperature treatments (4 (hydro cooling temperature) and 25 ° C) in 4 replications.Weight loss, tissue firmness, extract pH, total soluble solids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, total phenol and antioxidant activity were measured. The experimental data were analyzed using Jump-8 statistical software and the means of treatments were compared by LSD test at 5% probability level.

 Results showed that the interaction of treatments had an effect on fruit weight loss percentage, firmness, and antioxidant activity, chlorophyll and total soluble solids. Thus, the highest percentage of fruit weight loss was observed in the control treatment (without propolis) in 4°C (5.02%). Foliar application of fruits led to an increase in firmness of fruit tissue with propolis in both concentrations of 4 and 8% compared to the control treatment (no foliar application with propolis) in both temperature treatments. The highest total chlorophyll content was in 8% propolis treatments + temperature of 24 °C (8.96 mg / gfw), treatment of 8% propolis + temperature of 4 °C (8.68 mg/gfw) and treatment of 4% propolis + temperature of 4 oC (7.93 mg/gfw) significantly. In addition, antioxidant activity increased in the treatments of 4 °C+ foliar application with propolis 4 and 8%. In general, although fruits treated with 24 ° C showed more weight loss than 4 °C, the use of both concentrations of propolis improved the above trait, reducing the amount of fruit phenol and tissue firmness and other biochemical traits. Studies have shown that the chemical composition of the propolis samples which a certain breed of bees (Apis mellifera intermissa) made have 17 different chemical compounds. They noted that the main phenolic compound was caffeic acid (0.85 mg·g−1 EAP) and the main flavonol compound was pinocembrin (0.82 mg·g−1 EAP). Significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences were observed in dragon fruit quality when treated with different concentrations of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0%) and stored at 20 ± 2 °C and 80 ± 5% relative humidity (RH) for 20 days, which matched our results. Passos et al. (2016) reported test panel did not detect significant differences amongst coated and not coated cv. Prata bananas up to six days of storage. Propolis extracts.

 In addition to a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, contain hydrophobic composites that assist in ameliorating attributes as biodegradable films on fruits.

To investigate the effects of different nitrogen sources including ammonium nitrate, asparagine, and glutamine in five concentrations of 0, 50, 100,150, and 200 mg l-1 on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five repliacations. The indices including plant height, shooting rate, number of leaves, necrotic leaf size, chlorophylls a, b, and total chlorophyll content, and the content of carotenoids, phenols, and flavonoids were measured. The results showed that the nitrogen sources significantly (P≤0.01) affected the all measured indices except the necrotic leaf size. The results of means comparison showed that the highest shooting rate and number of leaves were obtained at 100 mg l-1 of glutamine and asparagine and the highest plant height was obtained at 200 mg l-1 of ammonium nitrate. Also, the highest amount of photosynthetic pigments was obtained at 50 mg l-1 of asparagine and the highest amount of phenols and flavonoids was related to 200 mg l-1 of glutamine. In general, the results showed that the various nitrogen sources studied could positively and significantly improve the morphological and physiological characteristics of rosemary under in vitro conditions.

Given the increasing consumption of nuts as a healthy snack, it is very important to find a way to maintain the qualitative properties of the products during the nourishing process. Plum is one of the most important dry matter in the world, which is traditionally peeled and dried in Iran. The experiment was done as a factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications. The first factor was the method of peeling in nine levels (immersion in brine (15, 11, 8 hours), boiling water (45, 30, 10 seconds) and steam (90, 70, 60 seconds)), and the second factor was the type of drying in three levels (traditional, industrial cabinets and solar inactive cabinets). The results showed that the maximum amount of pH (3.36) was obtained from 30 seconds boiling treatment and solar inactivated cabin dryer. The lowest browning rate (36.07%) belonged to peeling with brine for 15 hours and traditional drying. The highest antioxidant capacity (63.93%) was obtained from peeling with brine for 15 hours and industrial cabinets. The highest content of phenolic compounds (0.12 mg/g dry weight) was ontained in the treatment of peeling with brine for 15 hours and industrial cabinets. The highest total anthocyanin (0.46 mg/100 ml extraction) was ontained in boiling water for 45 seconds.Peeling with brine for 15 hours and industrial cabinets recommended to improve the biochemical properties of dried plums.

In the present research, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of seven Nepeta species (Nepeta teucriifolia subsp. teucriifolia, N. assurgens, N. glomerulosa, N. cataria, N. binaloudensis, Na. racemosa var. crassifolia) from field cultivated plant (Research garden of Agricultural Faculty of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad) in a completely randomized design with 3 replications were investigated. Total iridoid, flavonoid content (FC), total phenol (TP) content and antioxidant capacities (AC), were determined using spectrophotometer. The essential oils, were analyzed by GC/MS. The TP content ranged from 186.47 to 464.25 mg of gallic acid equivalents (mg (GAE) 100 g-1 DW). The highest and the lowest amount of FC with values of 43.08 and 142.20 (mg quercetin equivalents 100 g-1 DW) for N. glomerulosa and N. teucriifolia subsp. teucriifolia respectively. The AC values of the species ranged from from 117 to 287.33 μg mg-1 DW extract (by DPPH method) and from 66.678 to 81.096 Mm Fe (by FRAP method) respectively. The highest and lowest amount of essential oil percent (v/w) was obtained in N. assurgens (0.74) and in N. fissa (0.06), respectively. Depending on the result of this research, on the basis of main compound identified in the essential oils, Nepeta species have been divided in to three groups. First group species like; N. teucriifolia subsp. teucriifolia and N. glomerulosa which contain Caryophyllene oxide and Humulene as their main compounds. The species of the second group contain Nepetalactone isomers and 1.8-cineole as their key compounds. These species including N. binaloudensis and N. assurgens species. The species of the last group contain Nepetalactone as their key compounds; this species including; N. cataria, N. kotschyi, N. racemosa var. crassifolia.

Culture medium and nutrition are two important factors in determining the quantity and quality of greenhouse products. Accordingly, a factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design on strawberry (cv. Aromas) in the greenhouse of Department of Horticulture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. The first factor was two culture media (mixture of perlite and cocopeat with equal volumetric percent, and pumice). The second factor was three concentrations of humic acid (0, 300 and 600 mg/L). The third factor was harvesting period. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the fruits were evaluated in different harvesting periods. Results indicated that yield and qualitative characteristics of fruits were highly influenced by culture medium and humic acid. The highest average fruit yields were obtained in perlite-cocopeat medium (107 g/plant) and pumice medium (85.4 g/plant) from plants treated with 600 mg/L humic acid. The highest average fruit firmness (6 N), total soluble solids (6.19%) and soluble carbohydrate (58 mg/100 g fresh weight) were obtained in plants grown in pumice medium and fed with 600 mg/L humic acid and the highest average phenol (113 mg gallic acid/100g fresh weigth ) and vitamin C (34 mg/100 g fresh weight) were obtained from plants grown in perlite-cocopeat medium and fed with 600 mg/L humic acid. In general, and based on total measured traits, perlite-cocopeat medium, fed with 600 mg/L humic acid as fertigation method, is recommended for favorable quantitative and qualitative production of strawberry (cv. Aromas)

In this research, the effect of time (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 min) and temperature (35, 45, 55, 65 and 75 oC) of ultrasonic waves, ethanol to water ratio (20, 35, 50, 65 and 80%) of extracting solvent and dry matter to solvent ratio (1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 and 1:25 mg/ml) was investigated on total phenol and flavonoids and antioxidant capacity (in two methods of DPPH and FRAP) of hydroalcoholic extract of celery (Apium graveolens L.) aerial parts by using the response surface method. Based on the results, ultrasound for 10 min at 55 °C, ethanol to water ratio of 80%, and dry matter to solvent ratio of 1:5 were considered as the best treatment. The highest amount of total phenol (471.1 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (187.7 mg quercetin/gDW) content, and antioxidant activity of the extract was obtained under optimized conditions using DPPH (68.5%) and FRAP (4210.4 μM Fe+2/50 μl extract). In general, the high values of adjusted R2 and P-value in fitting models indicated that the drawn models of response surface were ideal. In other words, the high amounts of these parameters indicate the existence of a correlation between the observed values and the predicted ones.

The objective of this study was to investigate the antifungal effects of liquid smoke from tobacco waste on three plant pathogenic fungi and identification and measurement of compounds effective on the antifungal properties of liquid smoke. The waste was pyrolyzed in furnace in the absence of oxygen, and smoke was converted to liquid smoke by refrigerant. Antifungal effects of liquid smoke were tested against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani and Phytophthora nicotianae causing tobacco sore shin, collar rot and black shank disease agents, respectively. Six concentrations of the liquid smoke 0, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 ppm were prepared and mixed with culture medium. The results of variance analysis showed that the effect of liquid smoke, concentration and the interaction of liquid smoke on concentration in limiting the fungal growth were significant at 1% probability level. Mean comparison of the effect of liquid smoke on these fungi showed that liquid smoke of 25% midrib + 75% scrap pyrolysis in 4000 ppm concentration had 100 percent mycelial growth control on the above fungi. In addition, the liquid smoke pyrolysis of above treatment in low concentrations caused 100 percent mycelia growth control of Rhizoctonia and Sclerotinia. According to research reports, the presence of phenolic compounds, organic acids and alkaloids constituents in liquid smoke is an agent of antifungal effects. Therefore, extraction of these constituents from liquid smoke was carried out and qualitative analysis was done by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and quantitative analysis of total phenol and alkaloids was done by spectrophotometer method. The results of this research showed that the effects of alkaloids constituents on the control of fungi were more than phenolic and organic acids constituents in liquid smoke from tobacco waste. The results showed the high potential of the liquid smoke of pyrolysis to be used as a biological control of pathogenic fungi.

A range of methods are applied to enhance secondary metabolism in medicinal plants. Treatment of the plants with elicitors is one of these approaches. Salicylic acid (SA) exerts a positive impact on plant growth and yield. The present study, as a biannual field experiment, investigates the response of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) to different rates of SA under different regimes of nitrogen nutrition during years of 2014-2015. The experiment was made as a random complete block design based on split-plot with three replicates. The treatments included nitrogen fertilization rate as the main factor (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N ha-1 applied as urea) and salicylic acid, as the sub factor, was spayed at different concentrations (0, 100, 200, and 300 μM). In both years, the highest nitrate reductase activity was found in the roots of the plants treated with 200 μM SA and fertilized with 280 kg N ha-1. Interestingly, the foliar activity of the enzyme was influenced only by nitrogen, whereas the highest rate of activity was determined using 280 kg N ha-1 (2.87 and 2.82 μM nitrite g-1 FW h-1, respectively in the first and second year). Higher concentration of SA caused to increased content of nitrogen and free amino acid in the plants fertilized with higher rates of nitrogen. Nitrate, total phenol, and soluble carbohydrates content of leaf was reduced in both years as the result of high rate of nitrogen and high concentration of SA applied. In the first and the second year, the highest fresh yields (3316.2 and 3480.7 g m-2, respectively), the highest dry yields (811.7 and 855.6 g m-2, respectively) and essence (13.01 and 15.2 mL m-2, respectively) were obtained through annual application of 210 kg N ha-1. Collectively, the application of 210 kg N ha-1 together with SA (200μM) is recommended to achieve desired quantitative and qualitative yield.

Onion is one of the vegetables greatly consumed in the food chain of people and researchers are always trying to improve itsnutritional quality. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of sulfur (32, 64 and 128 mg L-1 sulfate) and selenium (0, 1 and 2 mg L-1 selenate) on the growth and antioxidant properties of red onion cv. Azarshahr. The study was performed under hydroponic conditions. Results showed that the concentrations of sulfate and selenate and the interaction of them had a significant effect on the most of growth characteristics of onion plants. The highest fresh weight and diameter of bulb (35.70 g and 38.24 mm) was observed in 128 mg L-1 sulfur in combination with 2 mg L-1 selenate. There was a positive correlation between selenate and sulfate with the bulb fresh weight and diameter of onion. The highest percentage of bulb dry matter content (16%) was obtained in 64 mg L-1 sulfate combined with 1 mg L-1 selenate. At all concentrations of sulfate, the plant height was reduced by increasing of selenate. In addition, selenium accumulation was increased in the onion by increasing selenate concentrations in all levels of sulfate. By increasing selenium, antioxidant activity and phenol and flavonoid contents of bulb tissue was increased.

Climatic factors affect the production of secondary metabolites. Phenols and flavonoids are the most important secondary compounds. This research was aimed to investigate the effects of light at different frequencies on the production of phenols and flavonoids in Artemisia aucheri Boiss. Murashige and Skoog solid culture medium was used without growth regulators. The culture media were placed in the room culture under sterile conditions, a temperature of 25 ± 2°C and different light conditions with various treatments. Different light intensities of 1000, 2000, and 3000 lux were the light conditions of the experiment. In addition, the UV radiation treatment with intensity of 320 nm and darkness treatment were considered. Phenols and flavonoid were measured by spectrometric method. For data analysis and drawing diagrams, SPSS version 20 and Excel software were used. Data analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and the means were compared with Tukey's post-test at P≤0.05. According to the results, the UV radiation affected the production of phenols and flavonoids, so that it reduced the amount of flavonoids and increased the phenols content. The effect of light was different and further investigation is required. Different results were also obtained for calli.Therefore, it could be concluded that light and particularly UV radiation affected the production of a number of secondary compounds (phenols and flavonoids), and the effects of this environmental factor should be taken into consideration.

Zinc is an essential micronutrient element and has a number of vital roles in plants. In the recent years, zinc nano-fertilizers have received considerable attention due to their increased uptake by plants as they are small in size and have high rate of penetration through plant cell membrane. To study the effect of foliar application of different zinc fertilizers on yield and phytochemical characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a pot experiment was conducted using a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with four replications during 2014 at the experimental greenhouse of the Horticultural Sciences Department of Urmia University. The treatments were three different zinc sources (zinc sulphate, zinc chelate and nano-zinc chelate) in four concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 3g/l). The results showed that foliar application of zinc had significant effect on evaluated parameters. Fresh and dry herb yield, zinc and phenol content of leaves, essential oil content, and yield increased with zinc application and in this regard, foliar application of nano-zinc chelate was more effective than two other zinc fertilizers. The lowest and the highest evaluated parameters were observed at concentrations of 0 and 3g/l, respectively. The results of essential oil analysis by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that 20 components were identified in the basil essential oil. Linalool and eugenol were the main components of essential oil and they showed little variation under zinc application. Overall, the findings of this study showed that the effect of nano-zinc chelate application (especially at a concentration of 3g/l) was more effective than zinc sulphate and zinc chelate in increasing herb yield and active substances of basil.