جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « روغن » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

With the increase in population and improvement in diet diversity, there is a growing need for the quantitative and qualitative development of oil seeds. Camelina (Camelina sativa), an oil seed plant from the Brassicaceae family, is an ideal candidate as it contains 50 to 60% unsaturated fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids, and has the ability to thrive in adverse environmental conditions. By introducing this new oil plant into cultivation programs, it can significantly contribute to the production of high-quality edible or non-edible oil in the developing countries such as Iran. However, achieving maximum grain yield and appropriate fatty acid composition in camelina oil relies heavily on selecting the appropriate planting date. Additionally, providing necessary nutrients, particularly nitrogen, to the plants is a key aspect of agricultural management to achieve desired quality and quantity of crop products. This research aims to investigate the impact of planting date and different levels of chemical and biological nitrogen fertilizers on the growth characteristics, yield, and oil content of camelina plants in the Eghlid, south of Iran.

This research was conducted in the cropping year of 2021-2022 at the Eghlid Agricultural Research Station in Fars province, south of Iran (Long. 52 42, Lat. 30 55, and Alt. 2375 m above sea level). The experiment was performed as a split-plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots included different nitrogen fertilizers at four levels: 100% chemical nitrogen (250 kg/ha urea), 75% chemical nitrogen (187 kg/ha urea) + nitrogen biofertilizer, 50% chemical nitrogen (125 kg/ha urea) + nitrogen biofertilizer, and non-use of nitrogen fertilizer (control). The sub-plots included four planting dates: September 11, 2021, September 26, 2021, April 9, 2022, and April 24, 2022. The experimental plots (sub-plots) were determined to be 5 x 2 meters. Each plot consisted of 4 stacks with a distance of 50 cm between them. The distance between sub-plots was 50 cm, the distance between main plots was 150 cm, and the distance between replications (blocks) was 300 cm. On both sides of each stack, seeds were planted in two rows with a distance of 25 cm to achieve a density of 120 plants/m2. One-thirds of the urea nitrogen fertilizer was added to the plots of each treatment before planting, one-thirds at the 6-8 leaf stage, and the remaining third at the stemming stage of camelina. In the biofertilizer treatment, the camelina seeds were inoculated with biofertilizer containing Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. before being sown. The cumulative growth degree days of seedling emergence, flowering, and ripening, as well as plant height, chlorophyll index, grain yield, yield components and seed oil percentage were evaluated.

With delaying planting from September 11, 2021, to April 24, 2022, the GDD (Growing Degree Days) for camelina emergence decreased, additionally, a delay in planting led to a shorter growth period until full flowering of the camelina plants. Planting in September 26, 2021, led to the longest growth period until full maturity of the camelina plants, while spring planting resulted in a decreased length of the growth period until maturity. The highest plant height (43 cm) was achieved in the presence of 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen and the lowest (41 cm) was in the absence of nitrogen fertilizer application. The planting date of September 11, 2021 and April 24, 2022 showed the highest (43 cm) and lowest (37 cm) plant height of camelina. The decrease in plant height during the late planting date was primarily due to the decrease in internode elongation as a result of changes in day length and a shorter vegetative growth period. The highest chlorophyll index (66) was achieved by using 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer, while the lowest chlorophyll index (52) was observed in the control, lack of fertilizer application. This trait decreased when the planting was delayed. The delay in planting led to a decrease in leaf area, resulting in a decrease in the chlorophyll index during the late planting date. No application of nitrogen fertilizer had the highest seed oil percentage (29.4%), while the application of 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen resulted in the lowest oil percentage (18.5%). The delay in planting from early autumn to late spring led to a decrease in the seed oil percentage. This decrease can be attributed to increase in nitrogen content, which promotes the formation of nitrogenous protein precursors. Consequently, more photoassimilates are allocated to protein formation, reducing the available photoassimilates for fatty acid synthesis and, ultimately, limiting oil production capacity. The decrease in oil percentage observed in the most delayed planting dates is likely due to the increase in temperature during the seed filling stage and the reduction in net photosynthesis.
Mean comparison of the interaction between nitrogen fertilizer and planting date on camelina grain yield showed that applying 75% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer nitrogen, compared to no nitrogen fertilizer, on planting dates of September 11, 2021, September 26, 2021, April 9, 2022, and April 24, 2022, increased grain yield of camelina by 80, 100, 150, and 190 percent, respectively.

The Findings show that in the Eghlid region, autumn-sown camellia out-yields spring-sown one. Additionally, by using a combination of 75% chemical fertilizer and nitrogen biofertilizer, a higher grain yield is achieved compared to using 100% nitrogen chemical fertilizer alone. Considering the importance of production of oilseed plants, like camellia, in Iran and the need for sustainable plant production programs, it appears that growth-promoting bacteria can play a significant role in reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizers.

To compare tolerance and sensitivity indices of sesame genotypes to water stress in Ahvaz (south-west of Iran) conditions, an experiment was conducted in Research Farm of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, south-west of Iran, in summer 2018. The experimental design was split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Experimental factors were three levels of irrigation (I1; fully irrigated, I2: changing altered irrigated and I3: fixed altered irrigated) in main plots and six sesame genotypes in subplots. The yield of studied genotypes showed a significant difference in different levels of irrigation. Genotype Shushtar produced the highest grain and oil yield and showed good performance in both normal and low irrigation conditions. The examined genotypes had significant differences in terms of Stress Sensitivity index (SSI), Tolerance Index (TI), Productivity Mean (PM), Harmonic Mean (HM), Yield Stability Index (YSI), Geometric Productivity Mean (GPM), Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Stress Damage Index (SDI), Modified Stress Tolerance for appropriate conditions (MSTI1), Modified Stress Tolerance for non-appropriate conditions (MSTI2), and Yield Reduction Index (YRI).  In general, the best indicator for evaluation of tolerance and susceptibility of sesame genotypes was stress tolerance index (STI). The most tolerant and sensitive genotypes were Shushtar and Halil genotypes, respectively.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops in the world, which has gained great importance in Iran due to its high tolerance to drought and salinity. Two important factors in the development of safflower cultivation are the increase of oil yield and early maturity. Considering that the most important step in plant breeding is creating diversity and using this diversity in selection, in this experiment, a large number of safflower genotypes were evaluated in terms of important quantitative and qualitative traits.

In this study, 160 local and imported genotypes were evaluated in the form of an augmented design with three controls (introduced cultivars Goldasht, Padideh and Golmehr) in five replicates as winter cultivation, and traits such as flowering date, Plant height, number of branches, spininess, seed yield, oil percentage, 1000 seed weight, seed protein content and fatty acid profile including percentage of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were investigated.

The results showed the existence of a range of 23 days for flowering date, a range of 95 cm in plant height and a range of 16% in the amount of seed oil. Also, a large variation was observed in seed yield and other evaluated traits. The results showed that the amount of seed protein in some tested genotypes was up to 20%, which is very important in terms of the nutritional value of meal. Examining the fatty acid profile with the help of GC showed that 24 genotypes had oleic acid content higher than 55%. The results of partial correlation showed that the genotypes with the highest percentage of oleic and palmitic acid usually have the highest percentage of oil and there is a strong negative correlation between oleic and linoleic, so that the decrease or increase of one is associated with the increase or decrease of the other. High oil percentage was observed only in thorny genotypes and no significant correlation was observed between oil percentage and seed protein content, so that genotypes with high oil percentage and high seed protein percentage were observed at the same time.

Overall, the results of this study showed that there is a great diversity between the collected genotypes, which can be used in breeding programs.

Seed yield in soybean is a complex trait and is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Safflower is one of the oilseeds adapted to a wide range of soil conditions, but micronutrients deficiencies cause a decrease in its grain yield and quality. Hence, an experiment was conducted as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Arak, Iran in 2019. Three tillage methods (including no tillage, low tillage and conventional tillage) were considered as the main plots and fertilizer treatments (including 1- Control, 2- Zinc, 3- Iron, 4- Sulfur, 5- Zinc + Iron, 6-Zinc + Sulfur, 7- Iron + Sulfur, and 8- Iron + Sulfur + Zinc) were considered as sub-plots. Results showed that there were significant differences between the fertilizer treatments in terms of seed yield, flower yield, seed weight per head, number of heads, number of seeds per head, percentage of seed protein and seed oil. In the treatment of tillage methods, thousand seed weight and linoleic fatty acid had significant differences. Interaction effects of soil tillage methods X fertilizer were significant on number of heads and linolenic acid. Fertilizer treatment of iron + sulfur + zinc had the highest seed yield (i.e. 1391 kg ha-1), flower yield (i.e. 183.7 kg ha-1), 1000 seed weight (i.e. 45.8 g), seed weight per head (i.e. 1.27 g), number of heads (i.e. 7.9), protein percentage (i.e. 21.2%) and seed oil percentage (i.e. 26.5). Results of this research showed that application of micronutrient elements by increasing the yield components, particularly 1000-seed weight, number of heads, and the weight of seeds per head led to increases in seed yield, oil percentage and protein percentage of safflower seeds. Though, tillage methods had no significant effect on safflower seed yield. According to the results of this experiment the use of zinc, sulfur, and iron fertilizers along with the method of low tillage can help to increase the grain yield and quality of rapeseed.

Among various non-biological stresses, drought stress is the most important factor that has limited production in the agricultural sector of the country (Akhzari and Pessarakli, 2016). Today, the supply of oilseeds for the extraction of vegetable oils needed for various industrial, edible, medicinal and cosmetic uses is one of the basic needs of the current population growth (Beynam, 2015). Balangu (Lallemantia iberica L.) is an annual, herbaceous and drought-resistant plant belonging to the mint family (Lamiaceae). With medicinal-oil properties, it is considered a multi-purpose plant in agriculture (Hendawy et al., 2015). In order to check and predict the phenological stages of the planted plants in an area, the relationship between the phenological stages and the thermal factor should be considered. For this purpose, thermal units of growth degree days (GDD) are used to check the amount of heat needed to pass each growth stage of plants (Kumari et al., 2020). In plants under drought stress, where the absorption of nutrients through the root faces a problem due to the decrease in soil water volume, the absorption of micronutrients such as iron and zinc can be effective through foliar spraying. (Rafique et al., 2015). In the conditions of lack of water resources, like what is happening in our country, it is necessary to change the agricultural pattern towards planting plants adapted to dry land, as well as ways to increase yield per unit area. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the development of Balangu planting and the role of foliar application of iron and zinc micronutrients on phenology and the adjustment of stress effects.

This research was conducted in the research farm of Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kermanshah during two consecutive years (2017-2018 and 2018-2019) as a split-plot-factorial experiment in the form of a basic randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental treatments include: irrigation (Water deficit after flowering and Normal) in the main plots, foliar spray factors (zero, four and eight per thousand concentrations of iron and zinc sulfate) and foliar application time (at the beginning of the vegetative and reproductive growth stage) were factorially placed in sub-plots. The seeds (native population of Songhor region of Kermanshah province) were planted manually at a depth of two centimeters and with a density of 400 plants per square meter in a row at the first appropriate time in late March of 2017 and 2018. Application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizers was based on need. Dehydration stress was applied by stopping irrigation from the time of full flowering (opening of 50% of flowers).

The results showed that, with the application of water stress, the seed yield and oil yield decreased by 24% and 17%, respectively, and the oil percentage increased by 8% compared to the treatment without water stress. Also, water deficit stress reduced the number of days and heat requirement to maturity by 10 days and 275 growth days degree, respectively. The greatest increase in oil yield compared to the treatment without foliar spraying (control) was related to the 4 and 8 per thousand zinc foliar treatments in reproductive stage and under stress conditions, which increased these traits from 339 and 283 respectively in conditions Lack of stress and water deficit stress increased to 539 and 513 kg/ha. The greatest effect of iron and zinc foliar application treatments on increasing plant height and the number of days and heat requirement to maturity stage was related to 4 and 8 per thousand iron and zinc foliar application in the vegetative growth stage.

In the present study, it can be concluded that the Balangu having adaptability, suitable production, relatively short growth period and matching the length of the growth period with the rainfall of the study area, and it can be considered as a common plant for rotation in this region. Foliar application of iron and zinc micronutrient elements should be used by farmers to moderate the effects of water deficit stress, taking into account its small and economical amounts.

Oilseeds are one of the most important food reserves in the world and oil production from oilseeds is very important. In order to investigate the effects of sulfur fertilizer (without fertilizer (control), sulfur chemical fertilizer, sulfur-fertile biofertilizer containing thiobacillus and their combined application) on yield, yield components and seed oil of three camelina masses (Kermanshah, Sabzevar and Shahrekord), an experiment was performed as a factorial design based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of Ilam University in 2020-2021. The results of analysis of variance showed that the combined effects of sulfur + biosulfur on the number of capsules per plant and the number of seeds per capsule were significant at the level of 1% probability. Also, the weight of 1000 camelina seeds was affected by the interactions of sulfur and the type of mass. Application of sulfur fertilizers increased the amount of photosynthetic pigments in camelina leaves. The highest plant height, number of stem per plant and stem diameter were obtained by using sulfur+biosulfur fertilizers. The results also showed that the highest grain yield (2394 kg/ha) of camelina was obtained by using sulfur+biosulfur; which was 8.32% more than not consuming sulfur. The highest oil yield (5.916 kg/ha) was observed with the combined application of sulfur+biosulfur fertilizers and sulfur and biosulfur fertilizers alone were in the second place in terms of grain yield. Non-application of sulfur fertilizer (4.576 kg/ha) had the lowest grain yield, which indicates the effect of sulfur fertilizers on yield indices and camelina oil.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) is one of the important oil plants in temperate regions, which has great value for humans and livestock as a producer of oil and meal. Phosphorus plays an important role in improving the quality and quantity of oilseeds, including rapeseed. Sufficient sources of phosphate are needed by the plant for earlier development and rooting and more foliage production in a short period of time. Considering the stabilization of phosphorus in the soil, the increase in the price of chemical fertilizers and environmental pollution, the use of biological fertilizers, especially the types of phosphorus-dissolving bacteria, play an important role in solving these problems. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the role of phosphorus biofertilizer containing Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria in improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of canola under the influence of chemical phosphorus fertilizer management.

A factorial field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture of Yasouj University located in Deshtrum region in 2019. The first factor was triple superphosphate fertilizer at 6 levels (zero, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg/ha of pure phosphorus) and the second factor included phosphorus biological fertilizer containing Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria at two levels (application and non-application). The traits of yield components, seed and biological yield, and seed oil and protein were evaluated. The traits of yield components, seed and biological yield, and seed oil and protein were evaluated. Yield components, seed and biological yield, and seed oil and protein were evaluated.

The results showed that phosphorus and bacteria chemical fertilizers had a significant effect on all investigated traits. The interaction of phosphorus chemical fertilizer and bacteria was also significant on all investigated traits except harvest index. The highest plant height (124.93 cm), number of lateral branches (4), leaf chlorophyll index (74.20), seed yield (5887 kg/ha) and biological yield (19411.4 kg/ha) were obtained in the treatment of 125 kg/ha of phosphorus and bacterial application. Also, with the consumption of 125 kg/ha of phosphorus fertilizer and the use of bacteria, the highest percentage and oil yield was obtained. Also, the results showed that there is no significant difference between the treatment of application of 50 kg of phosphorus fertilizer + bacteria and the treatments of application of higher levels of phosphorus fertilizer (75, 100 and 125 kg) alone.

Considering the superiority of 125 kg of phosphorus fertilizer along with bacteria in terms of grain yield, oil percentage and oil yield, it seems that these amounts of phosphorus fertilizer as well as the use of bacteria can be used to achieve proper yield in the experimental and also similar areas. Also, the results show that using bacteria can reduce the consumption of phosphorus chemical fertilizers.

Considering the importance and value of water and optimal use of nitrogen for maintaining production productivity and simultaneously reducing the negative environmental effects, two experiments have been conducted in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 cropping seasons in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan. The experiments are performed as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental treatments include the different levels of irrigation as the main plots (25% (W1), 50% (W2), 75% (W3), and 100% (W4) of crop water requirement) and different levels of nitrogen fertilizer as sub-plots (25% (N1), 50% (N2), 75% (N3), and 100% (N4) based on crop nitrogen requirement). Results show that all the studied traits with the exception of the time of reaching the maximum pod area index are affected by the main and interaction effects. The highest grain yield is obtained in W4N4 treatment (5069 kg.ha-1) and the lowest grain yield in W1N1 and W1N2 treatments at 880 and 899 kg.ha-1, respectively, which has been decreased by 82.6% and 82.2%, compared to the control, respectively. The grain and biological yield of W4N3 (4826 and 17589 kg.ha-1) and W3N4 (4712 and 17657 kg.ha-1) treatments, represent 25% reduction in nitrogen consumption and 25% reduction in water consumption, respectively compared to the control. W4N4 is recognized as the superior treatment in this study for improving productivity.

In order to investigate the application of superabsorbent polymer and potassium sulfate under deficit irrigation condition on quantitative and qualitative yield of sesame, a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in the research farm of Birjand University in 2018. Experimental factors include three levels of irrigation (full irrigation, irrigation up to 50% of flowering and irrigation up to 50% of capsule emergence), three levels of potassium fertilizer (non-use, application based on fertilizer recommendation and 1.5 times fertilizer recommendation) and two levels of superabsorbent (Zero and 100 kg.ha-1). With stopping irrigation, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil percentage, oil yield and protein percentage decreased but leaf potassium percentage increased. The highest grain yield was under normal irrigation conditions (2342 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was under irrigation conditions at flowering stage (668 kg.ha-1). The interaction effect of irrigation in superabsorbent on grain yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield was significant. Consumption of superabsorbent reduced the negative effects of stress and improved traits. Also, potassium consumption in soil was associated with increased potassium accumulation in leaves. The simultaneous use of superabsorbent and potassium sulfate did not have a significant effect on growth and yield, but the use of potassium fertilizer due to the modification of drought stress and superabsorbent due to its role in reducing the effects of water shortage and improving drought stress tolerance is recommended to maintain yield.

In order to develop winter cultivation and improve crop rotation in the region, an experiment has been conducted to evaluate the effects of sowing date on sunflower cultivars seed yield. It is a split-plot based on completed randomized blocks design with four replications in Safiabad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Dezful and has taken place during two years (2015-2016). The main plots are consisted of four sowing date levels (23rd Jan, 6th Feb, 20th Feb, and 6th Mar), while the sub plots include nine levels of cultivars (Azargol, Armavirski, Barzegar, Progress, Record, Shams, Farokh, Ghasem, and Gabor). Delay in the sowing date has decreased growth period length and plant height, with the greatest number of seeds per capitulum (684.17) belonging to record cultivar on the first sowing date in the first year and the maximum one (767.47) occurring again to this cultivar on the third sowing date in the second year. The maximum seed yield in the first (3850 kg.ha-1) and second (4088 kg.ha-1) year belong to the first sowing date (23rd Jan) and Azargol cultivar. Based on the results, Azargol cultivar have had the lowest rank, being considered as the cultivar with the highest seed yield on all sowing dates, followed by Record and Armavirski, in the second and third placed, respectively. In terms of stability, considering that Farrokh cultivar also has had the lowest standard deviation, it has been selected as the most stable cultivar.

This study was carried out to assess yield, yield components and quality traits of dragon’s head (Lallemantia iberica L.) ecotypes’ seeds grown using some anti-transpirant agents in rainfed system in two regions of Iran including Karaj & Khorramabad in 2018. The experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a 4×3 factorial arrangement consisting of three replications. The first factor consists of four different ecotypes of dragon’s head (Kurdistan, Takab, Nazarkahrizi and Kalibar) and the second factor including three anti-transpirant compounds (kaolin with a concentration of 5 Percent, chitosan with a concentration of 1 Percent and Ista with a concentration of 2 Percent) and no anti-transpirant (control). The results indicated that the triple interaction of ecotypes, anti-transpirant and location on most of the studied traits was significant. Among anti-transpirant, chitosan had the greatest effect on cultivated ecotype & increased grain, biomass, oil and mucilage yields by 20, 4, 11, and 18 Percent, respectively. Also, Nazarkahrizi, Kalibar, Kurdistan and Takab ecotypes cultivated in Karaj had the highest values in the studied traits under foliar application with anti-transpirant, respectively. According to the studies conducted in this study, the selection of a suitable ecotypes with the region and the use of antiperspirants improve the yield & yield components, quality traits of dragon’s head in rainfed cultivation conditions.

Recently discovered properties of Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) from Brassicaceae family, including low-inputs requirement, fast growth, essentials oil content with medicinal uses, significant content of linolenic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid, have been paied tremendous attention by both agronomic and industrial sectors. To achieve the highest possible level of the above-mentioned properties, it is necessary to find the superior lines. For this purpose, the morphological and biochemical characteristics of 26 double haploid lines were compared in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the 2018 cropping year at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The results of variance analysis showed that all measured characteristics were significantly different at 1% of probability level. The mean comparison results indicated that DH39 line had the highest height and average grain weight per plant and the highest plant dry weight, oil percentage and saturated fatty acids were observed in DH44 line. DH14 and DH46 lines had maximum total protein and unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. GC- mass analysis showed that DH22, DH39  and DH12 lines had the highest omega 3, 6, 9 fatty acids, respectively. Cluster analysis categorized the lines into 3 groups. Based on all results, a group containing DH07, DH14, DH21, DH32, DH39, DH41, DH44 and DH46 lines was chosen for further investigation.

One of the pillars of a sustainable agricultural system is the use of organic fertilizers to provide the nutrients needed by the plant with the aim of eliminating or significantly reducing the consumption of chemical inputs (Darzi et al., 2011). Organic fertilizer includes vermicompost and products from the activity of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and stabilizers of nitrogen or other nutrients that are active in the soil (Anwar et al., 2005). Sesame is an old and important oilseed crop that is usually grown on small farmers' tropical and subtropical farms (Weiss et al., 2000). This study was conducted for investigating the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, vermicompost and their combined application on sesame plant of single branch cultivar in Tarom region of Zanjan province.

Experiment in a complete randomized block design was carried out with three replications in Tarom, Zanjan province, Iran during cropping seasons of 2016-2017. Treatments consisted of four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg Nitrogen ha-1) and integrated nitrogen of chemical and organic (15 kg N ha-1 + 2.5 ton ha-1 vermicompost, 30 kg N ha-1 + 5 ton ha-1 vermicompost and 45 kg N ha-1 + 7.5 ton ha-1 vermicompost) and vermicompost (5, 10 and 15 ton ha-1) were used.

Results showed that use of nitrogen fertilizer, vermicompost and combination nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost had significant effect on seed yield and yield components of sesame. So that, Maximum plant height, number of capsule in plant, number of seed.plant-1, 1000-seed weight and seed yield (3087.87) were obtained 45 kg N ha-1 + 7.5 ton ha-1 . Maximum biological yield (8360 kg ha-1) was obtained using the treatment 45 kg N ha-1 +7.5 ton ha-1 vermicompost. Also, seed oil percentage was not affected by any of the treatments; As a result, Maximum oil yield (1530.36 kg ha-1) was obtained using treatment 30 kg N ha-1 + 5 ton ha-1.

This experiment was carried out in split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 cropping years in Khuzestan province. The main factor, consisted as water shortage stress with four levels of irrigation after depletion of 45, 60, 75 and 90% of plant usable water was optimal irrigation, mild stress, severe stress and very severe stress, respectively. The levels of 100% chemical fertilizer, 75% and 50% combination of chemical fertilizer with 100% nitroxin and plant density at three levels of 57, 71 and 95 thousand plants per hectare were as sub-factors. The results showed that the interaction of water shortage stress, combination of nitrogen biochemical and chemical fertilizer and plant density had a significant effect on grain yield, 1000-grain weight, number of seeds per head, harvest index and biological yield. The highest seed yield was obtained from the optimal irrigation treatment by combining 75% of chemical and biological fertilizers and a density of 95,000 plants per hectare, which showed a 75% increase compared to the very severe moisture stress treatment with 75% of chemical and biological fertilizers and a density of 57,000 plants per hectare. The interaction of moisture stress and density and fertilizers on oil percentage and leaf area index was significant. In general, the use of nitrogen from both chemical and biological sources at a density of 95,000 plants per hectare may reduce the effects of moisture stress on the sunflower plant in the experimental condition.

The Food and Drug Administration has classified pot marigold as a GRAS (generally recognized as safe) substance. Foliar nutrition acts as an effective tool for nutrient management in plants, and foliar nutrition can be used successfully to address wide spread nutrient deficiencies, especially in critical plant growth stages. Plants are able to absorb amino acids, amides and many nitrogen compounds through their roots or leaves. Also, plant symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi causes water absorption, nutrient uptake and growth under environmental stress. These fungi are able to symbiosis with the roots of most terrestrial plants.

In order to investigate the effects of foliar application of amino acids and mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Calendula officinalis L., a factorial layout has been conducted, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Takestan Branch during 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 growth seasons. Experimental factors included three species of mycorrhiza fungi (Control, Glomus mosseae, G. etunicatum and G. intraradices) and Soren amino acid levels (This commercial compound contains a variety of essential amino acids for the plant) included no foliar application and foliar application in two stages of stem and flowering. Land preparation was performed before planting. According to the experimental map, experimental plots were planted in six rows at a distance of 50 cm and a length of six meters and the distance between plants on the row was 20 cm. Before planting, based on soil test results, ammonium phosphate fertilizer (150 kg.ha-1) and potassium sulfate fertilizer (100 kg. ha-1) were used. Both fertilizers were mixed with soil along with one third of the nitrogen mountain from the urea source at the beginning of planting. Urea fertilizer at the rate of 100 kg.ha-1 was applied and the remaining two thirds were applied as a road after the final thinning and before flowering.

The results showed that the application of amino acid and mycorrhizal fungus of G. mosseae species had a so significant increase in the percentage of root colonization compared to the treatment of not using mycorrhizal fungus and the application of amino acid. Foliar application of amino acid increased by 6% and use of mycorrhiza, G. mosseae in pot marigold, increased chlorophyll index treatment by 33%. The results also showed a 25% and 70% increase in oil percent and oil yield due to foliar application of amino acid and use of mycorrhiza, G. mosseae compared to non-use, foliar application of amino acid and mycorrhiza. The highest essential oil yield was obtained from G. mosseae treatment with a value of 7.74 kg.ha-1. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of foliar application of amino acid and mycorrhiza on the percentage and oil yield was significant at the level of five percent. The results showed a 25% and 70% increase in oil yield and yield due to foliar application of amino acid and mycorrhiza, respectively, of G. mosseae compared to non-foliar application of amino acid and mycorrhiza. Inoculation with G. mosseae and application of amino acid had the highest seed yield and this treatment showed a 24% increase compared to the control with the same mycorrhiza but without the use of amino acid.

Based on this study results, it can be said that inoculation of pot marigold with mycorrhizal fungus, especially G. mosseae species, it can be used to absorb nutrients for better growth of this plant, and foliar application of amino acids improves plant growth and development by providing nitrogen to the plant.

To study the effect of manure and treated municipal wastewater of Zabol, Iran, on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rapeseed, an experiment was conducted under farm condition in 2016-2017. Experiment was performed as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were included irrigation at two levels, I1: irrigation with normal water, and I2: irrigation with treated municipal wastewater as the main factors and type of manures at four levels, M1: no fertilizer application, M2: cow manure (40 tons per hectare), M3: sheep manure (30 tons per hectare) and M4: poultry manure (20 tons per hectare) as sub-factors. Results showed that irrigation with treated municipal wastewater led to 10.74% increase in plant height, 31.48% in the number of sub-branches and 9.70% in the number of capsules per plant. Among different type of manures, application of poultry manure compared to sheep and cow manure increased 12.41% and 14.00% of plant height, 21.90% and 22.20% of the number of sub-branches and 5.92% and 7.66% the number of pods per plant. On the other hand, in irrigation with treated municipal wastewater treatments, it was observed that the highest yields of fresh and dry forages and grain and oil yields were 10249, 992, 2769 and 894 kg/ha in average that were obtained in poultry manure treatment. Study of correlation coefficient indicated that rapeseed seed yield correlated positively and significantly with most of the measured factors, and the highest correlation was between seed andoil yields. Overall, the results showed that irrigation with treated municipal wastewater along with poultry manure were the best treatment for higher fodder, grain and rapeseed oil yields, but to recommend it to farmers in the region, it is recommended to perform economic justification plan and then it can be recommended to the farmers of the region as an appropriate pattern.

Rapeseed duo to having genotypes spring and autumn and adaptation to weather conditions as the point hope for provide edible oil of country is the required. Two separate experiments were set up as split-plot in a RCBD design with three replications in two fall and winter seasons during two years (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) at the research field of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute to investigate the effect of sowing season and date on the quantitative and qualitative yields of rapeseed genotypes in Karaj, Iran. In this study, the main plots were sowing dates of 7, 17, and 27 October in fall sowing and sowing dates of 9 and 19 February, and 1 March in winter sowing and sub-plots consisted of genotypes of RGS003, Dalgan, Zabol10, Hyola401, and Hyola4815. Grain and oil yields of rapeseed genotypes were 4330 and 1840 kg ha-1 in fall sowing, respectively, while these traits were decreased by 43.3 and 46.6% when rapeseed genotypes were planted in winter season, respectively. The highest grain and oil yields (5033 and 2202 kg ha-1) belonged to 7 October in fall sowing, while 9 February had the highest grain and oil yields (2996 and 1248 kg ha-1) in winter sowing. In general, the Dalgan genotype is recommended for cultivation due to suitable agronomic traits such as number of silique per plant, number of grain per silique, silique length, 1000-grain weight, as well as high grain and oil yields in cold temperate regions with arid and semi-arid climates such as Karaj, Iran.

In order to study the effect of variety, density and weeds interference on morphophysiological and qualitative traits of cotton, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch in 2015. The research factors consisted of two varieties (Philistine and Khordad), two density levels (14 and 28 plants. m²) and four levels of weed interference (weed free in the whole period, interference up to 40, 60 and 80 days after emergence of cotton). The results showed that Khordad variety in comparison to Philistine variety had superior significant 17.9 and 15.1 %, in traits of seed yield and oil yield respectively. Also, increasing density from 14 to 28 plants per m², seed yield and oil yield significantly were increased by 90 and 100.3%, respectively but number branches of main stem and stomatal conductivity significantly were decreased by 28.6 and 10%, respectively. With increasing the length of period of weeds interference up 80 days, number branches of main stem, seed yield, oil yield and oil percent significantly were decreased by 61.3, 94, 96.5 and 53.1%, respectively. In general, based on the results of this research, cultivation of variety Khordad with density of 28 plants per m² and weeding in the whole growth period is suitable for maximum of oil yield in cotton cultivation in Birjand region.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed plants that has been ranked third in the oil production after soybeans and oil palm (Oil World, 2012). Drought stress is the most important limiting factor in the production of agricultural products in arid and semiarid regions (Debaeke and Aboudrare, 2004). Although water shortage in many developmental stages reduces the yield of rapeseed, the negative effects of stress during flowering and growth stages are much more pronounced (Sinaki et al, 2007).

In order to study the ecophysiology of new winter varieties of rapeseed (six lines ready for introduction and Ahmadi's native species as control), the drought stress of the end of the season was observed in two latent cultivation conditions including the usual sowing date (11th of October) and the latent planting date (26th of October) and Irrigation was carried out in two levels including irrigation (control) and irrigation cut off from stepping stage to a factorial split plot design in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two years of cultivars 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at the Research Institute for Correction And planting seedlings and seeds of Karaj. Planting dates and irrigation will be the main factor and the cultivars of the sub-cultivar. Data analysis was performed using SAS software. First, the Bartlett test is performed and then the combined analysis of the two-year data is tested. Comparison of mean of main effects by LSD method at 5% level and in the case of meaningful interactions, cutting and comparing the meanings were done using L.S.Means test. The results showed that the main effect of cultivar, and the effects of year on planting date and cultivar, were significant on planting date on seed oil.

Results showed that in the first year and sowing date of 11th of October, the highest seed oil was obtained in the amount of 24.31%. The lowest amount was obtained in the second year and the sowing date of October 26th. In general, the seeding date of Oct. 11, in both years, had more seed oil yields. Regarding the interaction between sowing date and cultivar, results showed that the highest seed oil at the planting date of 11th of October and L72 was 54.44 percent. The lowest values were obtained on the 26th of October and the HW3 cultivar. In general, L72 had more seed oil in both dates. The results showed that the main effect of year, main effect of irrigation, main effect of cultivar, main effect of sowing date and interaction effects of planting date on cultivar on seed yield was significant. In the second year, oil yields more than the first year. In irrigation, the yield of oil was 231.2 kg/ha, which was 21% more than irrigation treatment. The results of interaction between sowing date and cultivar showed that the highest yield of seed oil (2576.6 kg/ha) was obtained on the 20th of September and L72 cultivars. The lowest values were obtained on the 5th of November and the HW3 cultivar. In general, the L72 had more seed oil yields on both dates. The results showed that the main effect of year, main effect of irrigation, main effect of cultivar, main effect of planting date and interaction effects of planting date on cultivar was significant on grain yield. In the second year, grain yield was more than the first year. In irrigation, grain yield was 4444.72 kg/ha, which was 30% more than irrigation treatment. The results of interaction between sowing date and cultivar showed that the highest grain yield was obtained at 4231.2 kg / ha in sowing date of 11th of October and L72 cultivar. The lowest values were obtained on the 26th of October and the HW3 cultivar. In general, the L72 had more seed yield on both dates.

In order to evaluate planting date and planting pattern on yield and quality properties of canola (Brassica napus L.)-chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) intercropping, a split plot experiment was conducted bases on a randomized complete block design with four replications during 2014-15 in Hamedan, Iran. Canola was sown only in the first date (21 Sept). Then, chickpea was sown in four sowing date as main factor with 20 days interval including: simultaneous with canola in 21 Sept and then 10 Oct, 30 Oct and 20 Nov. The sub-factor was different planting pattern by replacement method including: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 chickpea-canola, respectively. Results showed significant effects of treatments on most of the traits. Among chickpea sowing dates, the first and the last date had the lowest and highest biological and grain yield, respectively. In the late sowing date of chickpea (20 Nov) the climate condition was much colder and therefore the damage of freezing on dormant seeds was lower than that of growing seedling of the earlier sowing date. In comparison of planting pattern, the highest biological and grain yield was achieved at sole cropping for both crops. In contrast, the higher values of relative crowding coefficient index and land equivalent ratio (LER) were obtained in intercropping system than to the sole cropping. So, for all of the intercropping treatments, LER were always higher than unit. It was concluded that 50:50 intercropping treatment had comparative advantage compared to the others treatments and could increase land use efficiency.