جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فنل » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Abstract
In this research, the effect of humic acid fertigation in two levels (0 and 20 kg.ha-1) and salicylic acid spray in four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM) on the yield, yield component, and antioxidant activity of garlic was evaluated. Based on obtained results, all salicylic acid treatments caused higher yield in comparison with control significantly, so that treatment of 1 mM salicylic acid elevated the yield more than 2 tons per hectare by comparison with control. Also humic acid led to yield increment of garlic around 5 tons per hectare by comparison with control. The highest weight of garlic was obtained in humic acid + salicylic acid 1 and 1.5 mM treatments which produced 105 and 106.66 g respectively, around 2.5 times more than control. Single treatment of salicylic acid in low and middle concentrations (0.5 and 1 mM), and high concentration of salicylic acid (1.5 mM) alongside with humic acid contributed to antioxidant capacity improvement around 20 percent more than control. Finally, it can be concluded that humic acid 20 kg.ha-1 + salicylic acid 1.5 mM for increasing garlic yield in the open field culture is recommended.
Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is the second most important crop among Allium species. This plant has important medicinal properties such as lowering blood cholesterol, lowering blood pressure, preventing the formation of blood platelet masses, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer effects, stimulating the immune system, anti-inflammatory effects, and high antioxidant properties. Many efforts have been made to increase the quantitative and qualitative properties of garlic. Among the effective treatments on plants, the role of humic substances in increasing plant growth and plant biomass has been reported frequently. Although this positive impact can be affected by the concentration, source, plant species, plant age and cultivation conditions, the direct role of humic acid in increasing the photosynthesis rate and plant growth has been well documented. Also, many studies have reported the effect of humic acid on reducing the damage caused by environmental stress, but the exact mechanism of this effect is not yet known. On the other hand, salicylic acid is another substance which is a phenolic compound in plants and acts as a hormone. Salicylic acid plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development. Also, the role of salicylic acid in the absorption of nutrients, membrane stability, water relations, stomatal function, inhibition of ethylene synthesis, and growth enhancement has been reported. Considering the positive role of humic acid and salicylic acid on the performance and physiology of plants, in this work, the simultaneous application of these two substances was investigated in garlic.
This research was carried out in factorial format based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications. The first factor was humic acid fertigation in two levels (0 and 20 kg.ha-1) and the second factor was salicylic acid spray in four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mM). Each of the mentioned treatments were applied in four times in May when the bulbs were grown. Evaluated parameters included yield, yield component, and antioxidant activity. Traits related to yield and its components, including yield of the whole plant (edible part with aerial part), weight of single bulb, weight of clove, length and width of clove and number of cloves were calculated at the end of the experiment. Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl stable radical or DPPH was used to measure total antioxidant activity. Total phenol and total flavonoid contents were measured as antioxidant substances and dietary value properties. The comparison of means was done using Duncan's multiple range test at the probability level of one and five percent.
Based on obtained results, all salicylic acid treatments caused higher yield in comparison with control significantly, so that treatment of 1 mM salicylic acid elevated the yield more than 2 tons per hectare by comparison with control. Also, humic acid led to yield increment of garlic around 5 tons per hectare by comparison with control. The highest weight of garlic was obtained in humic acid + salicylic acid 1 and 1.5 mM treatments which produced 105 and 106.66 g respectively, around 2.5 times more than control. Single treatment of salicylic acid in low and middle concentrations (0.5 and 1 mM), and high concentration of salicylic acid (1.5 mM) alongside with humic acid contributed to antioxidant capacity improvement around 20 percent more than control. In general, it can be concluded that the optimal doses of salicylic acid can have a positive effect on photosynthesis and ultimately on growth. Because of its water retention properties, humic acid can help the movement of elements in the soil, increase soil microbial population, release some nutrients, improve soil properties, increase soil organic matter, and can be used to increase crop yield. Because of this, the combination of these two factors (salicylic acid and humic acid) could lay positive effects on different aspects of garlic growth and development. It seems that the increase in antioxidant capacity following the treatment of high concentration of salicylic acid occurs when some substances, including nutritional elements, are also available, and the presence of humic acid can respond to this need.
It can be concluded that humic acid 20 kg.ha-1 + salicylic acid 1.5 mM for increasing garlic yield in the open field cultivation can be recommended. This combined treatment showed a high antioxidant activity as well, so humic acid 20 kg.ha-1 + salicylic acid 1.5 mM was the best treatment both in quantitative and qualitative aspects.

Comparison of the morphological and phytochemical characteristics of annual and perennial wild and cultivated Kakuti in Razavi, North and South Khorasan provinces.

In this study, annual (Ziziohora tenuior) and perennial (Ziziphora clinopodioides) Kakuti were studied in six regions in Razavi, North and South Khorasan province in 2021. Plant samples were collected from each region and planted in pots. The experimental design used in this experiment was a nested design with four replications. In addition, by going back to the places where plants were collected in the target areas, all the morphological and phytochemical traits were measured for the wild plants.

The results demonstrated that the highest percentage of essential oil in annual and perennial kakuti bonged to Qain (0.75%) and Quchan (2.29%), respectively. Also, the percentage of pulegone in the annual kakuti in Bardaskan was higher than that of the other studied cities (77.58%). The highest alpha-pinene (0.42%) and sabinene (1.31%) percentage of annual kakuti belonged to Bojnord, while the alpha-pinene and sabinene of the perennial kakuti in Quchan (0.89%) and Bojnurd (1.23%) was higher than that of the other cities.

The amount of phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant activity in the annual and perennial kakutis under natural conditions and in Sarayan were higher than the other treatments. The annual and perennial kakutis belonging to Bojnurd had higher wet and dry yields than the other ecotypes, while the kakuti belonging to Sarayan had superior phytochemical characteristics.

The use of biological fertilizers and balanced plant nutrition as the most important soil fertility factors are among the main priorities of sustainable agriculture. In order to investigate the effect of biological fertilizers on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Calendula officinalis L., an experiment was done in the form of a completely randomized design with 14 treatments including (Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus, Azotobacter + Azospirillum, Azotobacter + Pseudomonas, Azospirillum + Thiobacillus, Azospirillum + Pseudomonas, Azotobacter + Azospirillum + Thiobacillus, Azotobacter + Pseudomonas + Thiobacillus, Azotobacter + Azospirillum + Pseudomonas, Azotobacter + Azospirillum + Pseudomonas + Thiobacillus, Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus, Thiobacillus + Azotobacter) and three replicates in the greenhouse of Nahavand Higher Education Complex in 1402. The results showed that the highest amount of phenol (1.86 mg GAE/gr) and flavonoid (5.54 mg routine/gr) was obtained in the combined treatment of Thiobacillus and Azotobacter. The highest stem diameter (17.48 mm) was produced in the combined treatment of Azotobacter and Pseudomonas. The highest diameter (15.19 mm) was created in Pseudomonas treatment. The highest height of the plant (28 cm) was produced with the use of Azotobacter biological fertilizer. The highest number of sub-branches, number of flowers per plant, fresh and dry weight of flowers were created in Azospirillum and Pseudomonas treatments. Finally, it can be said that the use of biological fertilizers, in addition to improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Calendula officinalis L., is also an effective solution for achieving the goals of sustainable agriculture.

The proper planting date is known as one of the most important agronomic programs to achieve the optimal yield in crops through increasing adaption of plants to environmental conditions and improving resource use efficiency. The synchronization of growth stages with climatic parameters in terms of rainfall, temperature, and humidity is considered as the main consequence of proper planting dates. One of the most basic methods for improving water consumption patterns in the agriculture sector is the accurate management of cropping and breeding methods, so the implementation of policies to change the pattern of cultivation based on comparative advantage, efforts to reduce the level of crop cultivation requiring high water consumption and developing drought-resistant plants. In this regard, water scarcity is a well-known factor in reducing quinoa yield under arid and semi-arid areas, which can seriously affect crop profitability. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the different planting dates and irrigation rounds on physiological traits and growth yield and component yields of quinoa under Mashhad climate.

The current study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2020. The experiment was designed as a split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications: planting date (July 6th, July 23th, and August 6th) as main plots and water deficit regimes (7, 14, and 21-d intervals) as subplots. The experimental data were analyzed using SAS 9.4. The mean values were statistically compared according to the least significant difference (LSD) test at the level of 5%.

According to the results, decreasing water availability significantly caused an increase in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents. Also, leaf osmotic potential at the planting date of August 6th significantly decreased up to 39%, compared with the planting date of July 6th. It seems that in the case of increasing temperature, with increasing leaf osmotic potential, the plant resistance to environmental conditions would be improved. The content of soluble carbohydrates as well as the activity of ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase enzymes were significantly affected by the interaction between planting date and irrigation. The highest amount of ascorbate peroxidase enzyme was observed in the 21-d irrigation cycle and planting date of August 6th. Ascorbate activity increased with increasing drought stress. The highest content of soluble carbohydrates was found on the date of planting on July 23th and the 14-d irrigation cycle. In addition, grain yield at the 21-d irrigation cycle decreased by 25% compared to the 7-d irrigation cycle. Moreover, the highest grain yield was obtained from the planting date of august 6th (544 g.m-2). Water shortage during the root development stage is a limiting factor against the optimal yield of quinoa

Based on the results, a planting date on August 6th with a 14-d irrigation cycle can be recommended to achieve the desired yield of quinoa along with reducing water consumption in the Mashhad region.

An imbalanced nutrients status in the nutrient solution, i.e. poor nutrition of the plant, is often responsible for the low quantity and quality of strawberry fruit. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different ratios of potassium to magnesium (K/Mg) (T1, 2:1, T2, 4:1, T3, 6:1 and T4, 8:1) on fruit yield and quality of strawberry cv. Albion under hydroponic conditions. Different K/Mg treatments did not have a significant effect on fruit yield and quality attributes such as ascorbic acid and total soluble solids. The highest fruit yield was obtained when plants were exposed to a 4:1 ratio (i.e. T2). Fruit quality attributes such as total anthocyanin, total antioxidant, total phenolic, total flavonoids, total chlorophyll, calcium, Mg, and K concentrations in the leaves and antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly affected by the K/Mg treatments. The highest total phenolic (925 mg/100g FW) and total flavonoids (163 mg/100g FW) were observed when plants grown in the presence of a 4:1 ratio (i.e. T2). Whereas, the highest antioxidant activity (89.2%) was detected in plants exposed to the 8:1 ratio (T4). The highest activity of guaiacol peroxidase (2.88 and 2.78 unit/g FW), ascorbate peroxidase (2.11 unit/g FW), and catalase (2.23 unit/g FW) were observed in T3 and T4, T4, and T4 treatments, respectively. It can be concluded that among the tested treatments, the 4:1 ratio of potassium:magnesium is optimal for the strawberry production.

Soil pollution with heavy metals and its transfer to agricultural products is expanding as a global problem. Cadmium is one of the heavy metals that increase its concentration in the root environment of the plant causes metabolic disorders in the plant. Studies have shown that the use of intercropping systems while increasing diversity, increasing yield, improving resource efficiency, reducing weed damage, pests and diseases(such as Uromyces and Botrytis Vicia-Faba), increasing the stability of the system follows.This study investigates the effect of different levels of cadmium on plant pigments as one of the effective factors in the process of photosynthesis, as well as the amounts of phenol and flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activity in legumes (faba beans, peas) and potatoes in monoculture and intercropping culture.

The pot experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with 4 replications at Gaemshar Agricultural Research Station, Mazandaran province during two agronomic seasons 2018-2019 examined in pot conditions. Treatments were included planting pattern at five levels of monoculture potato, faba bean, pea and Intercropping (potato+fabaBean), (potato+ pea) and five cadmium concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 10, 20 and 30 milligrams of cadmium per kilogram of soil as cadmium nitrate was added to the soil. For this purpose, methanolic extract was prepared from the dried leaves of the studied plants. Total phenols and flavonoids were assayed by spectrophotometry and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by free radical scavenging methods (DPPH).Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software and comparison of means was performed by Duncan's multiple range test at the level of one and five percent probability and graphs were drawn using SigmaPlot and Excel software.

The results showed that different cadmium concentrations had a significant effect on the amount of photosynthetic pigments (P≤0.01). The reduction trend of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids was plinomial. With the application of the highest level of cadmium (30 mg of cadmium in the soil), carotenoids, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b were significantly reduced.In concentration of 30 mg of cadmium in soil, the amount of chlorophyll a in the faba bean reached 3.84 mg/kg soil. In other words, with increasing the concentration of cadmium in the soil, the amount of chlorophyll a decreased by 83.07%. The decrease in total chlorophyll due to cadmium may be due to the inhibitory effect on the activity of its molecules. Total chlorophyll of faba bean with increasing concentrations of cadmium (from 5 to 30 mg soil) was a significant decrease. The sensitive treatments to increasing cadmium concentration were faba beans (7.66 mg/kg soil), potatoes (9.19 mg/kg soil) and chickpeas (9.28 mg/kg soil), respectively. In this study, faba bean plant had the highest mean of phenol (0.1643 mg que/g DW) and intercropping culture (potato+bean) had the highest flavonoids (0.00814 mg que/g DW) and antioxidant (56.03 %) obtained in the treatment of 30 mg of cadmium per kg of soil.

The results of the present study indicate a significant difference between the different treatments in terms of the total amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds that the existence of such diversity can indicate the role of plants and genetics in the production of these compounds. with increasing the concentration of cadmium, the amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b pigments was significantly reduced. In general, from the findings of this study, it can be concluded that these plants, cadmium toxicity in all three plants led to the induction of phenolic compounds.

In order to investigate the effect of salinity on the physiology of two cultivars of green and orange bell peppers, an experiment was conducted at the Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran in 2019. The experiment was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design in the greenhouse, in which treatments included four salinity levels (irrigation with normal water, irrigation with saline 1.5, 4.5, and 6.5 dS/m). Increasing the salinity level increased the activity of the ascorbate peroxidase enzyme in orange bell pepper. The highest amount of activity of this enzyme was achieved in orange cultivar when grown in the presence of 6.5 dS/m saline water. Green bell peppers had a higher starch content than orange bell peppers at all salinity levels. Also, with increasing salinity, the K concentration of roots and shoots and Na concentration of shoots increased compared to the normal water irrigation condition. An increasing trend in proline and phenol concentrations was observed with increasing salinity level. Also, increasing salinity level significantly reduced transpiration, stomatal conductance and CO2 concentration in the sub-stomatal space. With increasing salinity level, the abscisic acid and carotenoids concentrations in the leaves increased. In general, salinity led to adverse effects on an array of the examined physiological attributes of both genotypes, though, orange cultivar seemed to be more tolerant to the saline water, compared to the green pepper.

Due to study the effect of ascorbate foliar application on photosynthetic pigments, phenols and flavonoids of purslane under salinity stress conditions, an experiment was carried out in 2016 at Islamic Azad University, Yadgar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch and Pakdasht city, as factorial design based on Completely Randomized design with 4 replications, in which salinity stress in 3 levels (0, 70, 140 and 210 mM) and ascorbate foliar application in three levels (0, 10 and 20 mM) were considered. The results showed that except for the simple effect of salinity on flavonoid and phenol and the effect of ascorbate on carotenoids and other effects on evaluated traits were significant. The double interaction effect of experimental factors was significant only on chlorophyll b and carotenoids. Base of the finding the mean  comparison results indicated that foliar spraying of 20 mM ascorbate led to the highest  chlorophyll content, but there was no significant increase in carotenoids. The mean comparison interaction effects demonstrated that 210 mM and non using of ascorbate gained to maximum leaves carotenoids content (0.72 µg/ml), while no use of salinity water and 20 mM of ascorbate solution with µg/ml 4.24 ml produced the highest leaves chlorophyll b.

Wheat is one of the most important plant sources for humans and drought is one of the most important abiotic limiting factors that affects the growth and development of wheat. Exogenous applications of plant growth regulators (PGRs) may be useful for decreasing the harmful effects of drought stress on wheat, therefore, this research was laid out to investigate the effect of foliar sprays of gibberellin, cytokinin and cycocel on root and shoot characteristics, secondry metabolites and yield of two wheat cultivars under different moisture regimes.

The present study was conducted as two separate designs each with three replications in hydroponic and field conditions in the University of Kurdistan, in 2015-2016. Hydroponics experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design. The factors were the moisture levels (control, -4, -8 bar), two wheat cultivar (Sirvan and Homa) and four levels PGR foliar application including water as control, gibberellin (100 µm), cytokinin (100 µm) and cycocel (3 grlit-1). Field experiment was carried out as split-split based on randomized complete block design. The irrigation treatment at four levels (dryland, one time irrigation, two times irrigation and three times irrigation) as the main plots, two wheat cultivars (Sirvan and Homa) as sub-plots and the plant growth regulators foliar application listed above as the sub-sub plots were considered. Root and shoot dry weight and root to shoot dry weight ratio, root volume, root length, Plant height, total phenol, flavonoids, anthocyanins content and yield were determined.

In the hydroponics experiment, root traits increased in the -4 bar as compared with the control while plant weight and height were decreased in the -4 and -8 bar. In most treatments, the highest ratio of root to shoot weight was obtained in drought stress. Homa cultivar was superior to Sirvan cultivar in terms of all traits. Foliar application treatments hadn't a significant influence on root length and plant height, but the application of PGRs especially cycocel, increased the root and seedling weight and root volume. In field experiments, the results showed that the amount of phenol, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in dryland conditions was higher than other irrigation treatments. Among growth regulators, gibberellin increased flavonoids (13.2%), and cycocel increased anthocyanins content (17.3%) Compared to the control. The results also showed that, the highest grain yield in both cultivar was obtained under three times irrigation condition and cytokinin and cycocel consumption.

It seems that cycocel can increase the resistance of wheat to drought stress by improving the root characteristics and increasing anthocyanin content. In both cultivars, irrigation increased grain yield compared to rainfed conditions and the use of growth regulators, especially cytokinin and cycocel, increased yield compared to the control. Therefore, based on the results of this experiment, applying even one stage of irrigation in water limitation conditions and the use of cytokinin and cycocel in water availability conditions could be recommended to enhance grain yield under the region climatic condition.

To investigate the effects of foliar application of Acadian seaweed extract® and Biomix poultry manure® on qualitative traits and secondary metabolites of saffron, an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the city of Ferdows the during growing season of 2017-2018. Experimental treatments included four levels of Acadian seaweed extract® (0, 1, 1.5, and 2 kg. l000 L-1 water) and four levels of liquid Biomix poultry manure® (0, 2, 4 and 6 L. l000 L-1 water). Measured traits included phenol, anthocyanin, crocin, picrocrocin, safranal, and fresh and dry stigma yield. Results showed the effect of treatments was significant on the studied traits. So that saffron stigma picrocrocin in treatment of 2 kg. l000 L-1 Acadian seaweed extracts® was 26% more than the control. Liquid poultry manure® also had a significant effect on secondary metabolites of saffron, so that saffron stigma picrocrocin in treatment of 6 L. l000 L-1 Biomix poultry manure® was 24% more than the control. Interaction between Acadian seaweed extract® and Biomix poultry manure® had a significant effect on anthocyanin, crocin, safranal, and phenol content. The highest increase was observed in 2 kg. l000 L-1 Acadian® and 6 L. l000 L-1 Biomix poultry manure®. Also, the use of seaweed extract® had a significant effect on stigma yield, so that the yield of fresh stigma (13%) and dry stigma (20%) in the treatment of 2 kg. l000 L-1 seaweed extracts® was higher than the control. According to the results of this study, the use of seaweed Acadian® (2 kg. l000 L-1 water) alone or in combination with Biomix poultry manure® (6 L. l000 L-1water) can play an important role in enhancing the yield and quality characteristics of saffron.

Graft compatibility is one of the most problems in fruit tree. Determination graft compatibility, it may last a long time but it was achieved in a short time by in vitro techniques. Plants increase their capacity antioxidant rapidly when stress occurs to increase resistance and tolerance to the conditions created. Since grafting in plants is also considered a form of stress, this way. It can be said that the plant's ability to disperse excess energy and neutralize free radicals is impaired, thus increasing the antioxidant capacity to increase the resistance to stress, so in incompatible grafts increases phenolic compounds and peroxidase to minimize oxidative damage compared to compatible grafts. This study Investigation the possibility of early determination of grafting (in) compatibility of sweet cherry by compare phenolic compound and peroxidase activity in vitro techniques.

Two factorial experiment was carried out on the base of completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments including the first factor, four levels of sweet cherry cultivars “Bing’’, “Takdaneh”, “Siyah Mashhad”, and “Adli” and the second factor, four levels of rootstocks Gisela-5, Gisela-6 (compatibility control), Mahaleb-168, and GF-305 (incompatibility control). Measurement of total phenolic compounds was determind according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method (Singleton et al., 1999). Antioxidant enzyme extraction was determined with the method of Mac Adam (1992) with some modifications. Analysis of variance was carried out by SAS software ver. 9.1 and mean comparison was conducted using LSD test.

The result showed that the highest and lowest percentage of grafting were “Bing” cultivar on Gisela-6 rootstock with an average of 64.21% and “Bing” cultivar on GF-305 rootstock of 1.1%. The highest number of leaves and longitudinal growth of scion was in “Bing” cultivar on Gisela-6. The highest number of roots and root lengths were in “Takdaneh” cultivar on Gisela-6 and “Bing” on Gisela-6. The highest amount of total phenol at the graft union was GF-305 and the lowest at the graft union was Gisela-5. The highest and lowest of peroxidase were at the graft union of “Bing” on-G5-305 and “Bing” and “Siyah mashhad” on Gisela. In general, the highest levels of total phenol and peroxidase at the graft union were higher on the GF-305 incompatible rootstock than Gisela-6 compatible rootstock. Therefore, our finding leads to the conclusion that phenolic compounds and peroxidase activity can be used to pre-screen for incompatible grafts. In general, the amount of total phenol in the grafts made on Gisela-6 (compatible control) and Gisela-5 rootstocks was less than GF-305 (incompatible control). GF-305 is incompatible with cherry cultivars. Phenolic compounds such as Catechins above the graft site can be used as a biochemical marker in the diagnosis of graft incompatibility (Baron et al., 2019). Peroxidase levels in incompatible grafts were higher than compatible grafts. It seems that the peroxidase enzyme can be used to predict incompatible grafts quickly. Preliminary analyzes on the role of peroxidase indicate that this enzyme is involved in the formation of cell wall constituents and in the next step reduces the flexibility of the cell wall by creating cross-linking between phenolic polymers of the cell wall (Cassab & Varner, 1987).

The highest levels of total phenol and peroxidase at the graft union were higher on the GF-305 incompatible rootstock than Gisela-6 compatible rootstock. Therefore, the finding of this study leads to the conclusion that phenolic compounds (mostly) and peroxidase activity can be used to pre-screen for incompatible grafts

It is well accepted that application of chemical fertilizers contaminates the water and soil resources and reduces the quality of agricultural and medicinal products, which subsequently creates serious environmental issues. Currently, to improve soil fertility and have sustainable production, bio-fertilizers as an alternative to the chemical fertilizers have been widely applied. Product quality and production sustainability are very important parameters for medicinal products. In agricultural system, weeds are an inevitable part of the process which can negatively affect the production of the medicinal plant. Weeds can compete with medicinal plant for water, nutrient, light, space, and carbon dioxide access, which subsequently reduces quantitative and qualitative yields of the plant and increases crop yield losses. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different fertilizer sources on biochemical traits of basil plant in control and non-control conditions with weeds.

This experiment was split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates and was conducted at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran. The treatments consisted of competition between plants and weeds (weedy and weed free) as the main factor and sub factors were fertilizer sources as: 1- control (no fertilizer), 2- NPK fertilizer (urea fertilizer (100 kg ha-1) + triple super triphosphate (100 kg ha-1) + potassium sulfate (80 kg ha-1)), 3- humic acid (15 l ha-1), 4- animal manure (20 ton ha-1), 5- NPK fertilizer (urea fertilizer (50 kg ha-1) + triple super triphosphate (50 kg ha-1) + potassium sulfate (40 kg ha-1)) + humic acid (7.5 l ha-1), 6- NPK fertilizer (urea fertilizer (50 kg ha-1) + triple super triphosphate (50 kg ha-1) + potassium sulfate (40 kg ha-1)) + animal manure (10 ton ha-1), 7- animal manure (10 ton ha-1) + humic acid (7.5 l ha-1) and 8- spraying macro and micro elements. The predominant weeds identified in the field included velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), sorghum (Sorghum halepense), euphorbia (Euphorbia maculate) and wild melon (Cucumis melo. Var. Agrestis).

The results showed that the biochemical traits such as total phenol, total flavonoid and antioxidant activities had significant increment in weed infestation compared to weed free condition. Based on the results, the highest total fresh weight in the first harvest (11527 kg ha-1) and second harvest (15077 kg ha-1) belonged to chemical fertilizer + humic acid treatment. Animal manure + humic acid treatment had the highest (P < 0.05) total dry weight in the first harvest (1822.3 kg ha-1) and second harvest (2426.01 kg ha-1) compared to other treatments. According to the results, weed interference reduced (P < 0.05) the total fresh and dry weight of plant compared to weed control, where the total fresh and dry weight in the first harvest was decreased up to 50.31% and 42.29%, respectively and in the second harvest, up to 48.69% and 49.58%, respectively. Weeds density and biomass were affected by treatments, the highest weed density and biomass was observed by chemical treatments at the first and second stages of sampling, (49.33 and 36 plant.m-2, and 188.25 and 155.25 g.m-2, respectively).

Based on the results of current study, the integrated application of organic fertilizers had a positive effect on the production and biochemical traits in basil. Overall, the application of organic fertilizers reduces production costs and environmental pollution that can cause by the use of chemical fertilizers. Organic fertilizer also reduces weed dry weight which consequently decreases the damage caused by herbicides. Therefore, it can be suggested that organic fertilizers can be applied to produce healthy and sustainable products.

In order to investigate the effect of accelerated ageing (AA) on physiological and biochemical traits of cultivar canola seeds, this study was laid out as a factorial experiments based on a completely randomized design with two factors cultivars (Modena and Okapi), aging level (0, 24 and 72 hours at temperature of 40˚c and relative humidity of saturated) and four replications in the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad at 2019-20. The results showed that the aged seeds of Okapi and Modena cultivars significant decline in germination characteristics. According to the biochemical results, in the treatments of 72 hours of AA compared to the control, oil, total protein and scavenging free radicals of canola seeds, has decreased by 9.89, 4.14 and 28.61 percent, respectively. Likewise, electrical conductivity increased by 84.64 percent. Interestingly, aging affected the content of non-enzymatic antioxidants. Here for example, it reduced flavonoids by 73.79%, proline by 47.18%, and phenol by 17.13% compared to non-aged seeds in Okapi cultivar. On the one hand, Okapi cultivar had great quality characteristics such as oil percentage, activity of antioxidant systems, but on the other hand, it was very sensitive to storage, because, aging caused extremely decline in Okapi cultivar seed quality. So, it is obvious that conditions of seed storage of this cultivar require more attention. In general, controlling storage conditions to minimize canola seed aging and deterioration is critical.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation as well as foliar application of sodium nitroprusside as a nitric oxide donor compound on some morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics in marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), an experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and has been carried out as factorial (two factors) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors included different irrigation levels 100, 65 and 30% FC and foliar application of sodium nitroprusside at three concentration levels 0 (control), 200 and 400 µM. The results showed that the highest root dry weight and root to aerial organ dry weight ratio belonged to control and 30% FC, respectively. Chlorophyll a and total concentration were reduced under water deficit stress, while the electrolyte leakage percentage was increased. The highest amount of total phenol content was belonged to 65% FC. Sodium nitroprusside had significant effects on the root dry weight and chlorophyll a and total concentration that this effects was maximum in 400µM. The concentrations of 200 and 400 µM sodium nitroprusside with 65% FC treatment increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes. In all irrigation treatments, foliar application of 200 µM sodium nitroprusside increased the relative leaf water content. The concentration of 400 µM sodium nitroprusside with 30% FC showed the highest essential oil percentage. Based on the results obtained, sodium nitroprusside treatment protected marigold plant from water deficit stress and decreased its damages.

The application of organic fertilizers has a vital role in improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of medicinal plants. Calendula officinalis L. is an important medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family. Its extract has medicinal effects such as wound healing, anti-inflammatory, blood purifying, and antibacterial and contains essential oils, carotenoids, and amino acids. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications to investigate the effect of humic acid and vermicompost on some quantitative characteristics and essential oil composition of Calendula officinalis L. in the research greenhouse of the University of Nahavand in 2019. Treatments include control, vermicompost fertilizer in two levels of 100 and 200 g and humic acid in two levels of 0.5 and 1 g.L-1, and integrated treatment of 100 g vermicompost and 0.5 g.L-1 humic acids. The results showed that the highest amount of phenol was produced in the integrated treatment of humic acid and vermicompost. The highest percentage of essential oil (0.32%) was obtained in the integrated treatment of humic acid and vermicompost. Twenty-eight compounds were observed in essential oil, in which alpha-Cadinol had the highest amount. Also, the highest level of alpha-Cadinol was obtained in the integrated treatment of vermicompost and humic acid. It can be said that the use of organic fertilizers can be effective in improving the quantitative characteristics of marigold flowers.

In all major genera and species in the mint family, different types of organic compounds or metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins, ascorbates, and carotenoids with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects are produced through metabolic processes. Research studies in this field have established that planting distance can have a significant effect on essential oil yield as well as quantity and quality of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The main purpose of spacing between plants is also to provide a suitable mix of environmental factors (i.e. water, climate, light, and soil) to achieve optimum quality performance.

The present study was conducted using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at Ilam University Research Farm, Iran, during 2016-2017. Planting density treatments at three levels (that is, 20, 14, and 10 plants per m2) were determined based on changes in plant spacing on rows (i.e. three distances of 20, 30, and 45 cm). Two ecotypes were accordingly included: Malekshahi and Sumar. The characteristics measured were photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a/b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), total phenol and flavonoid content, anthocyanin, as well as essential oil content and yield.

The results of this experiment revealed that the amount of antioxidant compound, photosynthetic pigments (i.e., chlorophyll a/b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), anthocyanin, and essential oil yield had been significantly affected by ecotype and plant density. Therefore, the highest amounts of total phenol (91.64 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (5.20 mg QUE/ g DW) were observed at 20 and 30 cm row spacing. Total phenol and flavonoid also decreased by 7.2% and 12% as plant density was reduced. Moreover, row spacing of 30 cm increased the amount of chlorophyll a/b by 14 to 16% and carotenoid by 10%. The highest amount of anthocyanin (2.5 μg/g FW) was noticed at 20 cm row spacing. As well, the highest yield of the essential oil was spotted at 20 cm row spacing (91.38 kg/ha) and for Malekshahi ecotype (87.5 kg/ha). Compared with Sumar ecotype, the Malekshahi had higher content of photosynthetic pigments, total phenol and flavonoid, carotenoid, anthocyanin, as well as essential oil yield content and yield.

As plant density is enhanced to an optimum level, competition increases for absorption of water, nutrients, and quantity and quality of light received by leaves due to branching density and moderated penetration into canopy. As a result, the rate of cell division and leaf area development is reduced and the content of photosynthetic pigments is diminished following the destruction of chloroplast structure and inhibition of biosynthesis of new chlorophylls. secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanin are produced in the plant in response to environmental conditions in order to protect it against environmental stresses. It was observed that the content of photosynthetic pigments had diminished after increasing the density, but the content of carotenoid, anthocyanin, total phenol and flavonoid, as well as essential oil yield had improved in the wild thyme.

The expensive cost of seed storage could be reducing by using suitable genotypes. In order to evaluate the variety of storage potential of barley genotypes an experiment was conducted factorially with three factors as completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was included eight genotypes with two native barley cultivars, the second factor was three levels of seed moisture content including 7, 14 and 18 percentage and the third was aging duration (three days, one week and four weeks). The results showed that germination decreased with increasing moisture content so that when moisture reached 18% only genotype 3 and 4 germinated after one week storage with 18% moisture content after four weeks storage there was no germination in this moisture level. Total phenolic content and malondialdehyde decreased after four weeks storage with 18% seed moisture content and the genotypes studied, genotype 72747 (8) had the highest amount of phenol and germination percentage (78.33%) during three days of storage with 18% seed moisture.The genotypes 3, 4 from China 7 and 8 from Iran showed anti-oxidant content increment in adverse conditions warehouse which imposed by high seed moisture content and temperature. These genotypes also showed the highest germination and seed vigor after storage.

Medicinal plants play an important role in human health in the world. Many people in different countries of the world tend to use these drugs. Therefore, improve quality of natural medicinal plants is an absolute necessity. Intercropping using time and space, in addition of improving plant production methods in terms of environmental and human health, can increase agricultural production, also. Considering the mentioned issues and the management of weeds in agricultural landscapes, which is one of the biggest problems faced by farmers, this experiment was aim of investigation biochemical characteristics and yield of savory (Satureja hortensis L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum- greacum L.) in intercropping with weeds competition and non- competition conditions.

This experiment was carried out as a split plot in randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2016. The treatments of this experiment consisted weeding and no-weeding as the main factor and also, monoculture of savory, monoculture of fenugreek, ratio of 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75% (savory and fenugreek) as sub plots. Dominant weeds were identified as velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrassti Medic.), giant foxtail (Setaria glauca L.), wild melon (Cucumis melo var. agrestis), and bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). The studied traits included: shoot fresh and dry weight of savory and fenugreek, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll), total phenol, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity of them and weeds biomass.

The simple effect of experimental treatments was significant on photosynthetic pigments savory and fenugreek. Phenolic and flavonoid content of leaf and antioxidant capacity for both plants were maximum in 50% savory: 50% fenugreek ratio in weed infestation and showed significant increament in weed infestation compare to weed free. Monoculture of savory showed maximum fresh (1586.67 and 1813.33 g m-2, respectively) and dry (842.33 and 649.20 g m-2, respectively) weight of shoot in weed controlled conditions. The results of the data analysis showed that in all of the three sampling, the highest and lowest biomass of weed species was related to the pure stand of savory and the ratio of 25:75% of savory: fenugreek, and the highest weed biomass was observed in the second stage of sampling.

Overall, the results showed that the intercropping of savory and fenugreek could stabilize the production and betterment biochemical characteristics by improving the use of resources. In addition by decreasing weeds dry weight reduces weed damage and as well as reducing herbicide use, consequently, it is effective for the sustainable production of medicinal plants.

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that, depending on the type of plant,reduces the ability to produce crops.In order to investigate the effect of different concentrations of Humic acid on decreasing adverse effects of salinity in the Artemisia annua plant,a field pot experiment with three replications was conducted in the form of a factorial randomized complete blocks design at Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.The experimental treatments included three levels of Humic acid(0,150and300 mg/l)and three levels of salinity(laboratory NaCl:0,4 and 6 g/l).After applying the treatments and during the vegetative growth stage,samples were collected from the aerial parts, and the antioxidant capacity(DPPH),the amount of phenol(folinciocalto),flavonoid(aluminum chloride),photosynthetic pigment, proline and plant biomass were analyzed.The results showed that the application of Humic acid(300 mg/litre)and salinity(especially at 6 g/liter)respectively with the average 0.13, 0.39, 0.61, 6/18(mg/g fresh weight)and 20.92(μg/ml)could effectively increase the Artemisia annua photosynthetic pigments.The use of humic acid with a concentration of300 mg/liter and salinity(especially at a concentration of 4 g/liter)with an average of 2.39(mg of gallic acid per100g)and0.115(mg of quercetin per100g),respectively,in increasing the amount of phenol And flavonoid was effective.The maximum biomass of aerial organs was observed in the treatment of 150 mg/liter of humic acid and no application of salt with an average of15.5%.Therefore, Humic acid can partially compensate for the destructive effects of salinity in Artemisia annua.Using abiotic stresses(saline stress)and organic fertilizers(Humic acid)and combining these treatments at different concentrations could improve some morphological and biochemical characteristics in Artemisia annua, depending on the intended purpose.

In order to investigate the effects of different sources of nitrogen on yield and nitrogen uptake of two nettle species, a pot experiment under outdoor condition was conducted at Ramsar (Mazandaran Province) in 2015. Treatments were set up as factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications, including species at two levels (Urtica pilulifera L. and Urtica dioica L.) and fertilizers at seven levels (0, 30 and 60 kg N ha-1 (urea), Farm Yard Manure (FYM): 5 and 10 ton ha-1 and integrated inorganic and FYM: 15kg N ha-1 + 2.5 ton ha-1 FYM and 30 kg N ha-1 + 5 ton ha-1 FYM). The highest dry yield was obtained from Urtica pilulifera and 30 kg N ha-1 + 5 ton..ha-1 FYM (59 g/pot). In other words, by reduction 50% use of inorganic fertilizer., increased yield 27.30% compared to 60 kg N ha-1. Urtica pilulifera had higher growth traits, nitrogen use efficiency and lower nitrogen uptake percentage than Urtica dioica. The highest nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake percentage were achieved from 15 kg N ha-1 + 2.5 ton FYM ha-1 (3.18 g dry weight/g N) and 60 kg N ha-1 (3.76%), respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that integrated application of inorganic and organic fertilizers is the best combination for nettle crop production, resulting in no significant decline in yield quantity.