جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "calcium nitrate" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

Citrus decline is a significant deteriorating factor in citrus cultivation, imposing costly damages to many orchards worldwide, including in Iran. Key factors contributing to citrus decline include environmental stresses such as the physical and chemical conditions of the soil, soil nutritional status, soil moisture condition, and biotic stresses. Environmental stresses, particularly mineral deficiencies and water stress, appear to play a crucial role in citrus deterioration. The Jiroft region is one of the major agricultural centers in south of Iran. Despite its pivotal role in citrus production of the country, the region's orchards experience widespread deterioration, causing considerable annual losses. However, no research has yet explored the potential benefits of simultaneous use of management and nutritional treatments in these orchards.  Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of management and nutritional treatments on alleviating both biotic and abiotic stresses and reducing citrus fruit deterioration.

The current study employed a randomized complete block design over two years in Jiroft, south of Iran, incorporating the following treatments: 1. Control: No intervention. 2. Optimal Management: This included timely irrigation, fertilization (chemical and organic amendments based on soil and leaf tests), and gardening practices (pruning, fruit thinning, and weed removal). 3. Optimal Management + Potassium Silicate: This treatment received optimal management plus potassium silicate fertilizer applied through irrigation water three times at a rate of 30 L ha-1 (as determined by soil test). 4. Optimal Management + Shading: This treatment consisted of optimal management with shading (integrated or individual) at approximately 25% during the hot season, along with plant mulch. 5. Optimal Management + Biocontrol & Fungicides/Nematicides: This treatment combined optimal management with Mycorrhizal and Trichoderma fungi, along with fungicides and nematicides. 6. Optimal Management + Calcium Nitrate Injection: Trees received calcium nitrate injection (30%) directly into the trunk twice a year. 7. Optimal Management + Calcium Nitrate Fertilizer & Foliar Spray: This treatment involved optimal management with calcium nitrate fertilizer applied three times (500 grams per tree, one-month intervals) through irrigation water supplemented by foliar sprays containing calcium chelate and micronutrients (zinc, manganese, iron, and copper) applied three times. Then, leaf samples (both 5–6-month-old leaves and new leaves) and fruits were collected and transported to the laboratory for analysis. This analysis included measurements of number of new leaves, leaf area (average surface area per tree leaf), yield, fruit length and diameter, and the concentration of specific macro- and microelements in the leaves.

The results revealed an inverse relationship between the average number of new leaves per tree and the severity of decay. Treatment-4 displayed a 1.5-fold increase in new leaves compared to the control (treatment-1). Additionally, the number of final shoots (spring and summer regrowth) was 191 in the treatment-4 and 76 in the control treatment. In the treatment-4, the mean leaf area was 41.8 cm2, compared to 29.4 cm2 in the control treatment, demonstrating an increase of 42.20%.  Statistical comparisons of other responses also indicated a significant increase in treatment-4 compared to the others. Treatment-4 also exhibited the greatest improvements in fruit size. Fruit diameter and length increased by 35.5% and 33.9%, respectively, compared to the control. Treatment-4 resulted in the largest average leaf area (41.8 cm²) compared to the control (29.4 cm²). Fruit yield followed a similar trend, the lowest fruit yield (22.9 kg/tree) being observed in the control treatment. Conversely, treatment-4 (optimal irrigation management with shading and mulch) achieved the highest fruit yield (50.2 kg/tree), representing a significant increase of 119.2%, 45.9%, 52.5%, 2,100.0%, 95.3%, and 77.4% compared to control, treatment-2, treatment-3, treatment-5, treatment-6, and treatment-7, respectively. Treatment-4 also demonstrated the highest concentrations of zinc, manganese, and iron in the fruits. These elements increased by 1.50, 1.52, and 1.65 times, respectively, compared to the control. The results overwhelmingly favored treatment-4 compared to the control and other treatments. This superiority likely stems from the combined effects of shade mesh and mulch, which are unique to treatment-4. Shade mesh not only provides shade but also reduces radiation intensity, ultimately minimizing heat stress, sunburn, and water loss through evaporation and transpiration from the tree's foliage. Beneficial effects of Treatment-4 go beyond shade and mulch by ensuring optimal plant nutrition based on soil tests, addressing a crucial factor in citrus health. Inadequate nutrition can contribute to tree decline. By providing the necessary macro and micronutrients and adjusting environmental conditions like temperature and humidity, particularly around the roots, we can minimize disruptions in nutrient uptake and promote overall tree health.

Given the warm climatic conditions of Jiroft at Kerman's southern region, citrus decline arises from a combination of biotic and abiotic stresses. Consequently, solutions targeting either biotic or abiotic constraints are unlikely to provide a sustainable solution to the citrus decline question. An integrated approach, incorporating optimal irrigation and combined nutrient management, was found to be more effective. Therefore, implementing optimal irrigation and combined nutrition management, using plant mulch in the shaded area of the trees, and employing netting as a shade was proven to be a suitable solution to the citrus decline in the Jiroft at southern region of Kerman province, Iran.

AbstractNitrate accumulation is a common problem in most leafy vegetables and it happens when the amount of nitrate absorption exceeds the amount consumed by the plant. This study was conducted as a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized design and in three replications. The first factor included adding nitrate (calcium nitrate) to Hoagland's standard solution at three levels of 0, 10 and 20%, and the second factor was adding different concentrations of molybdenum from sodium molybdate salt at four levels of 0, 0.5, 1.5 and 3 µM. The measured traits included traits of some growth characteristics, total phenol and flavonoids, ascorbic acid, spinach leaf nitrate. According to the obtained results, fresh and dry weight of leaf, dry weight of root and percentage of dry matter increased by increasing calcium nitrate concentration up to 20% and molybdenum application up to 3 µM in nutrient solution. The simultaneous application of molybdenum and nitrogen had no significant effect on total phenolic, total flavonoid and ascorbic acid traits, and the highest amount of these traits was observed in 3 µM molybdenum. The highest amount of leaf nitrate (3247.4 mg kg-1 FW) was observed in the treatment of 20% additional nitrate along with molybdenum. Based on the results, the use of molybdenum in nutrient solution had a reducing effect on nitrate accumulation in spinach leaf, therefore adding 3 µM sodium molybdate to Hoagland nutrient solution in hydroponic system for spinach production is recommended to obtain the maximum amount of antioxidant compounds and the minimum amount of nitrate accumulation.IntroductionPlants take nitrogen (N) either as nitrate (NO3−) or ammonium (NH4+) form for various growth and developmental processes; however, NO3− is more important for such processes. For most of the crop plants, the nitrate form is mobile, less toxic, and can be stored in vacuoles. However, Nitrate must be reduced to NH4+ before it can be utilized for the synthesis of amino acids, proteins, and other nitrogenous compounds in plant cells. Nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR), the key nitrate assimilatory enzymes, are located in cytosol and chloroplasts and catalyze nitrate reduction to NO2− followed by NO2− to NH4+, respectively, in the leaf tissues. However, NH4+ is directly assimilated to produce different amino acids by the mutual actions of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) enzymes in a cyclic manner within the plant cells. Nitrate accumulation is a common problem in most leafy vegetables and it happens when the amount of nitrate absorption exceeds the amount consumed by the plant. Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential microelement for higher plants and also a metal component of the Mo-cofactor, (Moco) biosynthesis. Moco binds to Mo-requiring enzymes and optimizes their activities for normal functioning of plant growth and developmental processes. Molybdenum plays a significant role in N metabolism, which includes nitrate reduction, assimilation, and fixation, by regulating the NR and GS enzymes activities and expressions. During symbiotic N fixation, Mo acts as a cofactor for nitrogenase enzymes to catalyze the redox reaction to convert elemental N into ammonium ions.Materials and methodsThis study was conducted as a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized design and in three replications. The first factor included adding nitrate (calcium nitrate) to Hoagland's standard solution at three levels of 0, 10 and 20%, and the second factor was adding different concentrations of molybdenum from sodium molybdate salt at four levels of 0, 0.5, 1.5 and 3 µM. This research was conducted in the research greenhouse of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources Razi University. Senator spinach seeds were obtained from Fardin Kasht Alborz Institute. Spinach seeds were disinfected with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 5 minutes and then planted in seedling trays containing cocopeat and perlite with a volume ratio of 1:1. The measured traits included traits of some growth characteristics, total phenol and flavonoids, ascorbic acid, spinach leaf nitrate.Results and discussion According to the obtained results, fresh and dry weight of leaf, dry weight of root and percentage of dry matter increased by increasing calcium nitrate concentration up to 20% and molybdenum application up to 3 µM in nutrient solution. The simultaneous application of molybdenum and nitrogen had no significant effect on total phenolic, total flavonoid and ascorbic acid traits, and the highest amount of these traits was observed in 3 µM molybdenum. The highest amount of leaf nitrate (3247.4 mg kg-1 FW) was observed in the treatment of 20% additional nitrate along with molybdenum. The most important point in this research was the use of molybdenum to control nitrate accumulation, and the use of molybdenum in concentrations of 1.5 and 3 µM was able to reduce the amount of nitrate accumulation in the aerial parts to some extent, thus neutralizing the toxicity of excess nitrate. The use of sodium molybdate can be one of the recommended ways to reduce the accumulation of nitrates and at the same time enrich molybdenum in spinach and increase the nutritional value of this plant.ConclusionNitrate and ammonium are the major forms of N that plants use for different growth and developmental processes. The present study revealed that Mo fertilizer plays a key role in N metabolism through regulating the activities and expressions of N-assimilating enzymes. In general, the results of this research showed that the increase in molybdenum concentration in hydroponic culture affected the growth and biochemical characteristics of spinach. Based on the results, the use of molybdenum in nutrient solution had a reducing effect on nitrate accumulation in spinach leaf, therefore adding 3 µM sodium molybdate to Hoagland nutrient solution in hydroponic system for spinach production is recommended to obtain the maximum amount of antioxidant compounds and the minimum amount of nitrate accumulation.

 Increasing the shelf life of oranges after harvesting while maintaining its quality is very important. In addition, preventing waste production and increase the shelf life of this fruit along with maintaining its quality is very important. Citrus fruits in Iran have the highest production of tree products with the production of more than 4 million tons, in the country. Mazandaran province (North of Iran), contains about 50% of orange orchards of Iran, which first ranks in orange production and the cultivated area of this product in the country. Plant nutrition is very important and the use of potassium nitrate, potassium phosphide and calcium nitrate can increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of oranges. The use of wax coating increased the shelf life of oranges in the warehouse, on the other hand, it improved their appearance quality.

This two year research (2019-2021) was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Mazandaran province, Iran, on orange fruits cv. Thomson Novel. Experimental factors were consisted of four levels of spraying ( 1. control, 2. calcium nitrate foliar spraying (2 mg.l-1), 3. potassium nitrate foliar spraying (3 mg.l-1), and 4. potassium phosphide foliar spraying (3 mg.l-1), and 9  storage coating levels (control, Nylon, Deco wax (based on petroleum polyethylene), Xeda wax (with natural carnauba gum base), Poshan Emulsion Wax (with paraffin base), Deco wax+ Rural TS fungicide (2 mg.l-1), wax remover + Rural TS fungicide (2 mg.l-1), Poshan emulsion wax + Rural TS fungicide (2 mg.l-1), and nylon + Rural TS fungicide (2 mg.l-1)).

 The results showed that the nutritional treatments as well as the coating treatments increased the yield and quality of oranges. The highest fruit weight in 45 days and 90 days after storage was seen in the interaction of Rural TS fungicide + nylon + potassium nitrate which was the same statistic group with interaction of Rural TS fungicide treatments + nylon + potassium phosphide, interaction of Xeda wax + potassium nitrate, interaction of Xeda wax + potassium phosphide and also interaction of nylon + potassium phosphide. Rural TS fungicide + nylon as well as Xeda wax increased the traits studied in this research and also improved the quantitative and qualitative yield of oranges compared to other treatments. Therefore, it is recommended to apply potassium phosphide and potassium nitrate treatments along with nylon and Xeda wax. In addition, the application of rural TS 2 fungicide in thousand decreased the diseases and the percentage of decay along with the wax coating treatments compared to the control. The increase of fruit yield and quality can be attributed to the effect of potassium on the entry of carbohydrates or the synthesis of plant regulators in young fruits. Fruit coatings with wax can effectively maintain the quality of these perishable materials after harvesting and increase their useful life. In another research on Valencia oranges, using different commercial wax coatings, it was observed that the coating Wax-containing helped preserve the appearance of fruits compared to other coatings.

The application of coatings treatments by caused to reducing the amount of decay and diseases, and kept the consumer's acceptance of orange fruits in storage for a longer period of time and increased the appearance quality of oranges in storage conditions, but among the applied treatments, rural fungicide treatment TS 2 ppm + Xeda wax increased the traits studied in this research and also improved the quantitative and qualitative yield of oranges compared to other treatments. Therefore, it is recommended to apply potassium phosphide and potassium nitrate treatments along with Xeda wax.

The sever heat stress at the end of growing season in potato winter cultivation, always has been one of the major challenges in warm areas of Iran. Heat stress reduces the yield, quality and shelf life of the potato tubers by increasing the amount of respiration and changes at the balance of sugars and starch in the tubers. One of the suitable strategies to reduce the impacts of heat stress on potatoes is the use of calcium, especially calcium nitrate, which has been investigated in this experiment.

This Study conducted as split-split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications in South Kerman Agricultural Research and Education Center during 2013-2014. The main factor was sowing date: suitable sowing time (31th Dec.) and delay sowing (4th Feb.) and three potato cultivars (Sante, Satina and Milva) were kept in sub-plot. Four calcium treatments (no calcium application, spraying 2500 ppm calcium nitrate in two stages (tuberization and 20 days after tuberization) and spraying 2500 ppm calcium nitrate in three stages (tuberization, 20 and 40 days after tuberization), and soil application of 75 kg/ha calcium nitrate in two stages (tuberizatin and bulking stages) were in sub-sub plots. The measured characteristics included the amount of calcium in the leaf and tuber, the amount of reducing sugars, total sugars and starch in tuber and the rate of rottenness of tubers after 60 days storage.

The results showed that Sante and Satina cultivars had the highest amount of calcium in the tuber, and Milva cultivar had the lowest calcium content. The heat stress at the end of the growing season in delay sowing increased the amount of total and reducing sugars of tubers. The application of calcium especially its soil application, in both delay sowing and suitable sowing time reduced the amount of total and reducing sugars and increased starch and calcium content of the tubers and calcium content of leaves. The application of calcium nitrate in delay sowing reduced the amount of total and reducing sugars as compared to control (non-application of calcium in delay sowing) by 19.4 and 21.9 % respectively, which indicating the impact of calcium application under heat stress conditions on decreasing the tuber sugars and improving quality of tubers. Soil application of calcium in delay sowing reduced the amount of reducing sugars compared to foliar application. Interaction of soil application of calcium nitrate in suitable sowing time (non-stress) and delay sowing (heat stress) had the highest starch and calcium content, respectively. The interaction of sowing date and calcium application on the rate of rottenness of tubers after 60 days storage indicates that the highest levels of rottenness related to the no calcium application in delay sowing, which can be due to impact of higher temperature (heat stress) at the end of the growing season. The application of calcium reduced the rate of rottenness of tubers, so that the reduction in the rate of rottenness of tuber in the soil application of calcium nitrate in delay sowing compared to control (non-application of calcium in delay sowing) was 30.5 percent. There was significant positive correlation between rottenness of tuber and tuber sugars, and significant negative correlation between rottenness with starch and calcium of tuber. The mention results indicate the role of calcium application in improving the shelf life and storage of potato tubers.

The application of calcium in delay sowing (under heat stress) reduced the total and reducing sugars and increased starch and calcium content of the tubers compared to control. Probably due to the effect of calcium on reducing the amount of tuber sugars, as well as its role in strengthening the cell wall of the tuber tissue, the rate of rottenness of tuber decreased. Therefore, the application of calcium nitrate especially its soil application by 75 kg/ha, in order to increasing the shelf life and storage of potato tubers, is recommended in delayed planting in warm southern areas of the Iran.

Terminal heat sterss considered as one of the major challenges of winter production of potato in warm areas of the country including the south of Kerman provience. To determine the suitable strategy for mitigating terminal heat stress injury, a split-split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in South Kerman Agricultural Research and Education Center (Jiroft), Iran, for 2 years (2013 and 2014). The main factor was heat stress: normal (on time planting; Dec. 31) and terminal heat stress (late planting; Feb. 4) and three potato cultivars; Satina, Sante and Milva and four calcium applications; (without calcium nitrate application, foliar application of 2500 mg.l-1 calcium nitrate in two and three stages and soil application of 75 kg.ha-1 calcium nitrate in two stages) were in sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. Results showed that heat stress reduced marketable yield and the weight and number of marketable tubers per plant. Sante and Satina cultivars produced the highest marketable tuber yield in normal condition (47.15 and 44.9 ton.ha-1, respectively), but under heat stress conditions, the difference between marketable tuber yield of those cultivars was not significant. The application of calcium nitrate improved marketable, non-marketable and total tuber yield and its components in potato cultivars and soil application of 75 kg.ha-1 of calcium nitrate was significantly suprior than the other treatments. The interaction effect of terminal heat stress and calcium nitrate applications on marketable and total tuber yield, mean weight and number of marketable and non-marketable tuber was significant. Soil application of calcium nitrate (75 kg.ha-1) increased marketable tuber yield of potato cultivars under normal and terminal heat stress conditions (10.5 and 24.5%, respectively) that revealed the mitigating effect of calcium nitrate on terminal heat stress in potato cultivars. It concluded that soil application of calcium nitrate seems to be an appropriate method to reduce the adverse effects of terminal heat stress in winter potato production.

Parsley has a very high nutritional value, containing A, B and C vitamins and mineral nutrients. In order to investigation of the effect of different nitrogen sources on parsley an experiment conducted in a factorial combination of three nitrogen forms (calcium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and urea) and four nitrogen levels (0, 100, 125, 150 kg ha-1) by using a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the effect of nitrogen sources was significant on all measured parameters. As the highest shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, vitamin C and leaf Ca concentration obtained at 150 kg ha-1 of calcium nitrate and the highest shoot dry weight, plant height, leaf length and leaf iron concentration at 150 kg ha-1 of ammonium sulphate and the highest amount of chlorophyll a+b at 150 kg ha-1 of urea.

This study was performed in order to evaluate the effects of spraying micronutrients iron، zinc، calcium on yield and yield components of seven sesame varieties on 2007 cropping season in research farm of Shahed University. The experiment was performed as split-plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main factor included FeSo4، ZnSo4، CaNo3 and control (water) solutions. The sub-main factors were seven varieties (Yekhta، Varamin 237، Karaj 1، Borazjan 2، Jiroft 13، Bushehr 2 and Darab 14) of sesame. The results of variance showed significant differences among micronutrients on seeds per capsule، 1000-seed weight، oil percent and grain and oil yields. The cultivar×micronutrient interactions were not significant for all traits exception for oil percent (P<0. 01). Zinc was highly affected grain yield (1. 37 fold)، seeds per capsule (1. 30 fold) and oil yield (1. 41 fold) in comparison with control treatment. The highest significant correlation observed between grain yield with seeds per plant (0. 95) and grain yield with capsule per plant (0. 93). According to stepwise regression analysis four traits، seeds per plant، 1000-seed weight، Secondary branches number and seeds per capsule were entered in regression equation. In final conclusion، this survey showed that zinc and calcium were the best micronutrients to increase oil and grain yields of sesame and the cultivars Bushehr 2 and Borazjan 2 were introduced as the best cultivars with high grain yield (27. 5 and 24. 1 gr. plant-1) and high oil yield (13. 8 and 12. 6 gr. plant-1).