جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « oilseed » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Applying innovative nanotechnology in agriculture is considered as one of the promising approaches to obtain significant increases of crop yield. Nanoparticles (NPs) are considered potential agents for agriculture as fertilizers and growth enhancers and using of nano-fertilizers has led to an increasing in the efficiency of nutrients, the correct management of fertilizer consumption, and a reduction of the frequency of fertilizer application. Stimulants are compounds that initiate signals for cells to increase or decrease the production of secondary metabolites and plant defense response. Stimulants such as Putrescine play a role in regulating various plant physiological processes. In this regard, considering the importance of using new technologies, including nanotechnology, in sustainable agriculture to increase the quantitative and qualitative performance of agricultural products, especially oil-medicinal plants, and the lack of sufficient information about the use of iron nanoparticles and polyamine putricine in Camelina plant nutrition, The effect of foliar spraying of these stimulants on functional, morphological and physiological traits of Camelina plant (Soheil veriety) was evaluated.

This research was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the research fields of Baye-Kala Agricultural Research Station (BARS) at Neka city in 2021. The studied factors included iron nanoparticles in four concentrations (0, 20, 40, and 60 ppm) and polyamine putrescine in four concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mM). Each experimental plot was prepared in 6 square meters area and the studied treatments were applied by foliar spraying at the beginning of the reproductive phase of the plant. Two weeks after applying the treatments, sampling was done to evaluate the different traits of the plant. After checking the normality of the data, they were analyzed with SAS (ver 9.1) software; obtained averages compared with using Duncan Test at the 5% probability level.

The results of variance analysis indicated the significance of the simple effect of iron nanoparticles and putrescine on all the studied traits at the 5% level, as well as the significance of the interaction of the two factors on all the studied traits except carotenoid and peroxidase in the reproductive stage at the 5% level. According to the results, the highest amount of carotenoid (0.142 and 0.141 mg.g-1, respectively) and peroxidase (4.96 and 4.38 mg.g-1, respectively) were observed in application of 60 ppm iron nanoparticles and 1.5 mM putrescine which had no statistically significant difference with the concentration of 40 ppm iron nanoparticles and 1 mM putrescine. The results indicated that the highest amount of flavonoid (40.72 mg.g-1), soluble sugar (139.27 mg.g-1), and plant height (115.75 cm) were observed in the treatment combination of 60 ppm iron and 1 mM putrescine, the highest percentage of oil (41.76) and protein (27.77) were observed in the treatment combination of 40 ppm iron and 1.5 mM putrescine and the highest amount of grain yield (210.27 g) and morphological components of yield were observed in the treatment combination of 40 ppm iron and 1 mM putrescine. The correlation result showed that there were the most positive and significant correlation values among the physiological traits and the yield trait had a positive and significant correlation with plant dry weight (0.44) and oil percentage (0.40).

The results have demonstrated that foliar application of 40 ppm iron nanoparticles and 1.5 mM putrescine significantly enhanced various growth characteristics, including photosynthetic pigment content, crude protein, oil content, as well as the physiological and morphological aspects of Camelina. Additionally, the application of iron nanoparticles and putrescine via a uniform supply of low-consumption nutrients has been shown to strengthen the plant's defense system, ultimately leading to improvements in the growth, development, and yield of the medicinal-oil Camelina plant.

The development of oilseeds cultivation is one of the important and major goals of the country in achieving self-sufficiency in this field, which will play an important role in food security. Camelina is a promising oilseed that could potentially be used as a low-input crop for production in the drylands. However, little is known about camelina’s breeding lines. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate and screen advanced camelina lines in terms of agronomic characteristics, yield, and percentage of seed oil using various statistical methods.

In this study, 19 advanced high oil lines along with cultivar Soheil were screened for agronomic characteristics, yield, and percentage of seed oil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates under rain-fed conditions at Sarab-Changai Research Station, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, Khorramabad, Iran during the 2020-2021 cropping year in rainfed condition.

According to the results, the oil yield and grain yield traits with more than 40% had the highest coefficient of variation. Day-to-flowering and day-to-maturity traits had the least variability according to this statistic. Analysis of variance indicated significant genotypic diversity between the studied genotypes in terms of most traits. The highest grain yield (901 kg/ha), oil content (35.83%), and oil yield (324 kg/ha) were recorded for DH60 line. According to the results of means comparison, plant height of genotypes was between 70.17 and 80.33 cm, day to flowering between 124 and 136, and day to maturity between 156 and 167. The correlation between grain yield and seed oil content (0.744**) and oil yield (0.995**) was positive and highly significant. Genotypes were clustered into three groups and the groups were statistically significantly different in most of the traits.

lines DH60, DH61, and DH105 were known as desirable and candidates for further breeding and agronomic research programs based on the results of various statistical methods including mean comparisons, cluster analysis, “genotype × trait” biplot, and SIIG index. lines DH41, DH69, DH128, and DH82 were also identified as the weakest genotypes in terms of the studied traits and are not recommended for economic cultivation. The results of this study showed that camelina is a crop plant adapted to dry conditions and a short growth period that has the potential to provide diversity in dryland crop rotation.

One of the important environment pollutants can cited to element lead (Pb) that effected on absorption of nutrients in plants. This investigation was conducted in order study effect zeolite and Mycorrhiza on quality and quantity soyben plant on soil polluted with Pb in greenhouse Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lorestan. The experiment was carried basic factorial in from to random completly design with three repeat. Treatments were incloud; Mycorrhiza fungus in two level (control and application Mycorrhiza) and zeolite in three level (0, 5% and 10% W/W). Soil’s all plots were polluted with concentration 200 mg/kg Pb (NO3)2. Result this investigation indicued, exept height plant, number grain per pod, number pod per plant and number of branches that influenced by main effect Mycorrhiza and zeolite, in other traits intraction was significant. Application zeolite 10% with Mycorrhiza resulted improve LAI (84%), catalase (150%), superoxide dismutase (220%), 1000 grain-weight (51%), grain yield (94%), biological yield (51%) and harvest index (34%) and decreased accumulation of lead in root (43%) and shoot (44%), TF(75%) and BCF in root (43%) and shoot (43%). Heighest grain yield (3609 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (9026 kg.ha-1) was obtained from use Simultaneous zeolite 10% and Mycorrhiza. Overall application Mycorrhiza and zeolite in addition to decline effects heavy metals in the soil and improve quantitative and qualitative yield of the product can be effective in phytoremediation of heavy metals.

In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on some morphological traits, yield, yield components, and oil percentage of sesame genotypes, an experiment has been conducted in form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2018 at the Research Farm of Velayat University, Iranshahr. Drought stress factor includes normal irrigation (based on 100 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) and drought stress (based on 200 mm evaporation from Class A evaporation pan) as the main factor, while sesame cultivars, including Dashtestan 2 and 5, Yelovait, Jiroft13, Iandraces of Dom Siah, and Darab1 have been the subfactor. Results show that drought stress significantly reduces plant height, number of branch and capsule per plant, number of seed per capsule and seed, biological yield, and oil yield and percentage. The increase in seed yield under normal irrigation conditions has been 28.67%, compared to drought stress conditions. Among all cultivars, Darab-1 has had the highest seed and oil yield in comparison with other cultivars under both irrigation conditions; therefore, this cultivar will be suitable for cultivation in Iranshahr. The correlation results show that seed yield has had a positive and significant correlation with the number of capsules per plant, number of seed per capsule, biological yield, and 1000-seed weight, with the highest correlation being related to seed and oil yield.

The majority of the country's oil consumption comes from foreign sources. Therefore, the development of oilseed crops is critical. Safflower has a special status among oilseed grains adapted to the country's conditions, and it is ecologically compatible with many agricultural lands in the country. Research has shown that planting date and plant density significantly affect the yield and yield components of crops. Over the past few years and in different Iran regions, several cultivars have been isolated from safflower, which may vary in response to planting date and plant density. Therefore, this study was conducted to study and determine the most suitable planting date and plant density for the advanced safflower cultivars and their effect on grain yield, forage, oil, and yield components in the Gonbad-e Kavus area.

This study was conducted with two separate factorial experiments (the first experiment on 30th of November and the second on 20th of December) in a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Gonbad-e-Kavus in two seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15. In each experiment, two sowing densities of 20 and 40 plants per square meter (10 and 20 cm plant distance on the row) and four advanced safflower cultivars included: Golmehr, Soffeh, Padideh, and Goldasht, were combined as factorial and formed eight treatments. Seeds of the mentioned cultivars were prepared from the Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. The row spacing was fixed at 25 cm for all treatments. SAS software was used to analyze the data, and the mean comparison of the data with SPSS software was performed as the least significant difference (LSD) test.

The results showed that the effects of planting date on the branch number plant-1, grain yield, oil percentage, forage ash, and the dry matter intake were significant. The influences of sowing density on branch number plant-1, 1000-seed weight, and oil percentage were significant. There were significant differences among the cultivars according to the branch number plant-1, and safflower seed oil percentage. The mean comparison of data showed that the highest branch number plant-1, grain yield, forage ash, and the dry matter intake were observed in the first planting date, and the delayed sowing decreased these traits significantly, while oil percentage showed a significant increase. Increasing the sowing density induced the branch number plant-1, 1000-seed weight, and oil percentage significantly. The forage yield showed a positive significant with grain yield and crude protein.

In terms of safflower planting date, it was observed that the first planting, due to suitable climatic conditions and longer growing period, had better results in the branch number plant-1, boll number plant-1, oil content, forage ash, and dry matter intake traits. With increasing plant density, branch number plant-1, 100-seed weight, and oil percentage decreased significantly, so due to the importance of oil content, 20 plants per square meter is recommended. According to this study's results, the Soffeh cultivar could be used for the earlier sowings, but there was no significant difference in grain yield among the cultivars with delayed sowing. So, four studied cultivars Golmehr, Soffeh, Padideh, and Goldasht, could be cultivated under the delayed planting date conditions, and it is suggested that selection of safflower cultivar should be made according to the purposes of safflower planting (forage, oil, or seed breeding).

Water resource limitation in the end of growth season of rapeseed crop is one of the main problems for production and development of this crop in semi-arid regions of Iran. Therefore, introduction of compatible and tolerate cultivar to this condition is crucial for growth expansion of rapeseed. To identify and introduce suitable rapeseed cultivar for delayed planting, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Field of Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute of Karaj, Iran was conducted in 2015-16 and 2016-17. In this study, sowing dates were October 7 (normal) and November 6 (delayed planting) asseinged to the main plots, and rapeseed cultivars including ES Hydromel, ES Alonso, ES Darko, ES Lauren and Ahmadi to the sub-plots. To introduce of tolerate cultivar to drought tolerance indices, experimental plots were subjected to two common irrigation conditions (control) and irrigation interruption from the flowering stage onwards (drought stress). Combined analysis of data indicated that delayed planting significantly reduced rapeseed oil percentage and oil yield. According to the results ES Hydromel cultivar produced the highest oil percentage (41.61%) and oil yield (1381.08 kg.ha-1). Based on the selected indices of this study, including geometric mean productivity, stress tolerance index, and mean productivity, the most tolerant cultivar under both normal and delayed planting was ES Hydromel and the least tolerant cultivar under normal conditions was ES Lauren and under stress conditions was ES Darko. The results of cluster analysis also confirmed the formation of two clusters, ES Darko, Ahmadi and ES Lauren in belonged to sensitive cluster and ES Hydromel and ES Alonso to the tolerant cluster.

To investigate the physiological responses of sesame cultivars to the application of nano magnesium and chitosan biopolymer under different irrigation regimes, a split factorial based on randomized complete block design has been conducted with three replicates between 2017 and 2018. The irrigation cut-off, based on BBCH scale, has served as the main factor (normal irrigation, irrigation up to 50% flowering, and seed ripening), with the sub factors including Oltan and Dashtestan-2 sesame cultivars, and nano magnesium (application and non-application) and chitosan (control, 4.8, and 6.4 g.L-1). The highest mean grain yield belongs to the application of 6.4 g.L-1 chitosan under normal irrigation with an average of 1235.1 kg.ha-1. Also, the highest total chlorophyll content is observed in Dashtestan-2 genotype under normal irrigation with a mean of 24.7 mg.g-1 FW and the lowest mean have been obtained in both genotypes under irrigation up to 65 BBCH with a mean of 17.21 and 17.46 mg.g-1 FW, respectively. Application of nano fertilizer in Oltan genotype under irrigation up to 65 BBCH increases the catalase activity by 41.11%, compared to the control treatment. The highest activity of ascorbate peroxidase has been achieved when not applying chitosan under irrigation conditions up to 65 BBCH. It has risen by 55.06%, compared to the control treatment. In general, the results show that irrigation up to 65 BBCH reduces grain yield, in turn alleviated by the negative effects of stress on magnesium and chitosan nanoparticles (9.93% and 27.46%, respectively). Based on the regression analysis results, four traits, namely chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, proline, and catalase, enter the model that explains 42.11% of the total grain yield variations. Results of simple correlation between traits and regression analysis indicate the indirect effects of physiological traits on grain yield and among the studied parameters, photosynthetic pigments has been of high account in stress conditions.

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the most important oil seeds and its importance refer to its role in providing the essential fats needed to complete the human food pyramid similar to other oilseeds. In Iran, after cotton and canola, the highest cultivated land is dedicated to soybeans. The yield of plants such as soybeans is significantly reduced due to environmental stresses, especially drought stress. Thus the aim of the present study was an investigation of soybean advanced lines and parental varieties under non-stress and under water stress conditions to compare different genotypes and identification of more tolerant lines to water stress.

Plant materials consisted of 30 soybean genotypes including three parental varieties Sahar, Williams, Katoul and 27 advanced lines. The lines were derived from parental varieties Sahar×K778, Sahar×Hamilton, Sahar×Gorgan3, Sahar×Williams, Williams×Katoul, Hamilton×Katoul, Sahar×Katoul, Williams×K778, Williams×Hamilton, Gorgan3×Williams. The plants were cultivated in a filed with a total area of 400 m2 at Ezberam, Siahkal (N 37°1.3′8 ̋N, 49°54′10.5 ̋E) in the Guilan province of Iran in spring and summer 2016 as randomized block complete design under normal and water stress conditions with three replications. A total of 14 traits were measured including plant height, number of nodes, first pod height from ground, number of branches, total weight of plant, number of pods, weight of total pods, number of filled pods, weight of filled pods, pod length, number of seeds per pod, number of total seeds, weight of total of seeds and 100- seed weight.

The combined analysis of variance revealed genotypes difference and genotype×conditions interaction were significant (p<0.01) for all of the traits except pod length that indicated high diversity among soybean genotypes and different responses of genotypes to normal and water stress conditions for measured traits. According to the cluster analysis Ward method, all genotypes were assigned to three groups under normal condition. The first group consist of five advanced lines Williams×Katoul3123, Williams×Katoul(4), Williams×Hamilton(2), Sahar×Hamilton(4), Gorgan3×Williams(2) and Katoul had higher mean based on all of agronomic and yield traits such as number and weight of pods, weight of total seeds and 100- seed weight than other genotypes. Under water stress condition genotypes were classified into three groups that third group consisting of four lines Sahar×Katoul(4), Williams×Hamilton(1), Williams×K778(3) and Williams×Katoul(4) had higher performance based on important yield traits including number of pod, weight of pod, number and weight of filled pods, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds in plant, total weight of seeds in plant and 100- seed weight than other genotypes.

According to comparisons mean, Gorgan3×Williams(2) had the highest weight of total pods (94.4gr), number of branches (14.11), number and weight seeds in plant (284.22 and 66.98 gr respectively) and 100-seed weight (35.74gr) under normal condition and the highest weight of total pods (63.28 gr), weight of filled pods (61.91gr), number and weight seeds in plant (236.44 and 44.11gr respectively) and 100-seed weight (33.67gr) belonged to Williams×Katoul(4). Also according to cluster analysis to comparing soybean genotypes under normal and water stress conditions, Williams×Katoul(4) in both groupings, belonged to the better group, indicating that the line was superior to other lines and its parents in terms of total traits. Totally, advanced lines performed better than their parents, especially under water stress condition. Also according to principal component analysis and biplot of two first PC, Gorgan3×Williams(2) under normal condition and Williams×Katoul(4) under both of conditions were better than other lines and parental varieties.

IntroductionDrought and salinity are major environmental factors that influence crop productivity worldwide .Plants are normally subjected to a combination of various types of abiotic stresses in nature, such as the combined effects of drought and salinity .Studies have revealed that the physiological and biochemical responses of plants to the interaction of drought and salinity are unique and cannot be directly extrapolated from the responses to the two stresses individually.Storage of orthodox seeds for prolonged period induces their deterioration leading ultimately to loss of their viability. The rate of seed deterioration varies among plant species and seed lots, but high moisture content and high temperature accelerate this process. During long-term storage, all seeds undergo aging processes leading to deterioration in seed quality, especially in the humid tropical regions. However, the rate of seed deterioration can vary among various plant species. When aged seeds are sown, they show decreased viability, lower germinability performance, and produce weak seedlings which could not manage to survive in their habitat. Seed priming (osmoconditioning) has been successfully demonstrated to improve seed germination and seedling establishment for many field crops.The beneficial effects of priming have also been demonstrated on germination and seed emergence, as well as seedling establishment of many crops, particularly under drought and salt stress.Use of chemical compounds as priming agents has been found to improve plant tolerancesignificantly in various crop and non-crop species against a range of different individually applied abiotic stresses.Melatonin, due to its pleiotropic effects can play important roles in improving plant tolerance to adverse conditions.Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is one of the prospective oilseed crops because it yields about 32–40 % seed oil. However, due to its considerable salt resistance than commonly grown oilseed crops, it is cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions where soil salinity is one of the major threats to agriculture.Drought is very unpredictable among abiotic stresses in terms to occurrence, severity, timing. and duration and safflower can be a promising alternate crop in dryland agro-ecosystems due to its growth potential under water stress without a substantial reduction of oil and seed yields. Safflower cultivation constitutes a more profitable crop for the farmers in some countries, compared to other conventional crops such as barley, lentil, and chickpea.The fact that safflower can overcome environmental stresses such as extreme temperatures, drought, and salinity has facilitated its expansion in areas around the world, where soil and climatic restrictions have impeded the cultivation of conventional food and cash crops.In particular, safflower has demonstrated drought resistance with a slight decrease in crop yield and significant stability in water use efficiency Materials and methods In order to study the effect of seed priming of naturally aged seed by melatonin on seedling emergence and growth characteristic of safflower, three experiments were conducted at seed science technology laboratory, greenhouse and research farm of Aburaihan Campus, the University of Tehran in 2017. The experimental design for all experiment was factorial in completely randomized design (laboratory) and randomized complete block design (research farm and greenhouse) with 4 replicates. The main treatments that common between experiments consist of seed quality (1-naturally aged seed 2- new seed) and seed priming (1-without priming 2- hydropriming 3- Melatonin 0.1 mM 4- Melatonin 0.5 mM). Soil water was determined based on soil moisture release curve, which indicates the relationship between soil water potential andsoil moisture content. Prior to the pot experiments, three samples of wet soil (wet soil = drysoil ? soil moisture content) were dried and soil moisture content at the beginning of experiment was determined.Then pots were equally filled with wet soil. Two pots were considered as references and were weighted each day: one for drought stress and one for other abiotic stresses. The soil moisture content could be obtainable after weighing and it was possible to calculate soil water potential from soil moisture release curve. Results and discussionThe results of this research indicated that the highest percentage of seedling emergence of naturally aged seed obtained by hydropriming and melatonin priming at 0.1 mM by %54.50 and %57.50 that increased the seedling emergence up to %39.74 and %47 respectively, in comparison to control in the farm condition. Also, the results showed that highest percentage of seedling emergence under drought condition belong to melatonin priming at 0.1 mM concentration that increased the seedling emergence up to %154 in comparison to control in the greenhouse condition. The results of this experiment indicated melatonin priming at 0.1 mM concentration led to the highest rate and percentage of seedling emergence under salinity and combination of salinity and drought condition while melatonin priming at 0.5 mM concentration has decreased the rate of seedling emergence.ConclusionsIn general, using of seed priming as a cost-effective method also hydropriming and melatonin priming could enhance the seed quality for growth under salinity and drought conditions.

The importance of oilseeds for human and livestock in terms of providing energy, has special value among agricultural products. Due to the shortage of oilseeds cultivation in Iran, billions of dollars spend to import oilseeds and crude oil to the country, annually. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L) is used for its oil and fiber in several industries. Flaxseed obtains bioactive compounds and components including linolenic acid, lignans, omega-3, and other essential compounds. In many parts of the world, drought is the main factor which limits flax yield. Reductions in grain yield, physiological traits, oil yield and percentage were reported in many oilseeds crops under drought stress. The use of bacteria as priming, cause plants tolerance to environmental stresses. Plant growth promoting bacteria increase crops yield by regulating hormonal and nutritional levels, resistance to plant pathogens, solubilizing of elements and other mechanisms. Since water deficit is one of the main limiting factors of crops production in Iran, on the other hand, the cultivation and production of oilseeds in Iran is low, therefore, this research was carried out in order to investigating the effect of plant growth promoting bacteria on production of flax under water deficit conditions. This experiment was conducted in the research farm of Shahrekord University in 2013-2014 in split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The experimental factors were irrigation in three levels (100, 75 and 50 % of plant’s water requirement) and plant growth promoting bacteria in seven levels (No inoculation and inoculation by six bacteria including Bacillus sp strain1, Bacillus sp strain2, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Azotobacter Chroococcum, Pseudomonas putida and Azospirillium lipoferum). Before stress applying, flooding irrigation was done one day apart. Stress was applied 14 days after planting date, based on plant's water requirement. Stress was carried out base on 75 and 50% plant’s water requirement. At flowering stage, number of flower heads per plant measured. Plant height, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule and 1000 grain weight were measured at harvesting stage. After oil extraction, oil percentage was calculated. The results of variance analysis was done by using of SAS software, comparison of means by LSD and the interactions of mean comparison by using slicing method. Main effects of irrigation levels and bacterial treatments on all traits were significant. Interaction effect of investigated factors on plant height, number of stem and flower heads per plant, number of capsules per plant, 1000 grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and grain oil percentage were significant while its effect on number of grain per capsules was not. The highest grain yield and grain oil percentage was obtained in 100 % of plant’s water requirement. These treatments had increasing of 88% and 28% in comparison with 50 % of plant’s water requirement, respectively. Within each three irrigation levels, the bacterial treatments had the maximum amount of measured traits compare to control treatment. The effect of Bacillus sp strain1, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Azotobacter Chroococcum in most of the investigated traits were more pronounced. Bacillus sp strain1 had the highest grain yield and grain oil percentage in three irrigation levels. According to the results, , the amount of measured traits decreased by increasing drought stress levels, however, bacterial treatments reduced the effects of stress in comparision with control treatment. Among bacterial treatments, Bacillus sp strain1, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Azotobacter were more effective on reduction effects of stress. Also the highest grain yield, biological yield, and oil percentage were found in these bacterial treatments. Probably these microorganisms, especially Bacillus species, have increased plant production due to their phosphate solubilizing ability, IAA, cytokinin and ACC-deaminase enzyme production and better absorption of nutrients.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is considered as the queen of oilseeds for its high oil quality. Sesame oil is rich in micronutrients, antioxidants and essential amino acids as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids. It has been well documented that agronomic practices such as time and rate of planting will have a direct effect on sesame grain yield, oil content and quality. Therefore determining the optimum plant density is very important in sesame production.
Material and In the current experiment, the effect of different planting densities (20, 40 and 60 Plants per m2) was investigated on agronomic traits of six sesame cultivars (Halil, Dashtestan 2, Darab 1, Oltan, Yellow White and Naz Tak Shakhe). The field experiment was carried out as factorial layout based on randomised complete block design with three replicates in research farm of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, in 2016. Each experimental plot consisted of four adjacent rows, 5 m in length and 0.3 m apart. To achieve the above-mentioned planting densities, sesame seeds were sown 16, 8 and 5 cm apart on each row on 6th June. If required, the seedlings were thinned at 2-3 leaf stage. The crop was irrigated according to the conventional schedule for the region. Weeds were manually removed throughout the growing season. At physiological maturity stage, two middle rows of each plot were harvested for determination of yield and yield components. Data analysis was performed using SAS 9.1 and means were compared by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% probability level. The results showed that all measured traits except 1000-seed weight and harvest index significantly affected by planting density. Also, the interaction between planting density and cultivar was significant on the number of capsules per plant, seed yield, harvest index and oil concentration. At planting densities of 20 and 40 plants per m2, the maximum grain yield were related to Dashtestan 2 cultivar. At planting densities of 60 plants per m2, Naz Tak Shakhe was found to be the best cultivar regarding grain yield. Although the increase in planting density from 20 to 40 plants per m2, could increase grain yield in all cultivars, the highest grain yield was related to Naz Tak Shakhe cultivar. Furthermore, increase in planting density up to 60 plants per m2, caused severe grain yield loss in all cultivars except Naz Tak Shakhe cultivar which showed 18% increase in grain yield. In general, it can be concluded that cultivars characteristics could be considered as essential parameters to determine the optimum planting density. Therefore, if the plant density is adjusted in such a way that plants could be able to use the environment and agronomic inputs factors with the minimum intra-specific competition, maximum economic yield will be obtained

To evaluate the effects of drought and foliar micronutrients on yield, protein and oil content of soybeans, Split_factorial randomized complete block design with four replications in crop year 2015- 2014 was conducted at the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad. Stress factor in three levels (control, tension and stress in flowering stage to the stage of pod) as the main factors and the factors at two levels (the M7 and the M9) and foliar application of micronutrients in three levels (non-sprayed, at the stage of flowering and foliar spray at flowering and pod filling stage) factorial trial were considered as secondary factors. The results showed the effects of drought stress, foliar application of micronutrients and the statistical level of 1% and sprayed on the surface of the interaction of drought stress in 5% had significant effect on grain yield. So that the highest grain yield of 3192 kg per hectare with an average normal irrigation and the lowest yield related to stress at flowering stage with an average of 2211 kg per hectare. The highest yield and quality of soybean in non-stress conditions, flowering and pod filling stage and sprayed in two digits (M7) were the most sensitive growth stages of soybean to drought stress is the flowering stage.

To evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation on agronomic characteristics of new sunflower hybrids and to determine drought tolerant cultivars, an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with three replications during 2013–14 at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamabad-e-Gharb, Kermanshah, Iran. In this experiment, four new hybrids of sunflower (Farokh, Shams, Ghasem and Barzegar) were evaluated in three irrigation regimes (full irrigation, mild stress and severe stress by supplying 100, 75 and 50% of the crop water requirement). Results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of irrigation regime and genotype on all traits including days to flowering and physiological maturity, seed filling duration, head diameter, number of seeds per head, plant height, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index was significant (p≤0.01). The interaction of irrigation regime and genotype on all traits (except for the number of seeds per head) was significant. The results of the mean comparison showed that the seed yield of medium maturing hybrids (Shams and Barzegar) in all three irrigation regimes was higher than the early maturing hybrids (Farrokh and Ghasem). The highest seed yield (5007 kgha-1) was obtained in Barzegar hybrid with full irrigation, while Ghasem hybrid produced the lowest seed yield (1859 kgha-1) under severe stress conditions.

To investigate the effects of winter cover crops and their management on the density and dry matter of weeds in plum orchards, an experiment was conducted during 2014-2015 in Urmia. The experiment was performed in the randomized complete block design with spilt plot arrangement. Four cover crops in main plots included: ryegrass (Secale cereale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oilseed (Brassica napus L.) and clover (Trifolium resupintum L.) and management methods including cutting- off cover crops and using rotivator in sub –plots were experimental treatments. According to the results, the highest and lowest dry matter of cover crops belonged to ryegrass (275 gr.m-2) and clover (97 gr.m-2) and the highest and lowest leaf area index were observed in ryegrass (3.5) and clover (1.4) respectively. Comparison of cutting- off cover crop and rotivator revealed that rotivator’s effect on weed density (%67) and dry matter (%31) is more effective than cutting-off cover crops. Totally, results of this study revealed that ryegrass and barley planting as cover crops, along with using rotivator, is the best recommended method for weed control in Urmia plum orchards.