جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "potassium" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

Bread wheat is the most important cereal and the source of calories in human nutrition worldwide. The effect of moisture stress on the quality properties of wheat is complex and is influenced by genotype, environment and their interaction. Superabsorbent polymers last for 5 -7 years in soil and can absorb water up to 200 to 400-fold of their own weight. Superabsorbent polymers are divided into two major groups, depending on their source: natural-based mateials, such as animal manures, and chemical materials. This experiment aimed to study the response of bread wheat cultivars to moisture stress and the ameliorative effects of superabsorbants on these responses.

In order to investigate the adverse effects of drought stress on wheat cultivars in the presence of different superabsorbent treatments, two separate experiments were conducted in Urmia and Khoy cities located in West Azerbaijan province, Iran. The experiments were carried out as a split factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in two years (2019 and 2020). The main factor was the three moisture regimes including irrigation after evaporation of 70, 140, and 210 mm water from the class-A pan. The combination of levels of different superabsorbent treatments in wheat cultivars formed the sub-factor levels: cow manure at a rate of 40000 kg/ha (as a natural superabsorbent), chemical superabsorbent (Taravat A-200) at a rate of 200 kg/ha,  and no use of superabsorbent (control) along with two commercial cultivars of bread wheat, Mihan and Heidari. Bartlett's test was performed for the uniformity of the variances of the experimental errors. A combined analysis of variance of the two years was conducted after ensuring the uniformity of the variances of the experimental errors. The comparison of means was done with Duncan's multi-range test at the five percent probability level with MStatc statistical software.

The combined analysis of variance showed that the effects of different levels of treatments and their interactions were significant at 5% probability level for plant height, grain yield, grains/spike, 1000 grains weight, concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in shoot. The highest grain yield in both locations (Urmia and Khoy) was observed for the Mihan cultivar when irrigated after 70 mm evaporation and using the chemical superabsorbent treatment, with 7930 and 7760 kg/ha in the mentioned locations, respectively. In contrast, both Mihan and Heydari cultivars had the lowest grain yield of 1490 and 2110 kg/ha in Urmia and Khoy cities, respectively, when irrigated after 140 mm evaporation and no use of superabsorbent. The concentration of nitrogen and potassium in the shoot in the presence of superabsorbent treatment was higher than those of manure and the control treatments. Meanwhile, the concentration of phosphorus in the shoot in the presence of manure treatment was higher than those of the superabsorbent and the control.

Based on the results of our experiment, using superabsorbent and animal manure as a natural superabsorbent, appeared as suitable solutions to reducing the adverse effects of drought stress on wheat crop in arid and semi-arid areas of the West West Azerbaijan province.

Rice is often very sensitive to salinity in both seedling and reproductive stages. Excess salt and mineral salts in the soil or irrigation water can cause great damage to the plant, disrupting the natural growth of the plant and limiting the actual performance potential of rice varieties. Many researches have been conducted on the effect of salinity stress on rice. Although each research separately has a special value, the results of these researches are different and it will be difficult to summarize them separately in order to obtaine a general and comprehensive result. In the meta-analysis method, statistical analysis of a large number of researches is performed and by evaluating the overlap of the results of smaller studies, a general summary is obtained from the findings of all studies. Therefore, the results of the meta-analysis method has more validity. The purpose of the current study was to meta-analyze the results of the researches conducted on the effect of salinity stress on rice.

To obtain the necessary data for the present study, the Persian keywords “rice”, “salinity stress”, “grain yield”, “yield components”, “NaCl”, “photosynthetic pigments”, “sodium content”, “potassium content”, “vegetative growth stage” and “reproductive growth stage” or their English equivalents were searched from the agricultural research information banks, such as Magiran, SID, Elsevier and Google. Salinity stress was also considered at two levels including mild stress (4 dS.m-1) and severe stress (8 dS.m-1). Out of the 50 reviewed studies on the effect of salinity stress on growth, yield, yield components, content of elements and photosynthetic characteristics of rice, 38 articles were selected and their data were extracted. Comprehensive meta-analysis (CMA) software was used for statistical analysis of the extracted data and drawing the relevant graphs.

The results of the homogeneity test statistics of data extracted from previous studies (Q, I2 and Tau2) showed that the heterogeneity between the studies for grain yield and panicle number per plant under severe salinity stress (8 dS.m-1) and plant height under mild stress (4 dS.m-1) was low and non-significant, therefore the fixed model was used in the meta-analysis. However, random model was used for other traits in both salinity stress conditions due to the heterogeneity between studies. Overall effect size for grain yield, plant height, panicles per plant, filled grains per panicle and potassium content were on the left side of the zero axis under both severe and mild stress conditions, indicating a significant reduction of these traits under salinity stress. But, the overall effect size for sodium content in both severe and mild salinity stresses were on the right side of the zero axis, which indicated the increasing effect of salinity stress on sodium content. The results of the overall effect size showed a decrease in chlorophylls a and b under both salinity stress conditions and carotenoids in mild stress. The results showed that grain yield with a decrease of 72.8 and 118.9 percent at the stress levels of 4 and 8 dS.m-1, respectively, was the most sensitive and vulnerable trait to salinity stress. Also, the decrease in the number of panicles per plant was 30.42 and 35.29 percent, and in the number of filled grains per panicle was 25.16 and 57.84 percent at salinity levels of 4 and 8 dS.m-1, respectively. This finding showed that the decrease in the number of panicles per plant at mild salinity stress was more than the number of filled grains per panicle, while with the increasing of salinity level to 8 dS.m-1 (sever stress), the number of filled grains per panicle was more affected and showed more sensitivity to high levels of salinity stress compared to the number of panicles per plant.

The results of this study showed that increasing the number of fertile panicles and the number of filled grains per panicle, higher levels of potassium, lower levels of sodium, reducing the ratio of Na+/K+, maintaining the amount of chlorophyll pigments at the optimal level and preventing their destruction, increasing proline accumulation and activity of catalase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes, prevention of cell membrane destruction and reduction of ion leakage, were suitable criteria for assessing salinity tolerance and identifying rice tolerant genotypes. The varieties Gharib Siah Reihani, Xudao9, Nagdong, Pokkali, Zayandehroud and Seng-e Tarom as well as a mutant line of Nemat variety were salinity tolerant genetic resources and can be used in breeding programs of salinity tolerance in rice.

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on some physiological traits and antioxidant enzymes the tarragon plant under drought stress, this study was performed as a factorial experiment with two factors based on a completely randomized design with three repetitions. The first factor was drought stress at two levels including 100 and 50% field capacity (pot capacity) and the second factor was inoculation with mycorrhiza fungus from Glomus geus at 5 levels consisting of (G.hoi + G. mosseae, G. hoi + G. intraradices, G. mosseae + G. intraradices, G. hoi + G. mosseae + G. intraradices and no inoculation as control(. According to the results, the use of mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress conditions increased the activity of the enzymes of the ascorbate peroxidase, hydrogen peroxide, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase as well as the amounts of malondialdehyde, total phenol and ascorbic acid in the leaves. The use of mycorrhiza fungus, unlike drought stress, increased potassium and phosphorus concentration. Application of the three mycorrhizal fungi combination (G. intraradices +G.hoi + G. mosseae) had a better effect on the physiological and biochemical traits than the control. The results of the research showed the positive effect of mycorrhizal fungus in increasing drought tolerance of tarragon plant and better control of free radicals produced under stress conditions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salinity stress on changes in morpho-physiological traits of 109 accessions of Aegilops tauschii collected from different regions of the world, along with two check cultivars, Arg (salinity tolerant) and Darya (salinity sensitive). For this purpose, a factorial experiment with two levels of salinity (zero and 300 mM NaCl) as the first factor and 111 genotypes (109 accessions and two check cultivars) as the second factor was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. After salt stress treatment, some morpho-physiological traits were measured and the results were analyzed. Analysis of variance results showed that the studied accessions differed significally from each other (p≤0.01) in terms of all traits (shoot and root sodium, shoot and root potassium, shoot potassium to sodium ratio, leaf chlorophyll content, shoot fresh and dry biomass, and root fresh and dry biomass), except for the root potassium to sodium ratio. The effect of salinity stress on the aforementioned traits was also significant (p ≤ 0.01) except for root potassium. In total, some accessions collected from Iran, Georgia, Kosovo, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan showed acceptable performance in terms of the studied traits under salt stress conditions, when compared to the resistant check cultivar Arg. In addition, the dendrogram obtained from the cluster analysis and the survey of subgroup averages showed that the accessions collected from Iran, Georgia, Kosovo, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan had greater resistance and tolerance to salinity stress.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit-bearing species with a long history of cultivation in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Pomegranate production in Iran, as the main pomegranate producer in the world, is faced with different challenges. Fruit cracking is one of the serious disorders in pomegranate that cause significant reduction in the quality of fruit and subsequent economic damages to the pomegranate producers annually. Fruit cracking can be controlled to some extent by appropriate orchard management. Proper orchard fertilization is among the influential cases that can lead to the improvement in the physiological state of trees in favor of reducing the fruit cracking. 

In this study, the effects of silicon and potassium sulfate spraying were investigated on the fruit cracking and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pomegranate fruit. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of four levels of silica (0, 100, 300, and 500 ppm) and three levels of potassium sulfate (0, 0.75%, and 1.5%) spraying on the fruit of pomegranate cv. ‘Malase-Saveh’, one of the most important pomegranate varieties of Iran. The treatments were applied three times during the growing season. The experiment was arranged in a factorial experiment based on the completely randomized block design in three replicates. Data analysis was performed using SAS statistical software and the means were compared using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level of significance.

The results indicated that most of the qualitative and quantitative traits were influenced by foliar spraying of these substances. Also, the results indicated that foliar application of silica, potassium sulfate, and their interaction significantly affected the fruit cracking. According to the results, the lowest fruit cracking (2.64%) was obtained by spraying 500 ppm silica and 0.75% potassium sulfate, while the highest fruit cracking (27.87%) was recorded from control plants. The highest fruit weight (204 g) was recorded in the treatment of 1.5% potassium sulfate and the lowest fruit weight (144 g) was recorded from untreated plants. Most of the treatments had a positive effect on fruit and aril weight and increased this character compared to the control. Spraying with 500 ppm silica and 1.5% potassium sulfate resulted in the highest (39.69 g) 100 arils weight, while control plants had the lowest (29.14) 100 arils weight. Silica and potassium sulfate treatment also improve the total soluble solid and titratable acidity in the fruit juice of pomegranate.

The data obtained from this study could provide valuable insights into the effects of proper fertilization in reducing one of the main pomegranate disorders. Overall, the results indicated that combined spraying of silica (500 ppm) with potassium sulfate (1.5%) is more effective than their individual use and results in the higher fruit yield and quality, as well as a lower cracking disorder. These findings suggest that there are synergistic effects between these compounds. According to the results of this investigation simultaneous application of silica and potassium is suggested as a practical strategy in orchard management practices that could be beneficial for improving qualitative and quantitative attributes of pomegranate fruit.

Since plants cannot move, they face many environmental stresses. Salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture, causing inhibition and impairment of crop growth and development. Salinity stress affects all vital plant processes such as photosynthesis, protein and metabolism of fat in the plant, causing changes in morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular functions of the plant, which ultimately decreases plant yield. Due to high nutritional value and high resistance to abiotic stresses such as salinity and drought, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.) has been proposed to ensure food security in the world. Quinoa genotypes have different morphological and physiological mechanisms in terms of germination, growth and grain yield under salinity stress. Considering the differences in salinity resistance in different quinoa cultivars, this study was carried out for investigating the physiological responses and seed yield of three quinoa cultivars with different origins under salinity stress.

This experiment carried out as random complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Zanjan University during the year 2019. The experimental treatments included three salinity levels of 0, 15 and 30 dS m-1 and three quinoa varieties (Giza1, Titicaca and Q26) with different origins. First, soil with a ratio of 50% sieved farm soil, 30% sand and 20% rotted manure was added inside the 1 kg pots. Inside each pot, 10 seeds were planted then irrigated with desired concentrations of salinity. The temperature of the greenhouse during the day was 27±2 and at night 19±2 ˚C, and the relative humidity was 65-75%. After the seedlings were fully established, four plants were kept in each pot and the rest were removed. The volume of irrigation water was 400 cc for each pot with the desired concentration of salinity. In the following, the desired traits were measured based on the mentioned protocols in specific stages. After measuring the desired traits, variance analysis of the data was done with SAS software version 9.1, comparison of average data was done using Duncan's multiple range test (P>0.05).

Salinity stress had a significant effect on all the traits studied except the potassium concentration of the root. Salinity reduced the plant height, leaf area, greenness index, grain yield, dry weight shoot and root, but salinity caused increase in the amount of sodium in the root, stem and leaves. The highest and lowest grain yields, with 0.87 and 0.56 g plant-1 were observed in the control and 30 dS m-1 salinity treatments, respectively. The Titicaca cultivar with 25.7 cm, had the lowest plant height. The highest shoot dry weight, stem sodium concentration, Na+/K+ ratio in root and Na+/K+ ratio in stem were observed in the Giza 1 cultivar. The Q26 cultivar had highest height of plant (33.8 cm), leaf area (3865.8 cm2plant-1), root sodium (0.30 mg.g-1 dry weight) and potassium (0.16 mg.g-1 dry weight) concentration, while it had the lowest Na+/K+ ratio in leaf with 0.67 mg.g-1 dry weight. Traits such as leaf potassium concentration and grain yield were similar among the studied cultivars. Also, cultivar Q26 had the lowest Na+/K+ ratio in the leaves with 0.67 mg.g-1 dry weight. The leaf greenness index in the control and salinity of 15 dS.m-1 was the same among all studied cultivars, but in the salinity of 30 dS.m-1, the Titicaca cultivar had the lowest amount. Among the studied cultivars, Giza 1 cultivar had the lowest root dry weight, while it had the highest Na+/K+ ratio in root and stem (8.27 and 3.6 mg.g-1 dry weight, respectively) among all salinity treatments. The Titicaca cultivar had the highest stem potassium concentration of all salinity levels in studied cultivars.

 The results obtained from this research showed that high salinity concentrations decreased the grain yield of quinoa. In general, the results showed that the cultivars examined in this research (Giza1, Titicaca and Q26) were different from each other in terms of traits related to salinity resistance. The results showed that the origin of cultivars probably plays a role in the resistance to salinity. Also, despite the difference in the concentration of elements potassium, sodium and Na+/K+ ratio in the stem, root and leaf organs, and no significant difference was observed in terms of grain yield among the studied cultivars. Therefore, it is suggested to consider their origin in the selection of cultivars for future research.

 Cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) has a special position as one of the most important crops in the country. Considering that salinity stress is one of the most important stresses, it threatens cotton production in arid and semi-arid regions of the country and the world, it is possible to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress through application of organic fertilizers (manure and humic acid). In addition, Organic inputs can guarantee both agricultural production and nature conservation. The current approach is to employ the organic compounds like manure and humic acid (that are cost-effective and eco-friendly) as an appropriate substitute for chemical fertilizers.

This study was carried out to assess the effect of manure and humic acid application on some elements accumulation and ions concentrations in cotton (Gossypim hirsutum L.) (cotton leaves) under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications in the 2019-2020 cropping year in Beshravieh city in South Khorasan. The main plot included different levels of irrigation water salinity at three levels (2.5, 5.5 and 8.5 ds.m-1) and sub-plots consisted of a factorial combination of manure at two levels (0 and 20 t/h) and humic acid at two levels (0 and 200 gr/ 100 kg of seeds as priming). In order to measure the concentration of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) elements, it was done using a flame photometer and chlorine concentration based on the method provided by Johnson and Ulrich (1995).  In order to assess the cotton yield, the yield of two consecutive harvests were added together and was considered as the seed cotton yield of each experimental unit.

The results of the present study illustrated that the salinity stress increased Na+ and Cl- concentration in cotton leaves and consequently decreased K+ concentration. The increase of salinity stress from 2.5 to 5.5 and 8.5 dSm-1 caused a significant decrease in seed cotton yield. Manure application treatment increased Na+ (13.45%), K+ (2.67%), Cl- (18.30%) concentration in the leaves and seed cotton yield (13/90 %) compared to the no use of manure. Humic acid application treatment decreased Na+ (3.08%), Cl- (9.78%) concentration and increased K+ concentration (4.17%) and cotton yield (9/15 %) and improved the growth conditions compared to the treatment of no use of humic acid. The application of manure (before planting) and humic acid (as priming treatment) increased the seed cotton yield by improving the accumulation of beneficial elements in the leaves under salinity stress conditions.

Based on the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the application of manure and humic acid (priming) moderated the negative effects of salinity stress on seed cotton yield. In addition, manure and humic acid can be used as an effective and alternative fertilizer in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers and salinity stress in hot and dry climates. Therefore, manure and humic acid (organic fertilizers) are recommended to be applied under (environmental stresses) salinity stress conditions to mitigate the effects of salt stress and obtain a higher seed cotton yield.

Most cultivated cereals are deficient in micronutrients. Deficiency of these elements in soil not only reduces plant yield but also by reducing the concentration of these elements in foods such as wheat grains reduces their absorption by humans and livestock, which causes various diseases and thus low The level of public health (Cakmak et al, 2012; Shi et al., 2010) is such that the low concentration of minerals such as sulfur, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper in the country's food from The effect on the health and supply of micronutrients required by the body is problematic.

In order to investigate the morphological and biochemical response of rain fed wheat cultivars to anti-transpirant and nitrogen biofertilizers, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with split-factorial plot arrangement with four replications in the cold temperate zone (Kamalvand Khorramabad) in cropping years 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. Factor of rain fed wheat cultivar (Azar2, Ohadi and Baran) was in the main plot and anti-transpirant (no application and application of atrazine) and nitrogen biofertilizer (no application, application of Azospirillium, application of Azotobacter) as factorial were in sub-plots. Before culture, Azospirillum and Azotobacter fertilizers were applied as seeds in the relevant treatments. For this purpose, first the seeds were soaked, and for more adhesion, some sugar was mixed with the seeds, and then Azospirillum and Azotobacter were used in the amount of one liter per 100 kg of seeds. Atrazine antiperspirant with a concentration of 400 ppm was used in two stages, one in the stage of stalking in late March and the other in the time before pollination using a 20 liter sprayer and in a guided manner. Peduncle length, number of grain per m2, harvest index, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids in the shoot and macro and micro nutrients, carbohydrates and protein in the grain were measured.

In the first year, Ohadi cultivar with atrazine and Aztobacter application had the highest grain yield (2420 kg ha-1) and Azar 2 cultivar without antiperspirant and with Aztobacter application had the lowest grain yield (2000 kg ha-1) and in the second year Baran cultivar with atrazine and Without biofertilizer application, the highest grain yield (2765 kg ha-1) and Azar 2 cultivar without atrazine and with Azospirillium application had the lowest grain yield with an average of (2083 kg ha-1).
Baran cultivar with atrazine had the highest total chlorophyll content with an average of 7.8 mg g-1 fresh weight and Azar2 cultivar without antiperspirant application had the lowest total chlorophyll content with an average of 5.5 mg g-1 fresh weight (Table 5). Also, the use of atrazine and azotobacter had the highest amount of total chlorophyll and carotenoids (Table 5). The lowest amount of grain nitrogen was obtained from non-application of biofertilizer with an average of 1.77% and the highest amount was obtained from the use of Azotobacter with an average of 2.38%. Ohadi cultivar with atrazine and Azotobacter had the highest grain phosphorus content with an average of 0.50% and Baran cultivar without antiperspirant and biofertilizer had the lowest grain phosphorus content with an average of 0.22% (Table 9). Ohadi and Baran cultivars using atrazine shared the highest amount of potassium with an average of 0.52% and Azar 2 cultivar without antiperspirant had the lowest amount of potassium with an average of 0.45% (Table 10). The highest amount of grain copper with an average of 7.7 mg kg-1 was obtained with the use of atrazine and Azotobacter. Ohadi cultivar with Azotobacter had the highest amount of iron grain with an average of 63 mg kg-1 and Azar2 cultivar had the lowest amount of iron grain with an average of 58 mg kg-1.

Application of nitrogen biofertilizers and antiperspirant atrazine improved morphological, photosynthetic traits and grain quality of wheat. The highest amount of total chlorophyll, copper and grain carbohydrates was obtained with the use of atrazine and Azotobacter, but the highest amount of carotenoids and grain protein was obtained with the use of atrazine and Azospirillium. Thus, in dryland conditions of Lorestan province, the use of nitrogen biofertilizers and antiperspirant atrazine is recommended.

After wheat and rice, legumes are one of the most important agricultural products that are used to feed the people of the world. The amount of protein in legumes is about twice that of cereals, and it is a good quality protein source that complements grain protein. Among the legumes, chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) with 17-24% protein and 40-50% starch and a significant amount of iron, phosphorus and many vitamins, is one of the legumes that has a significant amount of protein and a major contribution to the human diet especially the majority of people with low income (Majnoon Hosseini, 2017). Despite the importance of the chickpea crop, few studies have been conducted on the application of micronutrients. Proper fertilization is one of the techniques that is expected to be effective in increasing the yield of this crop per unit area and the quality of this crop (Aktas, 2009). It has been reported that at least 30 to 50 percent of the crop yield was related to the optimal use of fertilizers (Heisey & Norton, 2007). The optimal consumption of nutrients for the optimal production of crops varies depending on the type of soil in the region and agricultural operations, therefore, in case of changing the tillage method, it is necessary to choose a fertilizer formula that is compatible with the tillage method.

This research was carried out as a split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design in 3 replications. Experimental treatments included tillage methods in 3 levels including conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT) in the main plots, and treatments of foliar application were in sub-plots including no foliar application and foliar application of potassium Phosphite liquid fertilizers, K-Amino chelate and Zn-amino chelate (one liter per hectare) and zinc chelate fertilizer( with a concentration of 1.5 per thousand) were in the sub-plots. In this project, Mansour chickpea cultivar were planted with a density of 35 seeds per square meter at a depth of 5-7 cm and mechanized by a direct seeding machine (ASKE 2200) between November 15 and December 15 every year. Foliar spraying of fertilizer treatments was done before flowering using a back sprayer. At the end of the growth period in July, 10 plants were harvested in each plot and indicators such as plant height, number of pods per plant, hundred seed weight, seed yield, and biological yield were measured.

The results showed that the effect of tillage on the measured indicators was not significant. However, the highest seed yield (532.6 kg ha-1) was obtained from the no-tillage treatment, which was compared to the Minimum tillage treatments with a seed yield of 497.6 kg ha-1 and Conventional tillage with a seed yield of 412.6 kg ha-1, respectively 7 and 29 the percentage showed an increase. The effect of different fertilizer sources on seed yield, biological yield and plant height was significant at 5% level. All foliar treatments had a significant difference with the control at the 5% level. The highest seed yield was obtained from potassium phosphite treatment with a yield rate of 539.9 kg ha-1. The highest amount of protein was obtained from the Minimum tillage treatment at the rate of 20.35%, the highest amount of phosphorus was obtained jointly from the Minimum tillage and no-tillage treatments at the rate of 57%, and the highest amount of zinc was obtained from the traditional tillage treatment at the rate of 55.33 mg/kg. The effect of fertilizer type on protein, phosphorus and zinc levels was significant at the level of 1 percent (P<0.01). In all cases, the lowest amount was related to the control treatment.

In order to increase the yield of dryland chickpeas, direct cultivation (no tillage) along with foliar spraying of fertilizers containing potassium and zinc can be useful. In this case, in addition to increasing the production per unit area, it is possible to reduce the costs of fuel and tools caused by the traffic of tillers and to improve the quality of dryland chickpea seeds in terms of protein and zinc.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of Rahnella aquatilis and Burkholderia cepacia bacteria on yield, yield components, and uptake of potassium and zinc elements in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

The experiment was conducted as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2022. Treatments included two levels of chemical fertilizer (100 and 75% of chemical fertilizer consumption based on the soil test results as optimal and reduced fertilizer levels, respectively) and four inoculation treatments (separate inoculation of R. aquatilis, B. cepacia, a co-inoculation (R.aquatilis+B.cepacia) and control (non-inoculation)).

The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the optimal and reduced fertilizer levels in all the studied traits. The separate inoculation of R. aquatilis, B.cepacia and their co-inoculation increased the panicle length (from 5.88 to 11.3%), the number of total tillers in hill-1 (from 19.4 to 29.1%), the total number of grains in panicle-1 (from 22.8 to 46.5%), paddy yield (from 22.8 to 44.3%), biological yield (from 20.3 to 33.6%), 1000-seed weight (from 2.4 to 8.8%), potassium uptake in grain (from 6.0 to 41.4%) and in above-ground biomass (from 38.4 to 65.4%), zinc uptake in grain (from 6.29 to 40.9%) and in above-ground biomass (29.4 to 54.6%) as compared with the control (non-inoculation).

The application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in combination (as the best inoculation treatment) reduced chemical fertilizers consumption without a significant reduction in the paddy yield, indicating the importance of these rhizobacteria for achieving sustainable agriculture goals.

Most growers do not pay attention to the issue of proper nutrition, including the proper ratio of elements in the nutrient solution and changing the concentration of each element and their ratio at different stages of growth. Lack of available information in this regard, in the present study, it has been decided to evaluate the effect of different ratios of nitrogen and potassium on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of tomato fruit under hydroponic conditions. The balance of nutrients in the culture medium is one of the factors affecting the yield and quality of crops and horticulture. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different ratios of nitrogen and potassium on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Hirad tomato fruit in hydroponic conditions. Treatments include concentrations of nitrogen and potassium in the vegetative and reproductive period including 1) nitrogen and potassium at concentrations of 130 and 250 ppm in the vegetative stage and 160 and 350 ppm in the reproductive stage; 2) nitrogen and potassium at concentrations of 140 and 260 ppm in the vegetative stage and 170 and 360 ppm in the reproductive stage, respectively; 3) nitrogen and potassium at concentrations of 150 and 270 ppm in the vegetative stage and 180 and 370 ppm in the reproductive stage, respectively; and 4) nitrogen and potassium were at concentrations of 160 and 280 ppm in the vegetative stage and 190 and 380 ppm in the reproductive stage, respectively. The results showed that the nutrition of tomato plant with different ratios of nitrogen and potassium affects different characteristics of the plant such as quantitative and qualitative indicators. The highest stem diameter value was obtained in the vegetative and reproductive stages in treatment 3. Treatment 2 showed the highest yield of single plant, total acid and fruit lycopene, and in treatment 4, the highest amount of fruit chlorophyll and soluble solids was observed. Also, the highest ascorbic acid content was obtained in treatment 1. In general, in order to achieve maximum yield and improve the quality of tomato fruit, it is recommended to use more potassium and less nitrogen.

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of tillage, organic fertilizers and mycorrhiza on quantitative traits and nutrient uptake in maize. The experiment was performed as a split plot with 4 replications in a randomized complete block design in August of the crop year 2017 and 2018 in Ivan city in Ilam province. Tillage at 3 levels (no tillage, tillage to a depth of 10 cm and tillage to a depth of 30 cm), organic fertilizer at 3 levels (no use, vermicompost 30 tons per hectare and bovine manure 30 tons per hectare) and mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and it was by soil inoculation method (consumption and non-consumption). In a minimal tillage system, seed yield was 7053.2 kg ha-1, an increase of 21% compared to the least amount of tillage-free treatment. In the minimum tillage system and the consumption of cow manure, the highest grain yield was obtained in the amount of 8198.2 kg ha-1. The interaction of mycorrhizae and tillage on grain yield was significant. In the case of minimal tillage and mycorrhizae, the maximum grain yield was707.1 kg ha-1, which was significantly different from the treatment without tillage and deep in both mycorrhizal and non-amycorrhizal states. According to the results obtained in this study, it was found that soil application at least relative to the deep system has increased plant yield.

Potato (Solanum tubersum) is an important economic crop in the world. In order to investigate the effect of potassium (Potabarvar Bioferrtilizer) and Phosphorus (Barvar 2 Biofertilizer) biofertilizers on the yield and quality of two families of true potato seeds, including Fanta free pollinators and Savalan × Agria hybrids, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized block design with 8 treatments and three repetitions were done. The results showed that the use of Potabarvar Bioferrtilizer and Barvar 2 Biofertilizer affected plant height, leaf area and the dry matter percentage of tuber and leaf and led to an increase in yield compared to the control plants and the application of a mixture of biological fertilizers at the probability level of 1%. So that the highest yield in the treatment of Potabarvar biofertilizer was obtained on the free-pollinating Fanta family. Also, the application of these fertilizers led to an increase in the leaf chlorophyll index at the five percent probability level. The use of these biofertilizers led to an increase in the concentration of potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus elements in the plant at the level of 1% probability. The application of these fertilizers had a greater effect on the free-pollinating Fanta family. Also, the application of the mixture of these biofertilizers did not lead to an increase in the desired indicators.

To investigate the effect of zinc and potassium application on some morphological traits and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought stress, a split-factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates were carried out at the experimental farm of the Research, Education and Extension Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Hamadan during 2017-2018. The main plot included irrigation levels (normal and water stress) and the subplot included two factors of foliar application of potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) fertilizers. Potassium fertilizer from K2O source (40%) including 2 L/ha at three levels; I) without fertilizer (control sample), II) leaf spray at the beginning of booting, III) leaf spray after pollination, and zinc fertilizer from water-soluble zinc source (10%) including four liters per ha in three levels; I) without fertilizer (control sample), II) leaf spray at the beginning of booting, III) leaf spray was used after pollination. The results of the analysis of variance showed a significant difference between treatments in all studied traits. Significant differences in all of the traits were observed under stress and normal irrigation. Co-application of potassium and zinc fertilizers compared to the control increased grain yield (4.5%) and RWC (5.8%) evaluated morphological indices under stress conditions.To investigat

To study the effect of irrigation water salinity on physiological characteristics and the concentration of leaf elements of different accession of melons a split-plot experiment was designed based on RCBD with 3 replicates on two accessions, tolerant (Sooski and Diamond) and two accessions sensitive (Daregazi and Zard Ivanaki) and two salinity levels (tap water  2.3 ds/m (control) and 8 ds/m) according to the salinity of wells) in the field of Isfahan research station in 2016-2017. The results showed that with increasing salinity, the chlorophyll index decreased in all sensitive and tolerant accessions 21 and 16% respectivly. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance showed the highest and lowest reduction in the Zard Ivanaki and Diamond accessions,62 and 19% respectively in comparison to the control. Stomata conductance was lowest in Zard Ivanaki (0.05) and highest in Diamond (0.39). CO2 substomatal was reduced by 44%, 26%, and 11%, respectively, in the Zard Ivanaki, Sooski and Diamond accessions. Photosynthetic water use efficiency did not have a significant effect with increasing salinity in all accessions. The amount of Na and Cl increased in the Daregazi and Zard Ivanaki accessions compared to the control, and K showed the lowest decrease by 26% in the Diamond accession. The highest reduction K/Na ratio was observed in Daregazi by 71%. The amount of P decreased in all of the accessions, except for the Daregazi, Overall, the results showed that by applying salt stress, photosynthetic parameters, K and P elements decreased, and Na and Cl increased, and this decrease was lowest in Diamonds and highest in Zard Ivanaki. Diamond resistant mass has a higher tolerance to salinity compared to sensitive cultivar through defense mechanism by restricting the uptake or transfer of sodium to aerial parts and also maintaining a good level of potassium and can be used as a tolerant cultivar under salinity conditions.

In order to investigate the possibility of improvement of yield, yield components and the concentration of some nutrients in rice leaves (Tarom variety) by using rice straw and its biochar, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design in nine treatments and three replications in the farm of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, north of Iran, in 2021. The first factor was rice straw (S) at three levels of zero, 2 and 4 tons/ha and the second factor was rice straw biochar (B) at three levels of zero, 1 and 2 tons/ha. The maximum concentration of potassium (1.22%), nitrogen (4.73%) and iron (208 mg/kg) in the flag leaf was observed when rice was grown in the high levels of rice straw and particularly its biochar. Also, the concentration of silicon, manganese and zinc in the flag leaf increased with the increase in the levels of rice straw and its biochar. By increasing the use of rice straw and its biochar, the number of tillers, plant height, panicle length, weight of 1000 seeds and the number of filled seeds increased significantly. The combined use of rice straw and its biochar increased the rice grain yield, indicating a 1.78 times increase in the treatment of 2 tons/ha of rice straw biochar + 4 tons/ha of rice straw (S2B2) compared to the control. Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of 2 tons/ha of biochar and 4 tons/ha of rice straw can lead to the maximum grain yield by increasing the concentration of nutrients in the flag leaf and improving the growth and yield components of rice.

Drought is one of the major factors limiting productivity in agriculture and nutrition management, including the use of potash fertilizers, plays an important role in plant resistance to drought. In order to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage amaranth in comparison with forage millet, a split factorial experiment was designed and conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016 and 2017 in Saadatshahr region of Fars province. In this experiment, three irrigation intervals (5, 10 and 15 days) were used as the main factor, potassium fertilizer (50, 100 and 150 kg.ha-1) and forage plants (amaranth and millet) as sub-plots. The results of mean comparison of two-year combined analysis showed that amaranth had significantly more height, stem diameter, inflorescence length, number of leaves per plant, dry forage yield, ash percentage, crude protein and carbohydrate content than millet. Increasing the irrigation interval reduced the height, stem diameter, inflorescence length, number of leaves per plant, 1000-seed weight, percentage of crude fiber, dry matter yield, ash percentage, and soluble carbohydrates. By increasing potassium fertilizer level, plant height, stem diameter, inflorescence length, number of leaves per plant, percentage of crude fiber, dry forage yield, ash percentage, crude protein percentage, ADF percentage and NDF percentage in the plant decreased. In general, it can be concluded that amaranth plant has higher yield and drought tolerance than millet and the application of 150 kg.ha-1 of potassium fertilizer can be recommended to achieve higher yield.

Natural biostimulants such as seaweed and humic acid may have positive effects on germination. Seaweed extract comprises high and low consumption elements, amino acids, plant growth regulators, and vitamins which increase root absorption and improve the quality and compounds of antioxidants. Humic acid is a mixture of sources such as soil, humus, oxidized lignite, coal and etc. Nutrients are essential for the growth and development of plants which are consumed in lower amounts. This current study was conducted to investigate the effects of biostimulants of seaweed and humic acid and some nutrients on seeding and other related traits in soybean. The current study showed that biostimulants of seaweed extract and humic acid and some nutrients had positive effects on germination.

Drought, being the most common abiotic stress, is a major factor in crop yields as it limits crop production on a global basis. To evaluate the effects of foliar application with potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) in the pollination stage on morphological and physiological characteristics of wheat under water stress conditions, a split-factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates have been carried out at the experimental farm of the Research, Education and Extension Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Hamadan during 2017-2018. The main plot includes irrigation levels (normal and water stress) and the subplot, two factors of foliar application of potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) fertilizers. Potassium fertilizer from K2O source (40%) includes 2 liters per ha at three levels; I) without fertilizer (the control), II) leaf spray at the beginning of booting, and III) leaf spray after pollination. Also, zinc fertilizer from water-soluble zinc source (10%) includes four liters per ha in three levels: I) without fertilizer (the control), II) leaf spray at the beginning of booting, and III) the use of leaf spray after pollination. The results of the analysis of variance show a significant difference between treatments in all studied traits. Significant differences in all of the traits are observed under stress and normal irrigation. Co-application of potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) fertilizers, compared to the control, has increased evaluated morphological indices of HI (21%), grain yield (52%), total yield (29%), and TKW (25%) under stress conditions. Therefore, according to the results, the use of K and Zn fertilizers as a foliar application at the beginning of booting reduces the harmful effects of drought stress on the plant, increasing the yield and morphological characteristics of wheat.