جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آنزیم » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

In addition to high protein content, canola meal can play a significant role in the energy supply of poultry feeds due to its relatively high amount of carbohydrates and crude fat. The value of AMEn in the NRC table for a canola meal is 2000 kcal/kg. The metabolizable energy value of canola meal has not been published in Iranian tables of feed composition published by the animal science research center. The evaluation of the feed is completed by determining nutrients followed by measuring its metabolizable energy content. There are different methods to determine the amounts of metabolizable energy in poultry feeds, and each of them has advantages and disadvantages. The regression method is one of the methods of determining metabolizable energy, which provides the possibility of studying the metabolizable energy content of a test ingredient in practical diets at different levels. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the apparent metabolizable energy values corrected to zero point of nitrogen balance (AMEn) of canola meal with and without enzyme by regression method in adult leghorn roosters.

Canola meal samples were obtained from poultry feed plants in Tabriz city and their chemical composition was measured according to standard methods. The number of 48 adult leghorn roosters were used with 6 replications in a completely randomized design in factorial order (2 × 4) (two levels of enzyme Zero and 375 units × four levels of canola meal, Zero, 7, 14, 21 percent) using the regression method by replacing canola meal in corn-soybean meal-based diet.

The average values of dry matter, ash, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were 88.5, 6.8, 34.4, 6.7, 34.5, and 20.5% respectively and gross energy value of canola meal was 4324 kcal/kg.By increasing the level of canola meal in the experimental diets, the values of ADMM, AOMM, AMEn and gross energy efficiency decreased significantly (p<0.05). The amount of AMEn decreased by 7.4%, equivalent to 244 kcal/kg in the diet containing 21% canola meal compared to the control diet without canola meal. Enzyme addition improved AMEn of diets containing of canola meal as much as 64 Kca/Kg. The equations for estimating AMEn of canola meal with and without enzyme showed high determination coefficients of 0.83 and 0.79, respectively. The AMEn of canola meal with and without enzyme by regression method was estimated 1985 and 1838 kcal/kg, respectively.

The obtained values for AMEn of canola meal with and without enzyme by regression method were lower compared to the corresponding values reported in NRC (1994). Therefore, formulating poultry diets with AMEn values reported here may be effective in predicting the bird’s performance.

There are different methods to formulate poultry diets, which is one of the newest methods, based on digestible amino acids. Meals are used to provide protein and amino acids in diets. The use of soybean meal has many limitations compared to canola meal. The use of multi-enzyme was done to reduce the limitation in flour such as canola. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets formulated based on total and digestible amino acids, soybean and canola meals with or without adding multienzyme on the performance and carcass traits of broilers.

Experiment was conducted as 2×2×2 factorial arrangement with 800 day old of Ross-308 broilers with 8 treatments, 4 replicates and 25 chicks in each,  in a complected randomized design in 3 experimental periods (starter 1-10 days, grower 11-25 days and finisher 25-42 days).

The final results showed that diets formulated based on digestable amino acids, canola meal and enzyme by reduceing the amount of feed intake, improved chicks performance (p<0.05). Canola meal increased the abdominal fat, gizzard, liver and spleen percentages, however the percentages of breast and thighs increased this results also were abserverd in interaction between canola meal, digestible amino acids and enzyme.

The overall results indicated that in broilers in the prsense of multienzyme, use of canola meal in contrast with soybean meal in diets formulated based on digestible amino acids can improve their performance and carcass traits.

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of some blood biochemical parameters in Lori-Bakhtiari ewes during different monthsof pregnancy and the influence of fetus numbers on these parameters. For this purpose, 20 ewes of Lori Bakhtiari breed were selected andmated with fertile rams. One month before mating and in the first to fifth months of pregnancy blood samples were collected from ewes andbiochemical and enzymatic parameters including calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, AST, ALP and GGTwere measured. The concentration of calcium and AST activity were constant at the times of the study, but they increased in the last monthof pregnancy (P<0.05). Magnesium concentration increased in second month of pregnancy (P<0.05) and phosphorus concentration wasdecreased during pregnancy compared to the month before mating (P<0.05). Creatinine concentration decreased in the second and thirdmonths of pregnancy compared to other months of pregnancy (P<0.05). Total bilirubin and urea concentrations increased during fourthmonth and the second half of pregnancy, respectively (P<0.05). GGT activity was almost stable during study period but decreased in thefourth month of pregnancy (P<0.05), and ALP enzyme activity showed increasing trend during pregnancy period (P<0.05). The meanconcentration of the studied parameters in singleton ewes was not significantly different from twins (P <0.05). Based on the results of thisstudy, blood biochemical changes in Lori Bakhtiari ewes can be used to assess their physiological status during pregnancy.

 Corn is one of the most important cereals used for poultry feeding due to its high starch, available energy and protein. Starch is an important source of energy in cereals and it is important to pay attention to its availability. In the cell wall of the endosperm, cereal grains, contain some of the structural carbohydrates that are soluble in the small intestine and have high molecular weight which may cause viscosity. Positive physical and chemical changes by steam conditioning, include starch gelatinization, denaturation of digestive enzyme inhibitor proteins, and cell wall breakage. Regardless of NSP content, some amounts of nutrients pass through the birds gut without being digested in corn-soy diets. Supplementing broiler diets with exogenous enzymes to degrade NSP has been a useful tool to release energy and nutrients, which can increase the value of low quality corn in poultry feeds and improve growth performance.

This project was conducted at the Poultry Research Center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A batch of corm grains was obtained from a commercial supplier and ground in a hammer mill to pass through screen sizes of 3.0 and 5.0 mm for starter (1-10 d) and grower (11-24 d) periods, respectively.First trial: Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and digestibility of corn crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM) were determined in basal diets, which the corn was the sole source of ME and CP. Basal diets contained the conditioned (at temperatures of 55, 70 and 85 °C) or unconditioned corn and was or was not supplemented with enzyme (Rovabio®; Adisseo, France) at the amount of 0.5 g/kg diet. Total excreta collection was performed with 144 chicks in 8 treatments with 6 replicates and 3 birds each, during 7 to 9 days of age using battery cages. Excreta from each replicate cage were collected early in the morning and in the evening. After removing feathers, feed residues, and other contamination sources, excreta were air dried in an oven at 55 °C for 72 hours. Then the excreta were weighed and homogenized, then a sample of approximately 30% of the excreta was randomly separated and kept at -20 °C to further analysis. Then, dried excreta samples were ground in a micro-mill and submitted to the Animal Nutrition Lab. Feed and excreta dry matter, gross energy, and nitrogen contents were determined.Second trial: In second trial, 576 d-old broilers from Ross 308 strain with initial BW of 43 g, were fed with mash diets containing conditioned corn which was or was not supplemented with enzyme, during starter (1-10 d) and grower (11-24 d) periods. The experiment was done based on a completely randomized design with 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments evaluating four corn conditioning temperatures (unconditioned and conditioned at 55, 70 and 85 °C) and two enzyme (Rovabio®; Adisseo, France) levels (0 and 0.5 g/kg diet). chicks were assigned under eight treatments with 6 floor pen replicates. Each floor pen of 1.2 × 1 × 0.8 m (L × W × H) included 12 chicks (6 male and 6 female, equally for all replicates). Floor pens were covered with 1.5 Kg/m2 of wood shavings. Four of eight experimental diets were supplemented with 0.5 g/kg of a multiple enzyme complex composed of cellulases, 6400 unit; β-glucanase, 2000 unit and Xylanase 22000 unit per gram (Rovabio®; Adisseo, France). Corn-soy-based diets were formulated to meet the Ross 308 strain recommendations for major nutrients for starter and grower phases. Feed and water were supplied for ad libitum consumption throughout the trial with a tube feeder and two nipple drinkers in each floor pen. House temperature was initially set at 32 ◦C on day one and was decreased linearly by 0.5 ◦C per d to a temperature of 21 ◦C. During the experiment, the lighting program consisted of 23L:1D. A completely randomized design with 4×2 factorial arrangement was used in the both trials. Main factors were included corn conditioning temperatures (unconditioned and conditioned at 55, 70 and 85 °C) and two enzyme levels (0 and 0.5 g/kg diet). The data were analyzed using generalized linear model (GLM) procedure, SAS software (9.4) and the differences between them was tested by Duncan's test (P ≤ 0.05).

 Conditioning and enzyme supplementation had no significant effects on AME and CP digestibility. Conditioning at 80 °C decreased DM digestibility of corn in comparison to control group (P<0.05). Enzyme had no significant effect on DM digestibility. In second trial, there were no significant differences in productive performance among treatments during 11-24 d and the accumulated period (1 to 24 d). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the birds fed diets containing conditioned corn at 85 °C was significantly more than that of 55 and 70 °C diets during 1-10 d; although it was not significantly different with control group. Neither corn conditioning nor enzyme supplementation had significant effect on carcass characteristics, and small intestine segments length and weight at 24 d. Enzyme supplementation significantly increased villi height and width at 24 d (P < 0.05). Corn conditioning significantly increased villi width and crypt depth but decreased villi width to crypt depth ratio. Bifidobacteria, E. coli and clostridia population in the ileal contents were not affected by corn conditioning and enzyme supplementation. Lactobacillus population was increased by enzyme addition and also by corn conditioning at temperature 70 °C in compare to control group. These results are in agreement with those reported by Gonza´lez-Alvarado et al. (2007) who reported no significant differences in growth performance of broiler chicks fed heat treated corn-based diets. However, negative effect of higher pelleting temperatures on the WG of birds fed corn-based diets have also been reported. They showed that pelleting a corn–soybean meal diet at 65 ◦C resulted in higher weight gain compared to the basal mash diet and diets pelleted at 75 and 85 ◦C.

 In general, corn conditioning and enzyme supplementation did not improve growth performance and nutrient utilization but improved gut histomorphology and microbial status.

 Wheat is an important cereal due to high starch, available energy and protein contents and is used in poultry diets. Thermal processing is one of the common ways to increase the digestibility of feed, nutritional value of protein through denaturing the anti-nutritional compounds.

 Materials and Methods:

 This project was conducted in two experiments at the Poultry Research Center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

First experiment: 

This trial was designed to determine the apparent metabolizable energy and the digestibility of crude protein and dry matter in four heat treated wheat with and without enzyme supplementation. One hundred twenty mixed sex day-old broiler chicks were fed standard starter (0-10d) and grower (11-15d) diets, 96 of them were divided into 48 groups of two each and randomly assigned to 48 metabolic cages on day 15. Eight diets in which the sole source of energy and protein was wheat, were prepared and each was randomly fed to six replicates of two chicks each from 15-21d. At 18th day of age, 12 hours of starvation were imposed on all chicks; then trays were placed under each cage and feeds were supplied to all cages for 72 hours when the 2nd 12 hours of starvation was imposed and the collection of excreta continued until the end of the second starvation period. The amount of feed consumed by chicks in each cage in three days was determined by the differences of feed supplied and remained. Excreta collected from each cage was placed in a room air flow for 48 hours and then placed in an oven at 60°C for 72 hours to dry completely.Second experiment: in this trial, 576 birds (11d) were divided into two groups, (male and female) from which six males and six females were randomly assigned to one of the 48 pens. To prepare 8 experimental diets, only one grower diet (11-24days) containing 70.11% wheat was formulated based on Ross 308 nutrients recommendation and an untreated and three heat treated wheat with and without enzyme supplementation (Rovabio) were replaced to prepare the 8 diets. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial (2×4) arrangement with 6 replicates of 12 birds each. Diets were randomly assigned to 48 pens in a way that each diet fed 6 replicate birds. On the final day of the trial (24d), one male bird from each replicate group was weighed and slaughtered. The carcass, breast, thighs, back, wings and neck, as well as the weight of internal organs including the heart, spleen, proventriculus, gizzard, liver, pancreas, bursa fabrisius, abdominal fat, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were measured. Duodenum, jejunum and ileum length were also measured. To evaluate the effect of different untreated and heat treated wheat at different temperatures with and without enzyme supplementation on the microbial condition of the digestive contents of the ileum digesta on 24d, about 3 grams of the contents of the ileum region from each slaughtered chicken transferred to the sterile tube containing 9 ml of buffer phosphate and placed in an ice flask and transferred to laboratory.

Results and Discussion:

 Thermal treatment significantly improved the apparent metabolizable energy, digestibility of crude protein and dry matter of wheat, so that the highest apparent metabolizable energy and dry matter of wheat was obtained when wheat was processed at 85°C. Whereas the highest digestibility of crude protein in wheat was obtained at 70°C thermal processing. The effect of enzyme on apparent metabolizable energy, apparent digestibility of crude protein and dry matter of wheat was not significant. The results of this study showed that thermal processing of wheat has a significant effect on feed consumption, daily gain, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Whereas the feed conversion ratio in chicks fed with diet containing wheat processed at 70°C was similar to those fed other diets contained heat treated wheat and was significantly better than those fed control diet. Dietary enzyme supplementation had a significant effect on body weight, daily gain and conversion coefficient, so that the daily gain of chicks fed diet containing enzyme was increased by 4.5% and the conversion factor was improved by 4.2% compared to those fednon-enzyme diet. Thermal treatment of wheat significantly affect relative percentage of thigh weight and relative weight of broiler chickens at 24 day age, so that the highest relative percentage weight of thigh and breast was in chicks fed diet contained wheat processed at a temperature of 70°C. On the other hand, thermal treatment of wheat significantly affect the relative percentage of abdominal fat, which increased compared to untreated wheat. Also, the present study showed that processed wheat did not have a significant effect on the percentage of carcass weight, back, wings and neck, liver, pancreas, heart, spleen and bursa. Also, the interaction effect of thermal processing of wheat and enzyme supplementation on the relative weight of carcass, its parts and internal organs was not significant. The supplementation of enzyme had only a significant effect on ileum weight. Thermal processing of wheat at different temperatures had a significant effect on the height and width of villi in jejunum, but did not have a significant effect on the depth of the crypt and villi height to crypt depth. The lactobacillus population in the ileum region has not been affected by the heat treatment of wheat and a negative response to Salmonella infection was observed in all chickens. On the other hand, the use of enzyme supplementation did not have a significant effect on villi height and depth of crypt and villi height to crypt depth. The interaction effect of heat treated wheat and enzyme supplementation was not significant for neither of the measurements.

Conclusion:

 The results of this experiment showed that although thermal processing of wheat at 85°C increased the apparent metabolizable energy by 5.32% and dry matter digestibility by 5.61%. In addition, the inclusion of heat treated wheat in diet led to an increase in height and width of jejunal villi and improvement of feed intake weight gain and feed conversation ratio in broiler chickens.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of wheat particle size and different levels of enzyme on performance, carcass traits, and small intestine morphologyof Japanese quails. A 3 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design was used in nine experimental treatments replicated four times with 20 birds per replicate. The investigated factors were three wheat grain particle sizes (2, 3, and 3.5 mm) and three levels of dietary enzyme supplement (0, 200, and 400 ppm). The measured traits included: performance, carcass traits, and small intestine morphology. The results showed that the dietary enzyme significantly reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio (P<0.01). The effect of wheat particle size on feed intake, body weight, and feed conversion ratio were also significant (P<0.01). The interaction effect of wheat particle size and enzyme affected significantly feed intake and feed conversion ratio through the experimental period from 7-35 days of age (P<0.01).Relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, and liver were significantly reduced by enzyme supplementation (P<0.05). The relative weight of the breast significantly increased by dietary enzyme addition (P<0.01). Enzyme supplementation also significantly increased the villi length of the jejunum (P<0.01). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of wheat grain at 2 mm diameter particle size supplemented by 400 ppm enzyme is recommended.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of addition of a nitroglycerin (NG) slow release drug on prevention of ascites syndrome in broiler chickens. A total of 500 broiler chicks at 7 days of age were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 5 replicates and 20 chicks per each replication. The experimental treatments included: 1) positive control group (without induction of ascites and without addition of NG); 2) negative control group (induction of ascites without adding NG, treatments 3, 4 and 5, including induction of ascites with 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg NG in diet, respectively. In order to induce cold stress, the temperature was fixed at 15oC from 15 until 42 day of age. The humeral and cellular immune responses as well as blood serum enzyme concentrations were evaluated. The results showed that cold stress significantly reduced the relative weights of spleen and thymus (p < 0.05) but had no significant effect on relative weight of bursa of Fabricius. The utilization of NG significantly increased the relative weights of Spleen and thymus (p < 0.05). The immunoglobulin M response and cutaneous basophilic sensitivity decreased as a result of cold stress, and significantly increased by using NG (p < 0.05). The concentration of AST and LDH enzymes increased as a result of cold stress and the utilization of 20 mg/kg of NG in the diet significantly decreased them (p < 0.05). The lipid peroxidation index improved near meaningfully as a result of using NG (P= 0.06)

An experiment was conducted to investigate the activity of carboxymethylcellulase and microcrystalline-cellulase (Nonomol/min) ruminal hydrolytic enzymes from different fractions of particulate material, extra cellular or cellular. For this purpose, 15 rumen fluids of slaughtered fatteninig Najdi goat kids at the age of 6 months with an average of 28 kg were sampled in 3 treatments and 5 replicates. The experimental diets included 0, 10, 20 percent olive cake was replaced by barley. The results showed that the highest enzyme activity for both enzymes was in the fractions of particulate material in the goat kids fed diet was 20 percent olive cake (P<0.05). Also, the highest total activity of microcrystalline cellulase and carboxymethyl cellulase enzymes was observed in the goats fed with 20% olive cake (nmol / min) compared with other treatments (P<0.0001). Moreover, carboxymethyl-cellulase in particulate material, cellular, extra celluar and total activity where higher than microcrystalline-cellulase. The ruminal pH of goats decreased significantly with the increase in the olive cake in the diet (P <0.0001). The lowest PH in goat kids fed with 20% olive cake was seen compared to other treatments. Overall, the results of this study showed that with increasing levels of olive cake in the diet, the activity of cellulolytic enzymes increased in all three fraction of the rumen contents. The activity of enzymes in particulate material fraction was the highest in all treatments and the extracellular fractions where lowest (P<0.05).

The aim of this research was to study the effect of adding enzyme preparations and ration formulation on performance, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microflora of broilers. Two hundred and fifty six day-old male and female broiler chicks of Ross 308 strain were used in a 2×2×2 factorial experiment consisting of two methods of diet formulation (total and digestible amino acid), two levels of Natuzyme Plus (0 and 0.035%) and two levels of Multi-behzyme (0 and 0.02%) as additives. The factors were arranged as a completely randomized design with eight treatments and four replications. Diet formulation based on total amino acids improved the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the grower and finisher and total periods, but decreased daily feed intake during the finisher and total periods (P ≤ 0.05). It also increased dry matter digestibility, dressing percentage and intestinal length, but it decreased fat digestibility (P ≤ 0.05). Natuzyme Plus increased dry matter, crude protein and fat digestibility and decreased the number of E .coli in the cecum. (P ≤ 0.05). Multibehzyme improved ADG during the grower period, FCR during the finisher period and total period and it increased dry matter, crude protein and crude fat digestibility (P ≤ 0.05). It was concluded that Multi- behzyme could be replaced with Natuzyme Plus, and its inclusion in the diets formulated by digestible amino acid and low protein content can improve the negative outcome of low level protein diets.

Background and objective: 

Increasing of livestock population has resulted in shortage of feed sources and competition between humans and animals. These problems have led to increasing concern in using by-products in animal feeding. But, most by-products have a low nutritional value due to the presence of high concentrations of lignocellulosic compounds and intermediate metabolites. In such a situation, a good solution is to use different processing methods to increase the nutritional value of these compounds or to use commercial enzyme mixture in animal fed. The aim of this study was to determine chemical composition of some agricultural by-product and also to the test the effect of a commercial enzyme mixture on their in vitro fermentation characteristic using gas production technique.

Material and methods: 

Soybean hull was provided from a soybean processing factory and pistachio hull and sugar beet pulp were provided from a local farm. In the laboratory soybean hull divided in to batch and one of them was under wind blowing separate soybean hull from cracked bean to produce bean-free soy hull. All samples were analyzed in duplicate for kjeldahl nitrogen, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. Gas production test was performed and metabolisable energy, digestible organic matter and volatile fatty acids were estimated. About 200 mg of each were incubated in 100 ml glass syringes and 30 ml of incubation liquid were added and were incubated in 39 C° water bath. The amount of enzyme was 0.05 %. The gas production was measured in 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120h. The results were analyzed in completely randomized design.

Results: 

Greatest content of crude protein and lignin were measured in soybean hull (20.49 % of Dry Matter) and pistachio hull (8.55 % of Dry matter), respectively. High amount of non-fiber carbohydrate were noted in pistachio hull and sugar beet pulp. Enzyme had no effect on gas production in different hours, cumulative gas production, and the rate of gas production, organic matter digestibility, metabolisable energy and volatile fatty acids.

Conclusion: 

Pistachio hull and sugar beet pulp had a large amount of non-fibrous carbohydrates and both soybean hull and sugar beet pulp had a small amount of lignin. Appling enzyme in the recommended dose did not have any effect on the fermentation parameters, digestible organic matter, metabolisable energy and chort chain fatty acids. For future studies, using higher doses of the enzyme mixture and different times of enzyme application be suggested. Key words: By products, exogenous Enzyme, Gas production, Volatile fatty acid.

In present study of effects of feed form, probiotic and enzyme was investigated on performance, microbial population, viscosity, intestinal morphology and pH of digestive organs in broilers fed triticale-based diet. Eight dietary treatments consisted of feed form (pellet or mash) with or without a Bacillus-based probiotic (0.03% diet) and enzyme carbohydrates (0.05% diet) in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 4 replicates for each treatment in 42 days. The highest Weight Gain in starter period was for the broiler chicks fed the pelleted diet with enzyme and probiotic but the differences were not significant at the end of period. Also, pelleted diet containing probiotic and pelleted diet containing probiotic and enzyme, had the lowest feed conversion ratio during the starter and growth period, respectively. Microbial population, pH of digestive organs and intestinal morphology were not significantly affected by addition of experimental treatments but, feed form has a significant effect on ileum viscosity. In conclusion, pellet form and supplementation of a triticale-based diet with enzymes and probiotics improved the growth performance during starter period and intestinal viscosity of broiler chicks, but did not improved performance at the end of period.

The agro-industrial processing was resulted some wastes as vegetable and fruit by-products. The fruit byproducts use as energy sources in animal feed and using of these by-products are economically and environmentally sound way for food processors to reduce waste discharges and cut waste management cost. Selling by-products can also produce additional revenue. The poor state of economy in developing countries has made consumption of high protein foods out of reach of more than 65-70% of the people. One of the ways of solving this problem is use unconventional sources of feed ingredients to supplement the diets of man and farm animals. Fruit pulps are some of these unconventional feedstuffs. Pulps contain some of essential nutrients and secondary substances those can be use as feed ingredients in poultry diets. As pulps contain highly amount of undesirable compounds such as crude fiber and pectin, that poultry digestive tract cannot tolerate highly amount of them, imagine that adding effective feed enzyme can be solve this problem. In the current study the effects of different levels of pomegranate, grape, apple and lemon pulps mixture with and without multi-enzyme on performance, carcass traits, immune response and intestinal morphology of broilers was evaluated. This experiment was conducted with 384 Ross- 308 broilers in a completely randomized design as factorial arrangement (4*2) with 4 levels of pulps mixture (0, 2, 4, 6%) and 2 levels of Rovabio multi-enzyme (0, 0.05%) in 8 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicken in per replicate from 10 up 42 days in grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-42 days). Using 6% of pulps mixture and 6% of pulps mixture with 0.05% of multi- enzyme without having any significant effects on feed conversion ratio, livability and feed cost, increased the amounts of feed intake, weight gain, final live weight and production index (P<0.05). Using 6% pulps mixture significantly increased the percentage of gizzard (P<0.05). Multi- enzyme and pulps mixtures with multi-enzyme had not affect the carcass traits of broilers (P>0.05). By using pulps mixture, the level of IgG decreased (P<0.05) but pulps mixture with multi-enzyme had not significantly affect the immune level of broilers (P>0.05). Pulps mixture and multi-enzyme had not any significant effects on intestinal morphology of broilers (P>0.05). Increase in the amount of daily feed intake by using 6% of pulps mixture may be related to high amount of diet fiber. Fiber increase the speed of feed passing through digestive tract, by this way the amount of feed intake increased. By increasing the amount of feed intake, the amount of nutrient supplying increased and the amount of daily weight gain improved. As improving of weight gain was obtained by feeding highly amount of feed intake, for this reason feed conversion ratio not significantly improved. Improve of final weight and production index by using 6% of pulps mixture may be related to highly amount of daily weight gain. Increase of gizzard percentage maybe related to the amount of diet fiber. As fiber increased the volume of diet, it can increase the gizzard size. Pulps contain some active antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids, isoflavones, flavones, anthocyanins, coumarins. It thought that these compounds can increase the immune level of chickens, but this condition in the current study not occurred. It can be have some reasons such as kinds and levels of pulps in mixture, the quality and processing of pulps, the health status of broilers and diets ingredients. Pulps contains some actives that these actives can change the intestinal morphology, but this change not occurred in the current study, it may be related to the amount of each pulp in pulps mixture, length of experiment period and experiment starting time. Adding enzyme to the diets did not have any significant effects on performance and other parameters of broilers. It can have some reasons such as the amount and composition of multi-enzyme, quality of multi-enzyme, mixing time of diets, diets other ingredients and bird health. The overall results of the present study showed that in broiler chickens using 6% pomegranate, grape, apple and lemon pulps mixture without having any significant effects on intestinal morphology, can improve their performance, final live weight and production index. Using multi-enzyme could not improve the efficacy of pulps mixtures in broiler diets.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of tomato powder (0, 4, 8 and 12%) and multi-enzyme Natuzyme-plus (0 and 0.05%) on performance, blood parameters and antioxidant status of Japanese quails during starter and growth periods. A total of 320 one day old chicks were used in 8 treatments with 4 replicates and 10 birds per experimental unit in a completely randomized design with 4×2 factorial arrangement. The results showed that the addition of different levels of tomato powder increased the feed intake (p<0.05) so that the increase in the treatment fed with 12% tomato powder was higher than other treatments. The interaction of tomato powder and Natuzyme enzyme was significant on weight gain and feed conversion ratio (p <0.05) and the treatment fed with 8% tomato powder and zero level of enzyme had the highest weight gain and best feed conversion ratio. The concentration of glucose, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, VLDL and hepatic enzymes of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were also affected by the interaction between tomato powder and the enzymes of Natuzyme (p <0.05). In quails fed with 4% tomato powder and zero-enzyme level, the highest concentration of plasma glucose and the lowest concentration of enzymes of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and superoxide dismutase were observed. Triglyceride and VLDL concentrations in the treatment with 12% tomato powder and enzyme, were less than other treatments, but in the treatment containing 12% tomato powder with zero level of enzyme, the lowest concentration of LDL and the highest HDL concentration were observed. Also, by adding different levels of tomato powder, the concentration of malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase enzyme respectivelly in groups fed with 4%  and 12% tomato powder were lower than other treatments (p<0.05). Based on the findings of research, it can be stated that adding tomato powder with enzyme to Japanese quail diet can improves the performance and strengthens the antioxidant activity.

Cereal grains are the major source of energy for commercial poultry nutrition and incorporate about 60-70% of the diet volume. Corn is mainly used in the production of poultry feed mixtures, but the amount of corn production in Iran is not sufficient and more than 50% of corn requirement for poultry production is provided via import, therefore, for economic reasons its content in poultry diets might reduce. Barley can be the preferred grain for cultivation in many areas in Iran due to its resistance to drought region. Hull-less barley (HLB) differs from conventional barley in that the hulls firmly attached to the kernel and consequently is detached after thrashing, leading to a higher level of valuable nutrients and increased nutrient density. Reported that the HLB has a higher AME and protein content than hulled barley because of diluting effect of the fibrous hulls. The high protein content in HLB compared to corn grain and its considerable AMEn make it a potentially good ingredient for poultry diet formulation. However, since the high content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) probably decrease nutrient digestibility and performance due to the lack of an appropriate enzyme in the digestive tract of chickens, some concern has been expressed in relation to the inclusion levels of HLB in broiler diets. This experiment was carried out to study the influence of enzyme supplementation on the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), apparent digestibility of dry matter (DMD), and crude protein (ACD) of two varieties of HLB by using the total excreta collection method in broiler chickens. Sixty-four male broiler chicks "Ross-308", 16d of age, assigned to 16 metabolic cages in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment with a factorial arrangement (2×2), 4 treatments with 4 replicates/treatment and 4 birds/replicate. The factors included two varieties of HLB (HMB-83-7 and native of Tabas, Iran) and two levels of enzyme cocktail (was a blend of 3500 U/g β-glucanase, 1600 U/g xylanase, 25 U/g cellulase and 1000 U/g phytase activity obtained from Phileo-Lesaffre-Animal-Care, Co. "Marcq-en- Baroeul-France") supplementation (0 and 0.5 g/kg of diet). The experimental diets were made so that the HLB barley was the sole source of energy and nitrogen supply. The digestion trial included a 4-day preliminary period in 16–19d of age, followed by 4 days of total excreta collection. The feed was provided ad libitum during the preliminary and the collection period. During the collection period (20-23d of age) total feed intake was measured, and excreta from each cage were collected twice a day, pooled, and kept frozen at -18oC until subsequent analyses. The excreta samples were freeze-dried to determine DM content. The dried excreta and diet samples were ground through 20 mesh screens, and nutrient content was determined according to AOAC (2000). The gross energy of the dried excreta and diet samples was measured. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CPD) and dry matter (DMD) of HLB was calculated. The apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), of HLB was calculated. The average DMD, CPD and AMEn of HLB were obtained 64.39±2.80%, 59.50±7.66% and 3034±212 kcal/kg as-fed basis, respectively. The DMD, CPD and AMEn of HLB in Tabas native variety were 67.45, 67.41% and 3189 kcal/kg as-fed basis respectively, which were significantly more than HMB-83-7 variety (Vs 64.67, 55.1% and 2961 kcal/kg for DMD, CPD and AMEn). Dietary enzyme supplementation increased the hull-less barley DMD (64.39% Vs 67.73%, 5.18% improvement compared to basal content), as well as increasing the CPD (50.59% Vs 63.03%, 5.93% improvement compared to base value) and AMEn (3034 Vs 3107 kcal/kg, 2.41% improvement compared to base value), so that the differences were significant (P <0.05). The effectiveness of dietary enzyme supplementation on the improvement of nutritional value of different HLB varieties that used in this experiment was varied. The Tabas native HLB variety was more effected than HMB-83-7 variety by dietary enzyme supplementation. Hull-less barley contains considerably higher levels of anti-nutritional factors consisting mainly of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs), especially ß-glucans compared to corn and wheat. Water-soluble β-glucan with gel-forming characteristics increases the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains viscosity, decreases digestive enzymes contact with substrates, increases the thickness of the unstirred water layer in the GI tract mucosa and hence depresses nutrient digestibility. Many researchers have studied the beneficial effects of the addition of exogenous enzymes to the rich non-starch polysaccharide diets. The positive nutritional effects achieved by the dietary supplementation of exogenous enzymes are proposed to be caused by several mechanisms. Mainly, it has been shown that the antinutritive effects of viscous cereals such as barley, wheat, rye, oats, and triticale are associated with raised intestinal viscosity caused by soluble β-glucans and arabinoxylans present in those cereals. These problems are overcome by dietary supplementation of β-glucanases and xylanases. It is assumed that the ability of β- glucanases and xylanases to degrade plant cell walls leads to release of nutrients from grain endosperm. According to the results of this experiment; the hull-less barley AMEn, DMD and CPD value affected by variety. The dietary exogenous enzyme supplementation improved the hull-less barley DMD, CPD and AMEn value.

This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of safflower meal (SFM) containing microbial and enzyme supplementations on performance, meat quality and humoral immunity of Japanese quail. A total of 300 seven-days-old Japanese quails were assigned in a completely randomized design to five treatments, four replications and 15 chicks in each replication. The experimental treatments included 1) a corn and soybean meal based diet (control) 2) diet containing 20% SFM 3) diet containing 20% Fermented SFM 4) diet containing 20% SFM + Calsporin® probiotic at a rate of 50 mg/kg feed and 5) diet containing 20% SFM+ Endo-Power® enzyme to the amount of 125 mg/kg feed. The results of this study showed that the use of fermented SFM, Calsporin® probiotic and enzyme treatments improved weight gain and feed intake of chicks when compared to control group (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio for the chicks in control group and quails receiving diets containing fermented SFM and SFM+ Endo-Power® enzyme was lower than that of other experimental groups (P<0.05). Birds fed with SFM had lower meat cooking loss (P<0.05). The meat water holding capacity and also antibody titer against sheep red blood cell (SRBC) were higher in treatment receiving fermented SFM when compared to control group (P<0.05). According to the positive effects of nutrition with fermented SFM and containing probiotic and enzyme supplements on performance, meat quality and immunity system of Japanese quail, this accessible and inexpensive source of protein could be used in quail diet.

Considering water and land limitation in agriculture, providing some year-round feedstuffs for livestock animals is a challenge for producers. Agro-industrial co-products, which are not in completion with human food resources, can be effectively consumed by ruminant species. Tomato waste (TW) is a by-product obtained after production of tomato sauce, paste and juices in manufactures. Using some physical and chemical processing of by-products can improve their nutritive value for feeding ruminants. Autoclave and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes are of those physical and chemical processing, which have been applied for several agro-industrial co-products. This study aimed to evaluate nutritive value, nutrient digestibilities and gas production parameters of chemically (autoclave and urea treating) and enzymatically (Natuzyme®) treated TW. Material and Fresh TW were sun-dried and were stored in cold temperature until the beginning of the experiments. Experimental treatments included: control (untreated), autoclaved (120 psi for 30 min), urea (3% urea added DM basis and anaerobically stored for 28 days in room temperature), and autoclave+urea (combination of previously mentioned treatments, 0. 5% enzyme and 1% enzyme). One day before the starting of experiment, aqueous solutions of enzymes were added to the samples. For the rest of experiments, samples were ground to pass 1 mm sieve size. Chemical composition of samples (i. e. , DM, NDF, ADF, CP and ash) was determined. For in vitro gas production tests (GP), the rumen fluid was taken from three ruminally fistulated Mehraban male mature lambs. For measuring kinetic parameters of gas production, 200 mg of samples were incubated in glass syringes containing 30 ml buffered-ruminal fluid for 144 hours. The cumulative produced gas was recorded at different times of incubation. The gas production data were fitted to exponential equation of GP= A (1-e-c(t-L) ); where GP is gas production at different times of incubation, A is asymptotic gas production (ml/200 mg DM), c is rate of gas production (/h), t is time of incubation and L is lag time (h). For measuring digestibility parameters, 500 mg of samples in glass syringes contained 40 ml buffered ruminal fluid were incubated at 39 °C for 24 hours. Volume of GP, metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility, partitioning factor (PF) and microbial biomass were determined after termination of incubation. All the in vitro gas production trials were carried out in three runs. Data were analyzed based on a completely randomized design using Proc GLM of SAS software. The differences among treatments were evaluated using Duncan's multiple range test. The highest amount of NDF, ADF and ash were observed in control treatment, while the highest CP was recorded with the treatment of 3% urea. The lower cell wall content in treated TW could be due to the role of urea and enzymes in breaking the links between cellulose and lignin. The treatment of 1% urea had the highest increment in comparison with control which is likely because of the activity of added enzymes in increasing fermentation of TW cell wall. The lower GP of 3% urea and autoclave+urea among all treatments can be due to the negative effect of ammonia on both direct GP from microorganisms activities and indirect GP from buffering of produced volatile fatty acids during fermentation. Also, the highest values of L were observed in 3% urea and autoclave+urea groups. The treatments were significantly different in dry matter  digestibility and OMD of which control had the lowest value. This could be due to the higher percentage of cell wall in control TW and the negative relation of cell wall with digestibility. The treatment of 1% enzyme and control showed the highest and lowest MB, respectively (P<0. 05). The higher MB in treated TW shows that processing had increased the availability of growth required factors for microorganisms. The PF were higher in urea, autoclave+urea and 1% enzyme groups (P<0. 05). The higher value for this parameter shows that degraded organic matter is more directed towards microbial biomass production rather than production of volatile fatty acids. The treatment of 1% enzyme had the highest value of ME, while control showed the lowest value (9. 57 vs. 9. 30 MJ/kg DM, respectively). Considering the obtained data related to dry matter digestibility, NDF, PF and chemical compositions of different treatments, it is concluded that the administration of 3% urea and using Natuzyme® at the level of 1% of DM improved the nutritive value of TW. Further research is needed to study the effect of using TW in performance of productive ruminants.

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of processing sesame straw with low steam pressure, sulfuric acid and enzyme mixture on digestibility and ruminal fermentation, protozoa population, rumination and some blood parameters of Arabi sheep. Twelve sheep were fed with control diet (without sesame straw), diet containing sesame straw processed with 2.4 % sulfuric acid and low steam pressure at 130 °C for 120 minutes and 3 gr/kg DM enzyme, diet containing sesame straw processed by sulfuric acid and enzyme and diet containing sesame straw processed with water. The dry matter and organic matter intake, daily gain, feed conversion, apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, NDF and ADF did not differ between treatments.The processing did not affect ammonia nitrogen, pH, and rumen protozoa species of sheep. Chewing, rumination and resting times were different between treatments and the greatest rumination time (491.67 minutes per day) was for processing with acid and enzyme (P

This experiment was conducted to assess the effects of using Thyme, Saturea, medicinal plants with or without enzyme on performance, blood parameters in broiler chickens. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 480 broiler (Ross-308) in 8 treatments and 3 replicates (n=20) for starter (1-21 days) and grower period (21- 42 days). The experimental diets contained: 1, Control (basal diet); 2, Containing 1% Thymus; 3, containing 1% Saturea; 4, Containing 0.05% enzyme; 5, using of 0.5% Thymus 0.5% Saturea; 6, 1% thymus 0.05% enzyme; 7, 1% Saturea 0.05% enzyme); 8, 0.5% Thymus 0.5% Saturea.05% enzyme. The results of this experiment showed that thyme and saturea and enzyme supplementation significantly increased the amount of body weight gain, and improved feed conversion ratio in grower (21-42 days) and whole period (0-42 days), in comparison to control diet (P

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of using different levels of alfalfa and alhaji and enzyme on performance, carcass traits and blood parameters of broiler chicks. This experiment carried out as (2*5) factorial method contained (diet without plant) and 2%, 4% of alfalfa and alhaji and 2 levels of enzyme (0 and 0.025%) with 480 Ross- 308 broilers in 10 treatments, 4 replicate and 12 chicks in each replicate from 11 to 42 days in a completely randomized design. Alfalfa and alhaji caused the daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio increase, however 4% alhaji increased the final weight (P

Watermelon is a fruit that is usually produced in large scales in many reigns of Iran. The annual production of watermelon in Iran is more than 3 million tons. Watermelon not only is a rich source of some vitamins and essential minerals, but also it contains considerable levels of secondary materials such as antioxidants. More than 25% of watermelon is skin and most of nutrients and secondary substances that present in whole watermelon, can be find in watermelon skin. In our country we usually do not use in all circumstances and change to garbage and discharge to environment and increase the environmental problems. As, watermelon skin is a valuable source of some essential nutrients and secondary substances and has low price, so it thought that using it in broiler diets not only can improve their performance and body health status, but also can solve some of environmental problems. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of watermelon skin powder with and without using enzyme on performance, carcass traits, blood biochemical parameters and immunity system of broilers.
This experiment was conducted as a (4*2) factorial arrangement included 4 levels (0, 2, 4 and 6% watermelon skin) and two levels (0 and 0.025% enzyme) with 384 Ross-308 broilers in 8 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicks in each replicate in two experiment period (grower from 11 to 24 days and finisher from 25 to 42 days) in a completely randomized design. Chicks were fed from 1 to 10 days with a common starter diet that recommended by Ross company. During experiment birds had free access to water and feed. Measuring of weight gain and feed intake were done at the end of experiment periods and feed conversion ratio was calculating by dividing the amount of feed intake to the amount of weight gain.
Different levels of watermelon skin powder and enzyme had significant effects on performance of broilers (P>0.05). Use of watermelon skin in 2% in diet increased the amounts of daily weight gain and final live weight of chicks and improved their feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). Different levels of watermelon skin powder had no effects on the amount of daily feed intake (P>0.05). Feeding enzyme in diet increased the amount of chicks final live weight (P>0.05). Different levels of watermelon skin powder and enzyme had no significant effects on carcass traits and immune condition (P>0.05). Watermelon skin could not significantly change the values of blood biochemical parameters, but using enzyme in diet, significantly reduce the amount of blood low density lipoprotein( LDL) (P>0.05). Without LDL, other blood biochemical parameters did not significantly change by using watermelon powder (P>0.05) Improving of performance by using watermelon skin powder can be having some reasons. As previously mentioned, watermelon skin is a valuable source of essential nutrients such as vitamins and minerals and useful secondary substances such as antioxidants. These matters can supply sufficient amounts of essential nutrients those need for health and growth of broilers and upgrade body health condition. Watermelon skin is a main source of diet potassium. Potassium is an effective nutrient in heat stress. As, the present study was done in summer, so this element may be had good effects on broiler performance. As watermelon skin contain highly amount of crude dietary fiber and birds especially broilers cannot tolerate highly level of crude fiber in their diets, so, using enzyme in broiler diets can degrade the crude fiber physical structure and improve the digestion efficiency of broilers. As seen in the present study, enzyme with watermelon skin in contrast to diets did not contain enzyme, improved the amounts of daily weight gain, final live weight and feed conversion ratio of broilers and reduced the amount of feed price for one kilogram of body weight gain.
The overall results showed that in broilers, using 6% of watermelon skin not only do not make any adverse effects on broiler performance, but also in contrast to diet with no watermelon skin, can improve some of them. However in absent of enzyme, the best result was obtained with diet contained 2% watermelon skin powder. More than 2% increased the amount of feed price for one kilogram of weight gain. Using enzyme with watermelon skin not only reduced the feed price, but also improved the final weight of chicks.