جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پروبیوتیک و پری بیوتیک » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

Effect of different sources of probiotic and prebiotic on growth performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal microflora, and blood metabolites using 720 Ross 308 commercial male broiler chickens in a 3×3 factorial experiment with three levels of probiotic (without probiotic, probiotic type I and type 2) and three levels of prebiotic (without prebiotic, prebiotic type 1 and type II), in a completely randomized design with nine experimental groups (four replications and 20 birds were studied in each replication. Birds that were fed with diets containing type 2 probiotics had a lower conversion factor (P<0.05). Diets containing prebiotic type 1 as well as diets containing probiotic type II and diets containing probiotic type II and two prebiotics under test reduced serum cholesterol and LDL concentrations (P < 0.05). The effect of the experimental treatments on carcass fat was not significant, but the birds fed diets containing prebiotic type 1 had less abdominal fat (P<0.05). At 21 days old, the population of E. coli in the ileum and ceca of birds that received probiotics, prebiotics, and their combinations decreased (P < 0.05). At 38 days of age, feeding the birds with probiotics and prebiotics and a combination of them reduced the population of E. coli in the ceca and increased lactobacillus in the ileum (P < 0.05). The results of this experiment showed that probiotics or prebiotics assayed in this study have positive effects on the increase of beneficial intestinal bacteria (Acid lactic bacteria), blood biochemical traits, and FCR in broiler chickens.

This study aims to investigate the nutritional effects of organic acids, prebiotics, probiotics and (prebiotic + probiotic( combination on increasing adult bee population, neonatal rearing, beeswax production, pollen storage and hives weight gain before the honey harvesting season in Iranian honey bees.

This experiment was conducted using 25 Iranian honey bee colonies with the same sister queen and with the same conditions in a completely randomized design with 5 experimental treatments including control group (sugar syrup 1: 1), organic acid (8 cc per 1 liter of syrup 1:1), prebiotics (10 g per 1 liter of syrup 1: 1), probiotics (5 g per 1 liter of syrup 1: 1) and (prebiotic + probiotic) combination (10 g + 5 g per 1 liter of syrup 1: 1) and 5 repetitions for 30 days before the honey harvesting season.

The adult bee population in the colonies that received organic acid and prebiotic + probiotic( combination was significantly higher than the control treatment (p<0.05). Neonatal rearing and beeswax production increased in colonies that received organic acid, prebiotic, probiotic and )prebiotic + probiotic( combination compared to the control treatment (p<0.05). The effect of experimental treatments on pollen storage was not significant (p<0.05). Hives weight gain increased in all experimental treatments, except for the colonies that received probiotics, compared to the control treatment (p<0.05).

The results showed that the use of organic acid, prebiotic, probiotic and (prebiotic + probiotic) combination in bee stimulation feeding before the honey harvesting season can improve the performance of Iranian bee colonies.

Fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae are used as a new additive in animals (Heidarieh et al., 2013). These products contain nucleic acids, chitin, beta-glucan and mannoligosaccharides. Researchers reported that feeding by Saccharomyces cerevisiae improves, improves growth performance in broilers (Baurhoo et al., 2006). Consumption of fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae in rainbow trout, increased feed uptake and improved feed conversion ratio (Heidarieh et al., 2013). Due to the aforementioned effects of fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae and insufficient reports on its use in broilers, the aim of this study was to investigate its effect on growth performance and immune responses.

An experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design using 240 day-old chicks (mixed sex) with four treatments, five replicates, and 12 chicks in each replicate from 1 to 42 days of age. Experimental treatments were included: (1) control group (basal diet without any feed additive), (2) basal diet+ 0.1 percent fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3) basal diet + 0.3 percent fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae and (4) basal diet + 0.5 percent fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae.Chicks in each replicate were weighed weekly and feed intake was determined at the end of each week. From these data, average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were calculated. On day 42 of experiment, two birds (one male and one female) from each replicate were selected, weighed, then slaughtered and carcass yield and carcass components including breast, thighs, wings, abdominal fat, thymus and bursa of Fabricius were weighed using a digital scale and their relative weights to body weight were calculated.In order to assess the systemic antibody response, chicks were immunized by intramuscular injection of 0.1 mL of 25 % sheep red blood cell (SRBC) in PBS on days 8 and 22. Blood samples were collected from two birds of each replicate via the wing vein and serum antibody levels produced in response to SRBC were measured on days 21, 28, 35 and 42 (Salehimanesh et al., 2015). Skin response to intradermal injection of Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) was measured on day 16 during 24 and 48 h after injection (Grasman, 2010). Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute, 2001) in a completely randomized design and means were compared using Tukey’s multiple range test at P<0.05.

The results indicated that treatments had no significant effect on daily feed intake (P>0.05) but daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio improved in all groups receiving fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae (P<0.05). The beneficial effects of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus cereus (Gil et al., 2005) and prebiotic (Fermacto) (Rodrigues et al., 2005) on broiler performance have been identified. It was reported that the use of probiotics (Primalac and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) did not effect on daily feed intake (Yakhkeshi et al., 2012). In contrast, the use of lactobacillus reduced the daily feed intake of broilers (Murry et al., 2006). The difference can be due to the type and dose of the probiotic. By examining the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus subtilis on broiler performance, it was found that the probiotics increase growth performance, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (Chen et al., 2009). It was reported that the use of 1.5 and 2% Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc47) in the diet of broiler chickens increased daily weight gain (Ghasemi et al., 2006). It was reported that addition of probiotic (containing Bacillus subtilis) in broiler chickens, improved the feed conversion ratio from 21 to 42 days of age (Fritts and Waldroup, 2003). In a study performed on broiler chickens fed mannanoligosaccharide (isolated from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae), it was found that the feed conversion ratio was significantly reduced compared to chickens fed a mixture of probiotics and organic acids (Derebasi and Demir, 2004). Saccharomyces cerevisiae improves feed intake by stimulating beneficial microbes in the digestive tract (Kocher et al., 2004).The results indicated that treatments did not affected on carcass efficiency, breast, thigh and wing (P<0.05). All amounts of fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased bursa of Fabricius and thymus weight ratio (P<0.05). Consumption of 0.1 and 0.3% fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduced abdominal fat weight ratio (P<0.05). Feeding broilers with three diets, including probiotics of Primalac, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus oryzae under heat stress, indicated that the weight of carcasses decreased, which could be due to their lack of effect under stress condition (Yaghoobfar et al., 2009). Researches indicated that consumption of lactobacillus reduces abdominal fat in broilers (Kalavathy et al., 2003). A study on the effect of probiotic (Lactobacillus) and synbiotic (Biomin) indicated that the spleen and thymus weight in the chicks consumed probiotic increased at 35 days compared to the group consumed synbiotic , but the weight of the bursa of Fabricius was not changed. According to the results of this study probiotics can affect the organs of the immune system, but their effect can vary, depending on the bacterial strain and the age of the bird (Awad et al., 2009). Non-significant changes for total anti-SRBC, IgG and IgM were observed on day 21 (P>0.05). Administration of 0.3% fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased the total anti-SRBC and IgM on day 28 (P<0.05). Treatments increased total anti-SRBC, 0.3 and 0.5% fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased IgG and 0.1 and 0.3%, increased IgM on day 35 (P<0.05). Total anti-SRBC was increased by 0.3 and 0.5% fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae and IgG was increased by 0.5% on day 42 (P<0.05). Researchers reported that addition of prebiotics, probiotics or a mixture of these two additives increases the titers of immunoglobulins, which may indicate favorable effects of these additives on immunity of chickens (Ebrahimi et al., 2014). Kabir et al. (2004) reported that the use of Protexin had a positive effect on the immune response of poultry to the SRBC antigen. They generally suggest that the improvement of the immune system under the influence of probiotics is accomplished by increasing general antibodies, increasing macrophage activity, and increasing the production of local antibodies at the mucosal surface of tissues such as the intestinal wall. It was reported that the use of synbiotic Biomin (Hasanpour et al., 2013) and synbiotic Protexin + TechnoMos (Ghahri et al., 2013) increased humoral immune responses. In contrast, it was reported that the use of probiotic BioPlus, prebiotic Biomass and their composition had no effect on serum IgG concentration in broiler chickens (Midilli et al., 2008), the differences between the researchers' findings could be related to the probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic dose used, the animal species and population studied (age and weight) and microorganism strains. Cellular immunity in response to PHA-p injection was not affected by treatment groups (P>0.05). Diets containing lactobacillus have been shown to improve T lymphocyte function in newly hatched chickens and pullets (Dunham et al., 1993). It was reported that probiotic (Protexin) improved cellular immune function, as well as concomitant use of probiotic and formic acid did not have a synergistic effect on poultry cellular immune system (Mirbabai et al., 2012).

It was concluded that consumption of 0.3% fermented Saccharomyces cerevisiae in broiler diets improved growth performance and humoral immune response.

Antibiotics have been widely used in animal production for decades to promote growth. Although there is a trend toward reducing antibiotics in diets and now in Europe new laws have been passed to ban their use. As a result, economically important diseases such as enteritis necrosis (NE), which is caused by Clostridium perfringens in chickens, have become more prevalent. The alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters could affect gut health and performance by their impact on intestinal microflora. The purpose of this experiment was to compare the efficacy of some feed additives as alternatives to antibiotic for preventing of subclinical necrotic enteritis in broilers.

The study was conducted using 336 one-day-old male broiler chicks in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicks per replicate. The treatments included: 1) Negative control (NC, corn-soybean meal-based diet without any feed additive); 2) Positive control (PC, diet containing wheat and fish-meal without any feed additive); 3) Antibiotic (PC diet + zinc-bacitracin); 4) Probiotic (PC diet + probiotic); 5) Prebiotic (PC diet + prebiotic); 6) Phytobiotic (PC diet + phytobiotic); and 7) Organic acid (PC diet + organic acids).

The results indicated that addition of antibiotic or its alternatives to the PC diet did not affect average daily feed intake, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio and relative weight of internal organs (p>0.05). Evaluation of cecal bacterial population at d 41 showed that chickens were infected by subclinical necrotic enteritis. The count of Clostridium perfringens was significantly lower in broilers fed either phytobiotic or antibiotic than in broilers recieved either NC or PC treatments. Broilers fed probiotics, prebiotics or organic acid in their diet had lower counts of Clostridium perfringens in cecal contents than those fed PC diet (p<0.05), however the difference was not significant when compared to NC treatment (p>0.05).

According to the sampling results on days 29 and 41, addition of phytobiotic compared to antibiotic, increased the number of lactobacilli while reduced the count of Clostridium perfringens and coliforms. Therefore, phytobiotic can be a suitable alternative for antibiotic to promote gastrointestinal health and prevent subclinical necrotic enteritis in broilers.

In this research the effect of Bioplus B2 probiotic and galactooligosaccharide prebiotic (GOS) on performance, egg quality, and some bloodparameters of commercial laying hens were investigated in a sample of 216 hy-line laying hens (w36) with the same average weight aging 50to 62 weeks for a period of 12 weeks in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, 6 replications and 6 hens per each replication inthe cage system. Experimental treatments included 1) without additives (as control), 2) diets containing 0.1% Bioplus B2 probiotic, 3) to 6)diets; containing, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.20 % of galactooligosaccharides prebiotic, respectively. The results indicated that both egg weightand mass was increased significantly (P<0.05) in the Bioplus B2 probiotic treatment. Egg production percentage, feed intake and feedconversion ratio were not significantly influenced by treatments. Using galactooligosaccharide at the levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 percentimproved dry eggshell weight significantly while the levels of 0.05, 0.15 and 0.2 percent increased eggshell weight per unit area compared tothe control (P<0.05). Total protein and albumin of serum increased in the Bioplus B2 treatment (P<0.05). Using Bioplus B2 probiotic and0.15% galactooligosaccharide significantly decreased blood cholesterol level (P<0.05). In general, the results showed that the using ofprebiotic galactooligosaccharide at the level of 0.15 % increases the weight of eggshell per unit area, decreases the blood serum cholesterol,and improves some performance traits compared to control group, therefore it can be used instead of probiotic Bioplus B2.

The embryonic stage is the most critical and sensitive period in development of organisms especially the birds. In ovo injection is a good instrument for feeding the essential nutrients to growing embryo in birds. The in ovo application of nutrients provides the further benefits to the growth and development of the growing embryo. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of in ovo injection of synbiotic solution on hatchability, quality indices, weights and blood indices of one-day old chicks in Japanese quail.

Three hundred and seventy five quail eggs were allocated to five treatments of control (without injection), 2 ml injection of distilled water and injection of 1, 2 and 4 μg synbiotic solution. On day 8 of incubation, the eggs were randomly divided to five groups each containing 75 eggs. Injection was done on day 8 of incubation into the air sac of the eggs by insulin syringes. The injection site on the top of the eggs was sterilized by ethanol 70% and a small hole was made with needle of 27G. After injection, the holes were sealed by paraffin and returned to the incubator. At the end of day 17, the unhatched eggs were opened to identify the infertile eggs or dead embryos. On hatching day, two chicks were used to determination of chick quality. All the hatched birds were weighted. Then all the hatched chicks were reared up to day 35 of age in the separate pens (five replicates pen for each treatment). The performance factors (weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio) were determined during the experimental week. Moreover, the carcass characteristics (carcass, thigh and breast) internal organs (liver, gizzard, intestine and heart) were determined at the end of the experiment (35 days of age). All the experimental data were introduced to SAS (9.1) in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicate each. The means were further separated using Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison test.

The results showed that in ovo injection had no effects on quality parameters of newly hatched chicks (P>0.05). Moreover, synbiotic injection to the quail eggs caused a decrease in hatchability (P<0.05). Furthermore, the synbiotic injection did not affect the weight of day old chicks (P>0.05). No effect of synbiotic injection was observed during weeks 1, 3, 4 and 5 (P>0.05). In week 2, injection of distilled water and synbiotic caused higher weight gain as compared to control (P<0.05) whereas there were no significant differences between the other treatments. Distillated water or synbiotic injection did not affect feed consumption during weeks 1 and 4 (P>0.05) but changed the feed intake during weeks 2, 3 and 5 (P<0.05). During week 2, 1 μg synbiotic injection increased the feed intake as compared to the other treatments whereas no significant differences were observed between the others during this week. During week 3, injection of 1 and 2 μg synbiotic caused the higher feed intake in comparison to other treatments and the highest feed intake belonged to the birds with 2 μg synbiotic injected eggs. In week 5, injection of 1 and 2 μg synbiotic caused a higher feed intake but only the effect of 2 μg synbiotic injection was significant (P<0.05). Moreover, no effects of in ovo injection of synbiotic were indicated for carcass characteristics (carcass, breast and thigh), internal organs (liver, heart, intestine and gizzard) and blood indices (urea, uric acid, glucose, triglyceride, creatinine and protein) (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed between the treatments for blood enzymes of alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase (P>0.05).

According to the results of current experiment, synbiotic in ovo injection to quail eggs had no effects on weight and quality of one day old chicks but caused the lower hatchability. In ovo injection of 1 μg synbiotic to the air sac of the quail eggs improved the weight gain of hatched chicks after hatch but causes the higher feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Injection of higher synbiotic more than 2 μg to the air sac of quail eggs increases the feed intake and feed conversion ratio of quail chicks. Moreover, synbiotic injection did not affect carcass characteristics, internal organs, blood enzymes and indices of quails.

Introduction:

 In recent years, the main policy in animal husbandry has been the use of livestock supplements with high production efficiency. To achieve this, in addition to using new and optimal nutrition methods, management can improve and accelerate efficiency-enhancing programs in livestock units by implementing various and appropriate methods and strategies. Due to the advances that have been made in the sheep and goat breeding industry, the need to use effective food additives to advance this goal and provide the nutrients needed for livestock has increased. On the other hand, rumen microbial population imbalances can play a major role in nutrient depletion. Several additives have been used to improve fermentation conditions in the rumen and increase the production of ruminant animals. These compounds include methane inhibitors, antibiotics, probiotics, growth factors and enzymes. The use of antibiotics in livestock has serious consequences such as bacterial resistance and intestinal disturbances. Therefore, the use of antibiotics is now limited in many countries and much effort is being made to find an alternative to antibiotics. Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements which beneficially affect the host animal by improving its microbial balance. A stable rumen environment is a key factor in achieving optimal milk production and animal health. Therefore, the use of additives that both reduce metabolic diseases in livestock and are useful in improving the microbial function of the rumen, is very necessary. Most of probiotic studies that were reported in the literatures used single or two strains probiotics rather that multi strains bacteria. Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which are not metabolized in the small intestine and fermented in large intestine. In this study, the effect of adding supplements on performance, blood metabolites and ruminal volatile fatty acids were investigated.

  Materials and methods:

 Forty Baluchi male lambs were used in four completely randomized treatments for 90 days. Treatments included: control group (initial diet), probiotic group (initial diet + 0.5 gr probiotic), prebiotic group (initial diet + 2 gr prebiotic) and symbiotic group (initial diet + 0.5 gr Probiotic and 2 gr of prebiotic). The amount of feed consumed per sheep daily and weight gain was calculated and recorded during the whole period. In order to determine the concentration of some blood parameters, blood samples were taken from the cervical vertebrae at the end of the week. Blood samples were taken at nine o'clock in the morning (two hours after the morning meal) on weekdays. To measure the concentration of metabolites, plasma samples were melting at room temperature to determine the serum levels of serum cholesterol, glucose, albumin, triglyceride and total protein plasma from a biosorbent kit and an autoanalyzer (model A15, France). Sampling from ruminal fluid was done after four hours feeding in the morning and using an oral catheter on day 90 of the experiment. Measurement of skeletal parameters including chest circumference by placing a tape measure around the chest just behind the front legs and shoulder blade, body length (shoulder-to-shoulder position), height at the withers, height at the hip or height at the hips, and the distance between the two hip bones was determined using biometric calipers in the first and last weeks.

Results and discussion:

 The results of this study showed that probiotic consumption had no significant effect on functional parameters of Baluch sheep including final weight, daily gain, feed intake and dietary intake. Plasma glucose concentration increased with increasing of probiotic content in the diets and there was a significant difference (P <0.05) with the control group, but this difference was not significant between supplemented probiotic diets and diets with significant prebiotic supplement. With the use of probiotic supplements in all groups of consumption, the pH of ruminal fluid of Baluchi sheep increased and there was a significant difference (P <0.05) with the control group. The concentration of acetate and ruminal propionate of sheep fed the probiotic supplement was higher than that of those who did not (P <0.05).Glucose and triglycerides, total plasma protein concentrations and plasma albumin were not affected by probiotic and prebiotic supplements in the diets and no significant differences were observed between diets.

Conclusion :

In general, results of this experiment indicated that using probiotic and prebiotic supplements due to volatile fatty acids produced in this study improved ruminal fermentation, but supplementation could not have a significant effect on performance and skeletal growth indices in Baluchi sheep.

Probiotics are live food micro-organisms and their positive effects on the microbial balance of the host animal have been proved. Prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates that are not digestible in whole garter-intestinal tract of farm animals. Synbiotics are derived feed additive from the combination of probiotics and prebiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adding probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic through milk on the growth, intake and immune function of suckling calves.

Twenty four Holstein male calves with an average live body weight of 42 ± 3 kg were assigned to the following treatments based on their live body weight. 1) Control group: Normal milk feeding without any additive. 2) Normal milk feeding + 1.5 g per calf per day Protoxin probiotic (multivariate probiotic including 7 filament bacteria and 2 filament yeast at a concentration of 2 × 109 cfu / g). 3) Normal milk feeding + 5 g per calf per day Inulin prebiotic. 4) Normal Milk feeding + 1.5 g per calf per day Protexin + 5 g per calf per day Inulin. Calves were fed twice daily at 7 and 16 hours. The starter feed (Table 1) was fed to the experimental calves for 60 days. Water was available at all times. Table 1. Percentage of feed ingredients in the starter fed to calves Feed ingredient % Barely 26 % Corn 17 % Soybean meal 20 % Flax seed 10 % Wheat Bran 9 % Dried Sugar Beet Pulp 5 % Cottonseed 4 % Fish powder 4 % Cotton seed meal 3 % Salt 0.1 % Lime 0.1 % Di-calcium phosphate 0.1 % Bentonite 0.2 % Vitamin supplement( broiler ) 0.75 % Mineral supplement (broiler) 0.75 % All analyzes were performed based on ANOVA method using general linear modeling process and using SAS software. Results and Discussion Data analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the control group and the rest groups in terms of feed intake (Table 2). Table 2. The feed intake by the experimental calves (gram per calf per day) with or without additives Week of experiment Average feed intake by group of calves (fed with or without addetives) SE Control Inulin Protexin Synbiotic 2 49.83 55.5 83.33 84 0.84 3 189.17 196.67 177.83 197.5 0.82 4 550.5 566.67 600 617.5 1.64 5 651.33 696.67 639.83 695.83 1.37 6 747.83 747.17 699.5 768.33 1.31 7 1040 1147.5 1133.5 1195 2.33 The calves fed with multi strain probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic had significantly (p < 0.05) higher daily weight gain than control group (Table 3). But there was no significant difference between the calves fed by milk containing probiotic and prebiotic addetive. Table 3. Average daily weight gain of calves (gram per calf per day) during the experimental weeks Week Average Weight of group of calves (fed with or without addetive) SE Control Inulin Protexin Synbiotic 1 42.16 40.66 42.83 42.16 1.00 2 42.48 41.40 43.46 42.91 0.99 3 43.16 42.50 44.50 44 0.99 4 44.58 45 46.58 47 0.90 5 49.18 50.51 52.20 52.96 0.91 6 55 59.25 61.11 62.31 0.92 7 63 69.50 70.58 72.61 0.89 Fecal E.coli counts showed that calves receiving probiotic, prebiotic or synbiotic had a lower fecal E.coli count than the control group (Table 4). Table 4 – number of Escherichia coli (log cfu/g of wet digesta) in feces of the experimental calves Week Average E.coli count (log cfu/g) of group of calves (fed with or without addetives) SE Control Inulin Protexin Synbiotic 7.67c 7.67c 7.68a 7.65b 7.57ab 0.033 7.68b 7.68b 7.64a 7.62a 7.54a 0.041 7.71b 7.71b 7.61b 7.58b 7.51a 0.036 Serum and blood plasma biochemical data showed that there was a significant difference in neutrophil and lymphocyte rates in different time intervals, but no significant difference was observed in monocyte (Table 5). Table 5 - blood variables characteristics in calves fed with / without additives SE Group of experimental calves Blood variable Sampling day Synbiotic Protexin Inulin Control 2.62 32.8 28 27 31.33 Neutrophil% 14 2.88 64.83 70.66 72.66 67.33 Lymphocyte% 1.93 29 30.16 30.16 27.33 Neutrophil% 42 2.43 66.67 69.5 69.83 69 Lymphocyte%

Addition multi-strain probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic to whole milk of suckling calves increases their daily weight gain and feed intake. They also reduced the E.coli and pathogenic bacteria counts in of calves gastrointestinal tract. There was a significant difference in blood neutrophil and lymphocyte levels of calves fed milk containing additives in comparison with the control calves. Although, there was no a significant difference for the monocytes level between all groups of calves.

Japanese quail is considered as a beneficial bird because of its characteristics such as rapid growth, early maturity, high egg production, breeding times and short incubation period (Lotfipour and Shakeri, 2011). Additives such as probiotics and prebiotics are used as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters today (Zare Shahneh et al. 2007). Primalac is a kind of commercial probiotics that contains Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium thermophilum, and Enterococcus faecium (Salehimanesh et al. 2016). Its characteristics include increasing the population of the gastrointestinal tract microbes, increasing livestock production, reducing drug use, reducing mortality and reducing diarrhea in the flock (Midilli et al. 2008). Fermacto (kind of commercial prebiotics) is the product of elemental fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae. Fermacto have effects of increasing the flock's uniformity, reducing the passage of foodstuffs, eliminating the competitive challenge, developing intestinal villi, increasing energy and protein absorption, increasing the absorption and storage of minerals especially calcium and phosphorus, enhancing the immune system, and improving weight gain on time of stress (Ghahri et al. 2013). An experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design using 400 day-old quail chicks (mixed sex) with four treatments, five replicates, and 20 quail chicks in each replicate from 1 to 42 days of age. Experimental treatments were included: (1) control group (basal diet without any feed additive), (2) basal diet contains 0.9 g/kg Primalac, (3) basal diet contains 2 g/kg Fermacto and (4) basal diet contains 0.9 g/kg Primalac + 2 g/kg Fermacto. Diets were formulated to meet or exceed the nutritional requirements of Japanese quail as indicated in the standard tables (NRC, 1994). Quails in each replicate were weighed weekly and feed intake was determined at the end of each week. From these data, average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were calculated. On day 42 of experiment, two birds (one male and one female) from each replicate were selected, then weighed, were slaughtered and carcass yield and carcass components including breast, thighs, wings, abdominal fat, fat around neck, and bursa of Fabricius were weighed using a digital scale and their relative weight to body weight were calculated. The length of the various parts of the small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, was measured after the separation from the mesenteric with the ruler. To study the blood metabolites, blood samples were taken from the wing vein of two quails in each replicate (one male and one female) on day 42 and then, sera were separated to measure triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL using enzymatic kits via colorimetric method. To determine ileal microbial population of quails, after opening the abdominal cavity, ileum region, between Meckel’s diverticulum and ileocecal junction, separated by a sterilized scissor, about two centimeters of the ileum were transferred into sterile microtubes and were stored at -20 ̊C until studying E.coli, lactobacillus and coliform microbial populations (Roostaei-Ali Mehr et al. 2014). Eosin methylene blue agar medium (Merck, Germany) was used to culture E.coli. MacConkey agar (Merck,
Germany) and MRS (Merck, Germany) were used to cultivate coliforms and Lactobacillus, respectively. The results indicated that 0.9 g/kg probiotic Primalac, 2 g/kg prebiotic Fermacto, and 0.9 g/kg probiotic Primalac + 2 g/kg prebiotic Fermacto in diet had no significant effect on daily feed intake, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). It was reported that the use of probiotic (Primalac) to the diet of Japanese quail had no effect on daily weight gain and daily feed intake (Rezaeipour et al. 2015). Several factors can affect the consumption of bird feed, including the physiological and nutritional factors, health and the rate of production and type of bird (Blair, 2008). The results indicated that treatments did not affected on weight of carcass and internal organs (P>0.05; Table 3). It was reported that using probiotic to the diet of Japanese quail had no effect on weight of carcass and carcass traits (Sahin et al. 2011). It was reported that addition of probiotic (Primalac) and prebiotic (Fermacto) to the diet of broilers did not have any effect on growth performance and carcass quality, carcass weight, carcass traits, breast, heart, abdominal fat, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius (Shirmohammad et al. 2015). Treatments had no significant effect on relative length of the small intestine segments (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) (P>0.05). Shirmohammad et al. (2015) reported that intestinal traits of broilers were not affected by Primalac and Fermacto. Since the most important feature of probiotics is their ability to settle in the gastrointestinal tract, native microbial strains of gastrointestinal tract are usually prepared as probiotics, so probiotics produced for broilers may not be suitable for establishment or proliferation in the Japanese quail digestive system. Treatments had no significant effect on triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL (P>0.05). It is reported that the supplementation of the Japanese quail diet with Primalac did not have any effect on serum triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL of broilers (Rezaeipour et al. 2015). Sahin et al. (2008) reported that cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose levels were not affected by experimental treatments when using synbiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae + mannan oligosaccharide) in Japanese quail diets. The levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides in birds affected by diet and other factors such as age, sex, and environmental conditions (Haddadin et al. 1996). Non-significant changes for intestinal microflora were observed (P>0.05; Table 6). Researchers reported that the consumption of probiotic (Protexin) in the diet of quail did not have any significant effect on bacterial populations (Nasehi et al. 2015). When using feed additives, consideration of points such as rate of consumption, temperature, humidity, water consumption and environmental health are necessary (Chiang and Hsieh, 1995). It could be concluded that 0.9 g/kg probiotic (Primalac), 2 g/kg prebiotic (Fermecto) and synbiotic (0.9 g/kg probiotic Primalac + 2 g/kg prebiotic Fermecto) had not any positive effect on growth performance, carcass traits, length of small intestine, serum lipids as well as the number of Lactobacillus bacteria, coliforms, and E.coli in Japanese quail.

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of different microbial products on the performance and health of Baluchi lambs. 40 Baluchi make lamb with mean age of one year and initial body weight of 30 kg ± 1.5 kg for 90 days were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and ten replicates. Experimental diets were 1) basal diet (control group), 2) basal diet +0.5 gr probiotic, 3) basal diet+2 gr of prebiotic 4) basal diet+0.5 gr probiotic +2 gr of prebiotic per head (sheep) per day. Body weight (BW) and body growth measures were recorded First and period End. Feces were scored weekly. The pH ruminal fluid was determined immediately after sampling and straightening it. The results of this experiment showed that mean BW was higher in probiotic than other groups (52.85). There was no difference between treatments for the final weight, daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion rate. Also, there were no significant differences between treatments in health indicators, fecal consistency and digestibility of nutrients. The results of this study indicated that with use probiotic, pH ruminal fluid was increased and there was a significant difference between the control group (P <0.05). Overall Results of this experiment indicated that supplementation probiotics did not have a significant effect on the performance and health indicators of pre-growing lambs.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding probiotic and peribiotic supplements on milk yield, feed intake, fecal consistency and digestibility of Holstein calves. Treatments included: 1- control group (no additive milk) 2- probiotic group (milk + 2 gr probiotic) 3- prebiotic group (milk + 4 gr peribiotic) 4- synbiotic group (milk + 2 gr probiotic and 4gr perbiotic). Calves were weighed at the age of 3, 30 and 63 days after milking and feed intake weight was measured and recorded for every calves from the age of 10 days to the end of the period. For diarrhea, feces were observed weekly and feces score and fluidity were examined. At the end of the experiment (7 final days), the total stools of livestock were separately collected and weighed 20% sample was taken to investigate digestibility of nutrients. The chemical composition of fecal specimens and experimental diets including dry matter, fat, organic matter and protein were determined according to the AOAC method. The results of the experiment showed that the highest mean weight in the age of 30 and 63 days was related to the calves that used probiotics and had a significant difference with other groups. The lowest mean weight at the age of 63 was related to the synbiotic diet. The worst conversion ratio was in the control group and had a significant difference with the group that consumed probiotics. The best feed conversion ratio was probiotic diet and had a significant difference with other groups (P <0.05). The highest digestibility of dry matter and organic matter belonged to the group that consumed probiotics and had a significant difference with other groups. The lowest fecal consistency was in the group that consumed probiotics and had a significant difference with other groups (P <0.05). The lowest stool consistency was related to the group that used probiotics and had a significant difference with other groups (P <0.05). In general, the results showed that the use of probiotic had a significant effect on the performance, health and digestibility of Holstein calves.

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of probiotic and peribiotic supplements on performance of Holstein dairy cows. For this purpose, 40 Holstein dairy cows with daily milk production of 33 ± 0/8 kg and initial weight 700 ± 40 kg were divided into four groups in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments consisted: 1- control group (basic diet) 2- probiotic group (base diet + 4 gr probiotic per head per day) 3- prebiotic group (base diet + 14 gr perbiotypes per Ross per day) 4- Synbiotic group (base diet + 4 gr probiotic + 14 gr perbiotic per head per day). The results of this experiment showed that there was a significant difference between the average duration of chewing, rumination and eating among different diets (P <0.05). The most duration of chewing, rumination and eating belonged to the group that consumed probiotics and had a significant difference with other groups (P <0.05). Probiotics consumption increased the amount of daily milk production, milk production with 3.5% fat and milk production with 4% fat, and a significant difference (P <0.05) with the control group (basal diet without additive). Feed efficiency increased in supplementary rations and resulted in a better performance of probiotic diets. Health indicators, consistency and fluidity of stool in supplementary diets have also improved.

Effect of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic in protein-deficient diets on performance and intestinal histomorphometry were investigated in a 2 × 4 factorial experiment. The treatments were arranged in two levels of protein (recommended and 10 percent less than requirements), and four types of additives (without additives, probiotics Gallipro, prebiotic Technomos and a mixture of them) in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and four replicates and 25 birds per each. Birds fed on low protein diet had more feed intake and feed conversion ratio (P

A total of 160 Ross 308 male broilers were used in a randomized complete design, with five treatments and four replicates for each treatment (eight chicksper pen),from 7 to 42 days of age. Feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured during the experiment and carcass yield, relative weight of internal organs were measured at the end of the experiment. A corn-soybean-based diet was used as the basal diet (control, treatment 1). The basal diet was supplemented with an antibiotic growth promoter (Oxytetracycline, 150 g/ton, treatment 2), commercial organic acid (Orgacid, 0.3%, treatment 3), probiotic (Protoxin, 150 g/ton, treatment 4) and prebiotic (Mannanoligosaccharides, 2 kg/ton, treatment 5). Chickens fed with diets containing organic acids had the lowest FI, as well as the best FCR as comparedto other treatments. Numerically, chickens fed with diets containing probiotics had the highest WG during the period of 22 to 42 daysof age, but inclusion of antibiotics caused a non-significant increase in WG. On age 42d, chicks fed with basal diet had the highest BW. However, the lowest BW was relevant to the diet containing organic acids. The relative weight of heart and wing showed significant (P<0.05) increase in the treatment containing prebiotic.Higher levels of the additives are suggested to be utilised for improving performance of the broilers reared under heat stress.