جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « عملکرد رشد » در نشریات گروه « شیلات »

Using herbal extracts as nutritional additives in aquaculture industry increases the resistance of fish to infectious agents while also providing a substitute for traditional antibiotics, enhancing the immune system, and promoting the growth of fish. The present experiments were designed to investigate the effects of a diet containing hydroalcoholic extract of savory (Satureja hortensis) on the growth performance, hematological parameters, and histopathology of the intestine in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. For this purpose, 240 rainbow trout fry with an average weight of 2.02 ± 0.02 grs were randomly distributed into 4 experimental groups with three replicates and fed diets containing concentrations of 0 (control), 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% hydroalcoholic extract of savory for 6 weeks. The results showed that growth performance indices including final weight, body weight gain, and specific growth rate significantly increased in the group fed with a diet containing 1% extract compared to the control group. Additionally, the number of white and red blood cells, and hematocrit levels increased in the groups fed with savory extract (P<0.05). The use of hydroalcoholic extract of savory in the diet of rainbow trout fry had no negative effect on the distal intestine tissue of the fish in all groups. Overall, the results indicated that feeding with 1% hydroalcoholic extract of savory in the diet could improve the health and better growth of rainbow trout fry.

The effect of dietary administration of combination of hydro-alcoholic extracts of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss) on growth performance, nutritional parameters, digestive enzymes activity and antioxidant properties of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated. Three experimental diets including basal diet (control group) and diets containing 0.5% and 1.5% of combination of turmeric and thyme (ratio of 1:2) extracts were prepared. A total of 234 juveniles of rainbow trout were randomly divided into three experimental groups in triplicates (providing 26 fish per replicate) and reared for eight weeks. Feeding diets contained 0.5 % of the extract increased the feed efficiency ratio and condition factor of rainbow trout compared to the control group (P<0.05). Supplementing 1.5 % plant extract increased the Average Daily Growth (ADG) of the fish in comparison to control group (P<0.05). Both dietary levels of the extracts increased protein productive value and lipid productive value of fish compared to control group (P<0.05). Viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic index were affected by both dietary extract levels compared to control group (P<0.05). Dietary plant extract inclusion significantly increased the activity of amylase and lipase (P<0.05). Similarly, the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase significantly increased in the liver tissue of rainbow trout following feeding on diets containing the extracts, while malondialdehyde content of the tissue decreased in comparison to the control group (P<0.05). Therefore, considering the promising effects of dietary supplementation of turmeric and thyme extracts, inclusion of 0.5% of the extracts in rainbow trout feed is recommended.

Oak acorn is widely used as animal feed due to its low price. Oak acorns (Quercus brantii) were processed by de-hulling, drying and milling. In acorn flour, the total phenolic compounds, non-tannin phenols and condensed tannins were 14.71, 0.35 and 6.60 g/100g on the basis of dry matter respectively. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets with different levels of acorn at 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg, were prepared. A total of 435 fish (average weight 0.3 g) were randomly distributed in 15 tanks with three replicates and fed for 10 weeks. Polynomial orthogonal contrast analysis revealed that there were no significant differences in terms of feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein retention, carcass ash and survival rate between treatments (p>0.05). Dietary intake of acorn significantly affected the weight after four weeks, final weight after 10 weeks, total length, head depth, specific growth rate, condition factor, protein efficiency ratio, lipid retention and carcass lipid and moisture contents, which represented linear order polynomial (LOP) models, but crude protein content of carcass displayed a cubic order polynomial (COP) model, using optimal acorn flour levels of 25.00 – 64.28 g/kg. Acorn flour improved the protein level of carcass, but deteriorated the growth performance and carcass lipid and moisture levels. Therefore, even if the amount of de-hulled acorn flour in the diet is low (2.5 % of diet), it is not allowed to use it without further processing.

In this study, the effects of dietary extruded oak acorn flour on growth performance and carcass composition of common carp were studied. Four diets were investigated in a completely randomized design included 1- extruded wheat flour (17%), 2- non-extruded wheat flour (5%) and extruded wheat flour (12%), 3- non-extruded acorn flour (5%) and extruded wheat flour (12%), and 4- extruded acorn flour (5%) and extruded wheat flour (12%). The culture was started in round tanks with a volume of 250 liters and a density of 15 fish in each tank with an initial weight of 5.4 g in three replicates. After 4 weeks, no significant difference was observed in the weight and total length of fish, but after 8 weeks, the highest weight and total length were observed in the fish fed diet 4. Extrusion of acorn flour had a significant positive effect on the weight and total length of fish, but extrusion of wheat flour did not have such an effect. Diets had no significant effect on the condition factor, specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, lipid efficiency ratio, protein retention, carcass moisture content and survival rate. Extrusion of wheat flour and acorn flour had significant positive effects on lipid retention and these effects were much greater when the extruded acorn flour was consumed. The levels of carcass protein and ash were significantly reduced by feeding on non-extruded acorn flour. Consumption of non-extruded wheat flour or acorn flour caused a significant reduction in carcass lipid and this reduction was more severe when using non-extruded acorn flour. Overall after peeling the oak acorn, its flour can be used instead of wheat flour at the level of 5% of the extruded diet for common carp.

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of replacing fish meal with sunflower meal in the diet and its effect on the growth performance and biochemical compositions of Rutilus frisii fingerlings. For this purpose, 240 specimens with an average weight of 1.14±0.8 g and an average total length of 5.03±0.3 cm in 12 tubs with a density of 20 in each and in four different treatments of 0 (control), 25, 50, and 75% sunflower meal with food ration formulated with the same percentage of protein, fat and energy levels were tested for eight weeks. In the parameters of food conversion factor, protein efficiency rate, growth factor, weight gain, length increase, average daily growth, survival percentage, final length, initial and final weight, no significant differences were observed (P>0.05), but in terms of mean status coefficient, a significant difference was observed (P<0.05). Also, the analysis of fish carcass analysis parameters showed that there was no significant difference between the treatments in terms of carcass moisture percentage (P>0.05), but in terms of ash percentage, protein percentage and carcass fat percentage, there was a significant difference was observed (P<0.05). The results showed that different levels of replacing sunflower meal with fish meal have no negative effect on the growth performance of R. Frisii. Therefore, to reduce the cost of feed production and economic efficiency of the studied fish breeding, up to 25% of sunflower meal can be replaced with fish meal in the diet composition.

It is very important and necessary to choose the appropriate cold water fish species and check their growth performance in cage fish farming in the Caspian Sea. The results showed that the rainbow trout in Kiashahr region reached an average of 98.3±19.8 to 1149.8±203.5 grams in a period of 4.5 months. Also, although the breeding of salmon from the initial weight of about 100 grams was suitable, but considering the temperature limits for this fish in the Caspian Sea, the introduction of higher weights can reduce the length of the breeding period. Caspian Sea salmon reached in Jaffroud region from the average weight of 120.14±1.98 to 632.5±82.08 grams in a period of 4.5 months from January to May, and in Anzali free zone from 212.7 ± 15.28 to 508.81 ± 76.54 grams in a period of 2 months from January to March in floating cages, which shows the favorable growth of this fish in this region.

Biofloc system is a new technology that used in intensive and semi intensive aquaculture systems. The main advantage of this system is reducing the water use, along with increasing the intensity of production based on heterotrophic bacteria than autotrophic bacteria. The fish were divided into 4 groups in 3 replicates. The first group (A) was reared in normal culture situation as a control. In subsequent treatments, juvenile were rearing in a biofloc system containing various carbon sources, including: maize flour (B), Wheat flour (C) and barley flour (D) as different treatments. One hundred and twoenty fingerlings of common carp with initial average body weight of 15.18±2.07g introduced into the experimental treatments and cultured for 45 days. At the end of the experiment, water quality, growth preformance, and metabolic nitrogen excretion rates compared among treatments. Based on the results, water quality improved among all biofloc treatments compared to the control group (p<0.05). Growth indices significantly improved in all biofloc treatments (p<0.05). The highest growth rate and the lowest feed conversion ratio were recorded in the biofloc system containing barley flour (p<0.05). Ammonia and urea excretion in biofloc treatments were significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). The highest ammonia and urea excretion rates were recorded in the biofloc treatment containing barley flour (p<0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that the use of barley flour as a carbon source in the biofloc system can be used for rearing of common carp. The use of this carbon source, in addition to improving of water quality, is effective in promoting the growth of common carp in the biofloc system..

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different temperatures (20, 27 and 33 °C) and two feeding rates (2.5 % biomass per day and satiation) on growth performance, body composition, hematology and blood biochemistry of Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer). For this purpose, 8 fish with an average initial weight of 99.55 ± 0.24 g were randomly transported to 200 liters tanks (6 treatments with three replicates) and fish feeding was done using a commercial feed for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the growth performance, blood indices and chemical composition of fish carcasses were measured. The results of this study showed that the feeding rate of biomass (2.5%) and satitation had no significant effects on growth performance and nutrition of this fish (P<0.05). However, different levels of temperature showed a significant effect on these indices (P <0.05). The average final weight of fish grown at 33 °C and fed at the biomass level was higher than other treatments, although this difference was not significantly different from that of the stored group at 27 °C. Among the hematology parameters, the number of red blood cells showed significant changes among treatments (P<0.05). Plasma biochemical parameters such as triglyceride, glucose and cholesterol level were significantly affected by water temperature and feeding rates (P <0.05). The activity of liver enzymes in plasma was not significantly different in different treatments (P <0.05). The protein and lipid content of fish carcasses increased with increasing temperature so that the group stored at 33 °C had the highest protein and lipid content (P <0.05). In general, the results of this study showed that temperatures above 27 °C are more optimal for this species and the feed rates of biomass and satiation have no significant effect on the growth and health performance of this fish in this temperature range.

The use of antibiotics in the diet of farmed aquatic organisms is done to reduce infectious diseases or enhance growth function. in recent years, the preventive use of antibiotics has been criticized, which has ultimately led to a ban on the production and breeding of farmed organisms by many countries. given the current limitations on antibiotic use, there is a fundamental need to evaluate options. organic acids or their salts, a potential alternative to preventing the overuse and promotion of antibiotics as well as dietary supplements and antimicrobials, have recently been considered by many researchers and breeders. this study emphasizes the effects of organic acids on growth, use as nutrients, availability of minerals, improvement of intestinal flora and disease resistance in marine fish.many studies have reported that some organic acids can significantly increase the growth performance and health of fish, and these results, depending on the aquatic species, the type and concentration of organic acids and the conditions of the farming environment use depends.

This study investigated the growth performance and fatty acid composition of Western whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed with different levels of Dunaliella salina extract (DE) PL with an average weight of 0.86 ± 0.01g were fed with 3 types of diets containing 0.5, 1.5 and 1.5 g DE /kg diet and control diet (without DE) for 60 days. (A total of 4 treatments and 3 repetitions per treatment). The best weight gain (141.38 ± 21.35%), specific growth ratio (1.69 ± 0.55%) and protein efficiency ratio (2.79± 0.42%) were observed in shrimp fed with 1 g/kg of DE diet. In diets containing 0.5 and 1 g DE/kg feed, poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) value significantly increased (p<0.05). Arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6), linoleic acid (C20:2n-6) and Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:5n-3) levels of shrimp receiving at 0.5 and 1 g DE/kg feed level were significantly higher than those fed with control diet(p<0.05). In conclusion, the incorporation of extract from D.salina 1 g/kg doses improves function of growth and fatty acid composition of body in L. vannamei shrimp.

In recent years, the use of probiotics has been considered as an ecological preventive approach to aquaculture, because of the perilous consumption of antimicrobials for humans and the environment, the use of alternative methods is increasing. In this study, we compared the efficacy of different methods of preparation of functional food containing native probiotic Takcell® on the growth performance of juvenile western white shrimp. For this purpose, post larvae of shrimps were fed in 8 experimental treatments in two ways: probiotic Supplemented and sprayed diets at doses of 108, 107, and 106 CFU kg-1 and probiotic-free diets for 40 days in tanks. All probiotic fed- diets showed better performance in relative growth rate, specific growth rate, survival rate and feed conversion ratio compared to control groups (p<0.05). The highest activity of growth indices was observed in spray treatment at a dose of 108 CFU kg-1. There was no significant difference with complementary diets (p>0.05). The results of this study showed that functional food containing native probiotic Takcell®, regardless of doses and preparation methods, resulted in improvement of growth and survival indices in western white shrimp, and the dose of 108 and 107 CFU kg-1 had the highest effect.

Iron and copper are two essential trace elements or micronutrients that play important roles in many vital biological processes, key enzymes and the immune system. In this study, the effects of feeding with different sources of iron and copper supplements on growth performance and some blood parameters of Schizothorax zarudnyi with an average weight of 23.97 ± 0.45 g were investigated. Within 60 days of study, dietary treatments were included fish fed with: 1) the basal diet without any copper and iron supplement, 2) diet containing 150 mg of mineral iron supplement per kg of diet, 3) diet containing 3 mg of mineral copper supplement per kg of diet, 4) diet containing 150 mg of mineral iron supplement and 3 mg of mineral copper supplement per kg of diet, 5) diet containing 150 mg of iron nanoparticles supplement per kg of diet, 6) diet containing 3 mg of copper nanoparticles supplement per kg of diet, 7) diet containing 150 mg of iron nanoparticles supplement and 3 mg of copper nanoparticles supplement per kg of diet. The results showed that supplementing diet with iron and copper improves the growth and blood parameters compared with the control; and iron and copper nanoparticles especially simultaneous use of them (treatment 7), act more effectively than their mineral forms; as the fish in treatment 7 showed the best growth and feeding results compared with the other treatments. Fish in treatment 7 also showed the highest values in all blood parameters and there were significant differences in hematocrit, hemoglobin and total amount of erythrocyte indices compared with the other treatments. MCV and MCH indices in treatment 7 exhibited significant difference compared with the control (P<0.05). According to the results of this study, simultaneous use of two nanoparticles of iron and copper leads to the improvement of growth and blood indices of Sistan’s loach more effectively than their separate supplementation or their mineral forms.

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of adding of Microalgae Chlorella and Germinated Barely Powder in diet on growth performance microbiological counts of common carp. The study was assigned to depend on using of natural products as back to nature in fish feeding. The effect of adding microalgae Chlorella and germinated barely powder in common carp Cyprinus carpio diets with different levels for 84 days and the results revealed a significant role of both additives in each of fish Final wt., Wt. Gain, Specific and relative growth rate. No significant differences observed in FCR, the FER was higher significantly in control, T2 with 5 % Chlorella and T4 with 10 % Germinated barely. The total Bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae count/ CFU was increased in the additives treatments with increasing the levels, the T3 with 10 % Chlorella was higher than control and other treatments were 192.5 and 150 respectively. The control treatment without any addition was higher significantly in Total Bacterial count /CFU in common carp intestine samples, the T4 with 10 % Germinated barely was higher in Total Enterobacteriaceae count/CFU in fish Intestine samples. The highest Coliform bacteria in fish muscles and intestine recorded in T5 and the lowest in T3.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of using A-Max Ultra commercial prebioticin rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diet on the growth performance, hematological indices, and innate immune responses. Fish with initial weight of 18.03 ± 2.14 g were stocked into 12 Cage in dimensions a 0.6×0.6×1 m3 in four concrete ponds. Four experimental feeds (triplicate) contained A-Max Ultra at levels of 0.0 (control), 1.0 (T1), 2.0 (T2), and 3.0 (T3) g k-1 were tested for 45 days. Fish fed prebiotic of 2 gk-1 had significantly higher final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate when compared to the control group (P<0.05). Among hematological parameters, red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (HCT) were significantly increased in fish fed 2 gk-1 of prebiotic in T2. At the end of the experiment, serum immune parameters of those fish fed A-Max Ultra including total protein and glucose content, lysozyme activity were not significant difference among all treatments. The obtained results revealed that 2 g k-1 A-Max Ultra could be used as a beneficial prebiotic to improve the growth performance and haemato-immunological responses in rainbow trout culture.

this experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of supplementing two macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium and Gracilaria pygmaea extracts in feed on some growth indices, hematology and blood constituents of juvenile rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). Rainbow trout were randomly divided into four groups: a control group was fed with basal diet, and three treated groups fed with basal diet supplemented with 500 (mg/kg) S.cristaefolium (SA), 500 (mg/kg) G.pygmaea (GL) and 250 (mg/kg) S.cristaefolium + 250 (mg/kg) G.pygmaea (SA+GL) for 8 weeks. The fish were fed 4 times by hand to apparent visual satiation and water was changed every day. Results showed that growth factor such as final fish weight, specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG) and condition factor (CF) were not significantly different among treated groups (P > 0.05). Hepatosomatic index (HSI) was significantly higher in fish fed control or SA diets (P < 0.05). Among the blood parameters, hemoglobin levels in fish fed diet containing gracilaria was significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). Among the biochemical composition of blood, group fed the control diet had higher triglycerides level compared to the groups fed diets containing sargassum or a mix of sargassum and gracilaria (P < 0.05). These results indicated that dietary supplementation of sargassum and gracilaria extracts in rainbow trout feed had not significant impacts on growth performance and blood parameters of this fish.

In this study, the effects of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth performance, feed efficiency, body composition, fatty acid profile and gut lactic acid bacteria of beluga sturgeon, Huso huso. Nine diets were formulated (40% crude protein) in which soybean meal was replaced by fish meal at 0 (control), 40 and 80% supplemented and with three multi-enzyme level 0, 1 or 2 g/kg of Kemin multi-enzyme. Fish were fed on experimental diets for 12 weeks at 1% body weight. Addition of soybean meal decreased growth performance and the effect was more pronounced when with increasing levels of soybean meal (P<0.05) and minimum final weight occurred at 80% of fish meal replaced by soybean meal. Body fatty acid composition was affected by dietary treatments. Fish fed the control diet; diets with enzyme supplementation (without the addition of soybean meal) as well as diets 4 and 5 (40% soybean meal; 0 or 1 g/kg enzyme) had the highest n-3 and eicosapentaenoic acid. In contrast, soybean meal at an inclusion level over 40% negatively influenced n-3 fatty acid. The lowest content of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and n-3 fatty acid was observed in fish fed diets with 80% soybean meal without the inclusion of enzyme (treatment 7). Addition of soybean meal at both 40 and 80% replacement level regardless of enzyme supplementation increased the number of gut Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus carvatus, Pediococcus pentaseceous, Lactobacillus plantarum, total aerobic counts and total anaerobic counts. The highest number of bacterial counts occurred in diet containing 80% soybean meal with 2 g/kg enzyme (treatment 9) (P<0.05). The results of this study indicated that soybean meal with enzyme supplementation at 2 g/kg can substitute 40% for fish meal in commercial diets of great sturgeon.

Probiotics, as a live microbial dietary supplement, play an important role in the growth and activity of the host digestive enzymes by balancing the gut microbial population.The present study  was conducted with 4 treatments and 3 replications including diets containing 1×106, 3×106 and 5 ×106 (cell/ g feed) and control (basal diet without yeast) to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary supplementation of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, body biochemical composition and digestive enzymes activities of grey mullet, Mugil cephalus. The fish (5.56±0.65 g)  were  randomly  allocated  into  12  fiberglass tanks at a density of  20 individuals  per  tank  with  three  replicates  for  each treatment  and fed  with the experimental diets for 60 days. The results indicated that the  diet  at  5×106  yeast cells/ g( significantly improved  weight gain (240.36±13.57%), final weight (919.28±1.55), protein efficiency (10.01± 0.56%) and survival (94.40±13.57%) compared  to  the  control  and treatment 2 (p<0.05). Also, the highest activity of amylase (199.50±17.70 U/mg protein) and protease (362.50±13.52 U/mg protein) were observed in 5×106  yeast cells/ g  diet (P<0.05). This study shows that the use of S. cerevisiae 3×106 and 5 ×106 yeast cell/ g feed can have positive effects on growth performance, feed utilization, body chemical composition and digestive enzymes activities of M. cephalus.

In order to survey on effects of  dietary Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract on common carp 180 Fish with average weight of 10.84±0.063 were divided into four groups  with three replicates (each replicate with 15 fihs), and fed with different levels of dietary Thyme extract including 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 % for 70 days. At the end of rearing period 30 fish from each group were exposed to 13 ppt sea salt for 12 hours and were studied for hematological parameters. In this regard, sampling were done in times of  before salinity stress and 6, 24, 72 hours post salinity stress from caudal peduncles.  In this study supplementary thyme extract in food has no effects on growth performance after rearing period (P>0.05). in hematological study, after salinity stress hematocrit levels in treatments 0.5 % was increased compared to control group (p<0.05). And so hematocrit value in fish of treatments 1% and 2% groups were calculated significantly higher compare with control,  72 h post salinity stress (p<0.05). Hemoglobin levels just in the treatment groups were significantly increased after salinity stress  (p<0.05).The white blood cells (WBC)  and red blood cell (RBC)counts and so hematological indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC value) had no significant difference among all studied fish (P>0.05). Totally in this study supplementary 0.5, 1 and 2 % dietary thyme extract has no effect on growth performances and hematological parameters in common carp in salinity stress situation.

The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with green tea catechin on growth performance, metabolism, and some mucosal immune parameters in crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Seventy-two healthy fish with mean weight 8.03 ± 0.36 g were randomly distributed into three treatment groups with three replicates in each group and 12 fish in each aquarium. Fish in treatment groups were administrated with 100 and 500 mgkg-1 catechin for 45 days. Results showed that growth performance did not change in treatment groups compared to the control group (P>0.05). Serum biochemical parameters including glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels in both treatment groups decreased with respect to the control group (P<0.05). Mucosal immune parameters, namely lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase showed higher activity in both treatment groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). In contrast, protease activity increased in higher dose group in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). The results indicated that green tea catechin, especially at 500 mg kg-1, could exert beneficial effects on some biochemical parameters and skin mucosal immunity in crucian carp.

This study was carried out to evaluate the combined effect of culture system (biofloc and no-biofloc) and dietary additives (control, Yucca schidigera, Conocarpus erectus and Paulownia fortunei) the feed and growth performance, enzyme activities and culture water quality of Litopenaeus vannamei. White leg shrimp with an average weight of 1.47 ± 0.07 g and 7.00± 0.37 cm were stocked into 24 tanks with 50 L capacity for 30 days. The experiment was based on a completely randomized design with 8 treatments by triplicate including; Biofloc +1% herbal extracts Yucca (BY), Conocarpus (BCO), Palonia (BP), Control (BC) and Without Biofloc+ 1% herbal extracts Yucca (Y), Conocarpus (CO), Palonia (P), Control (C). There were no significant differences in shrimp production parameters between treatments. The highest weight (4.66 ± 0.14 g) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (0.92 ± 0.04) were obtained for shrimp reared in BCO. The highest levels of amylase, lipase and protease are obtained in the Y and BY treatments. Yucca extract in the diet leads to a reduction in ammonia. The results showed that Conocarpus erectus extract could be used to enhance growth and Yucca schidigera extract to improve water quality in Bio-floc system.