جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « گردشگری » در نشریات گروه « آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع »

Limiting bioclimatic conditions, destructing natural tourist attractions, displacing the tourism calendar, climate change, and global warming may also displace tourism territories to different degrees (Xiu Xia et al., 2023). The findings of various studies assert that due to the increase in temperature, heat stress, and the deterioration of the bioclimatic conditions in the Mediterranean, Malaysia, and America, favorable areas for tourism have been moved to northern latitudes (Jong et al., 2023; Matzarakis & Amelung, 2008). The assessment of the effects of climate change on Iran's tourism also indicates an increase in the locational changes of favorable tourism sites and the shift of tourism classes from excellent or ideal to desirable and suitable due to the increase in temperature and droughts (Sobhani & Esmaeilzadeh, 2020; Moradjani, 2022; Abedi & Sedaghat, 2022; Farajzadeh & Ahmadabadi, 2010).Located in southwestern Iran, Khuzestan Province is regarded as a region with extensive and concentrated tourism capabilities, whose geographical features have led to the formation of mountain, plain, sea, desert, and even desert landscapes. Moreover,Khuzestan plain is known as the cradle of ancient and historical civilizations that continue to the coast of the Persian Gulf, where the cold months of the year (November to April) make the site a suitable place to visit (Borna, 2018, Rahimi et al., 2019). However, the temperature rate has been increasing by one to three degrees from 2017 on (Mohammadi et al., 2024), placing some restrictions on the tourism calendar. Therefore, climate change (2020–2080) may exert an adverse influence on tourism territories in their golden visiting time. Considering the status of tourism in the prospective development of Khuzestan province and the high sensitivity of such potential to climate change, this study sought to investigate the effect of climate change on tourism in Khuzestan province through a temporal-spatial comparative study using the thermal comfort index coefficient.Study Area: Covering an area of approximately 64236 square meters, Khuzestan province is located in southwestern Iran, whose average annual temperature varies from 15 °C in its northern regions to 26 °C in its southern regions. Moreover, more than 85% of the province’s area measures less than 500 square meters, and 15% of the province falls within the north and northeast mountainous regions. As the province possesses great tourism potential, special tourism development plans have been incorporated into the policy documents of the province to prepare the grounds for its sustainable development. However, increasing chances of climate risks such as heat waves, dust, and floods pose a potential threat to the advancement of the tourism industry in the province. In this regard, the current study set out to investigate the change in the thermal comfort index and its territories until 2050.

Method and Data:

 To investigate the effects of climate change on the tourism calendar and its territories in Khuzestan Province, this study examined the thermal comfort index in terms of two periods: the historic period (1985–2020) and the future period (2021–2050). The index considers such climatic elements as air temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation, and wind. As for the time periods investigated, the study collected the required data regarding the climate variables recorded in the meteorological stations of Ahvaz, Omidiyeh, Aghajari, Abadan, Behbahan, Dezful, Safiabad, Ramhormoz, Mahshahr, and Masjed Suleiman. Moreover, to calculate the thermal comfort index for the future period, the study used downscaled climate data based on CMIP6 scenarios under the SSP 4.5 scenario.

Climate change and global warming have changed climatic comfort conditions and the displaced territories in Khuzestan province. Comparing the maps prepared for the 1985–2020 period with the ones prepared for the future period (2021–2050), the study found that the thermal comfort index territories have been changed in different classes and months of the year. In other words, it could be said that global warming will create a longer summer in Iranian southern regions, leading to the reduction of the geographical territories’ rank from ideal and excellent to lower classes and the movement of tourism territories. In the historical period (1985–2020), March was found to be the most ideal time for tourism. However, the findings revealed that November would be the best time for tourism in the future (2021–2050) when the province would experience the best thermal comfort index conditions. These findings are consistent with the results reported by Matzarakis & Amelung (2008), Xio Xia et al. (2023), Gössling et al. (2023), Rastegar & Ruhanen (2023), Bakhtiari et al. (2018), Shamsipour et al. (2014), Moradjani (2022), Abedi and Sedaqat (2022), and Farajzadeh and Ahmadabadi (2010).

The findings indicated that Khuzestan province will experience great changes in the future in terms of tourism thermal comfort index. In this regard, the province's thermal comfort index rank will, in the future period (2021–2050), decrease in the months of January, February, March, April, and October compared to the one found for the historic period (1985–2020), suggesting that no part of the province will have ideal conditions to attract tourists. Moreover, the conditions will be quite unfavorable in May, June, July, August, and September. However, compared to the historic period, the conditions will improve in November and December of the future period. Furthermore,  the tourism territories of the province will be limited to northern latitudes and mountainous areas in the future.The prospective changes in the monthly tourism calendar and its territories will exert a great influence on the province's tourism economy. Currently, tourism infrastructure such as accommodation, welfare services, transportation networks, and private sector investment have been prepared and developed based on the historical conditions of the climate. Therefore, the relocation of tourism territories, the weakness of facilities in new areas, and the neocolonialization of previously suitable areas will bring about great economic and social losses. Thus, it is recommended that various aspects of tourism development plans be considered based on uncertainties.

More than 40% of Iran's borders are situated on the sea and are considered desert areas. These coastal deserts are only located in three provinces: Hormozgan, Sistan, Baluchistan, and Khuzestan. There are a lot of geotourism attractions in these areas. The desert ecotourism industry, which is situated close to the ocean and open sea, has a significant impact on the economy of the local desert communities and increasing the gross domestic income of Iran. Qatar is known as the center of coastal desert tourism in the world. Although there is a lot of potential in these southern provinces, the coastal desert tourism industry in Iran remains undeveloped and neglected. The tourism industry accounts for more than 50% of the economy in developed countries with a sea border. Visiting the natural and visual attractions of the beaches, particularly the neighboring desert beaches, is a major source of income for both domestic and foreign tourists every year. The economic contribution of sea-related industries, particularly tourism, to Iran's economy is less than 0.01%. The tourism industry, particularly the desert tourism branch, has not been growing and developing despite the high capability of desert attractions and ecosystems, unfortunately. Assessing the ecological potential and merit of arid and semi-arid areas is a process that aims to promote appropriate and harmonious development. with nature, regulate the relationship between man and nature. This assessment is an effective way to get a plan for sustainable development. Development plans can be made in harmony with nature by identifying and evaluating the ecological characteristics in each region. This research aims to assess the suitability of land and its environmental capacity for optimal use, taking into account factors such as characteristics of vegetation and fauna, topography, soil science, climate, access to roads, cities, and water sources, etc. to examine their limitations for exploiting the desired deserts.
 
The Hemag protected area is situated in Hormozgan province It is located in between the geographic coordinates of 25° 24 ʹ to 28° 57 ʹ north latitude and 53° 41 ʹ to 59° 15 ʹ east longitude from the Greenwich Meridian and can be found in the north of Bandar Abbas city and the southern part of Haji Abad city. This protected area with an area of 100,509 ha, consists of parts of the huge Hemag mountain range. The climate of this region is different from that of other parts of
 
Hormozgan province due to its mountainous nature. To determine the suitability of desert tourism in the region, FAO's restrictive guidelines were used by using GIS. After determining the effective factors and ranking them, the most significant effective factors from FAO (1991) were added to the model. Six sub-models were established, with topography (height and slope), soil (soil texture), climate, water resources, vegetation, and natural attractions being the most important. Slope is an important parameter in determining the degree of sustainability. Makhdoom (2012)'s sustainability classes for extensive recreation indicated that the slope factor's sustainability classes were classified in the tourism model of the region. The elevation parameter plays a significant role in tourist use by affecting the characteristics of temperature, quality, density, and diversity of vegetation, leading to a beautiful landscape and pleasant climate.
 
The model results show that the S1 class covers 35,498.1 ha (39.39) while the S2 class covers 32097.35 ha (30.6). The S3 class received 18983 ha (20%), while the N class received 3821.05 ha (4.3%). The results of the sustainability classes of the height model show that 235.3 ha out of the area of 90400, have a height of more than 1800 m and in the sustainability class S1. About 424.2 ha (25.31%) ranked in the sustainability class S2 with an elevation between 1400 to 1800 m, and 5.27936 ha (90.30%) is put in the sustainability class S3 with an elevation between 1000 to 1400 m. There is approximately 841.1460 ha (61.1%) that falls under the N sustainability category and is located under 1000 m elevation. According to the suitability classes of the soil model, 13442.5 ha (14.8%) are classified as S1 class. The S2 competence class accounts for 74949 ha (82.91%), while the N sustainability class accounts for 2008 ha (22.2%). According to the final tourism sustainability model, 39,022 ha (43.17%) are classified as S1 sustainability class out of 90,400 ha. The S2 sustainability class holds 35,822 ha (39.63%), while S3 sustainability class holds 8.8 6236 ha (6.9%), and N sustainability class holds 9319.01 ha (10.3%). According to the final model's results, the region is in the medium sustainability category for desert tourism. The region's tourism and desert tourism are restricted by certain factors that increase and decrease. Many researchers have found that the slope is a significant factor in the capacity of an area for recreation and desert tourism. According to the habitat suitability map of the carnivore, the highest concentration is found in the low suitability category. In the region, there are also herbivores including Gasella benetti and Ovis orientalis, and the results indicate that these herbivores are very suitable for sustainability in the region. The more wildlife that is present, the more attractive these areas are to tourists. The most significant reason for the lack of suitability in terms of numbers was the lack of wildlife in the region, according to the results of the suitability test.

Evaluate non-market functions and services of the environment, including tourism for many reasons, including the recognition and understanding of environmental and ecological benefits by humans, presenting the country's environmental issues to decision makers and planners, adjusting and modifying the set of national calculations such as GDP It is important to nationalize and prevent the indiscriminate destruction and exploitation of natural resources.The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic value of rangeland tourism function of 4 villages of Maneh and Samolghan counties of North Khorasan province, using conditional valuation method. the logit model was estimated using the maximum likelihood method. The required data were collected by completing 133 questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with visitors from all four areas. The sample size was obtained using Cochran's formula and the sampling method used is random sampling. Based on the results of the model used to determine the factors affecting the value of tourism in the region, the variables of marital status, employment status, proposed amount and rangeland attractiveness are significant at 5% probability level and effective factors in the WTP rate of visitors to use rangelands Are studied. the average WTP as input price for each visitor to use the rangelands of the region was 5880 Tomans and the recreational value of each hectare of rangelands in the region was 49556 Tomans per year. the rangelands of the studied villages have significant tourism value, which can help plannersand executives in planning, protection and sustainable use of rangelands in the region.

Rangelands are ecosystems with various services and functions in addition to providing forage. Among the most important uses that can be made of rangeland are tourism, livestock grazing, and beekeeping. In this study, livestock grazing, tourism in customary systems, beekeeping, and exploitation of medicinal plants in the Lar Absar rangeland of Mazandaran were studied, and the suitability of the rangeland for each type of use was scored. Rangeland management methods and grazing systems were presented according to the condition and orientation of the rangeland and taking into account soil limiting factors. Then, the priority of using the rangelands was determined for each of them. Expenses, income, and net profit for each type of use were calculated based on market day conditions and the exchange rate in 1400 for 100 days. The results showed that livestock grazing is one of the appropriate exploitations in Lar Absar rangeland, and the best grazing livestock (according to vegetation and environmental factors) is sheep. Some types of plants can be well managed by using the natural grazing method and another part of the rangelands with the balanced grazing method and intermittent and delayed grazing systems in order to increase the level of productivity and improve the condition of the rangelands and with a plan for the productivity of the management. It is possible to properly and cheaply manage the rangelands of this system and improve its plant composition. The results showed that if livestock grazing is done in the rangelands, 42.7 million Tomans of income will be grazed, and tourism, beekeeping, and extraction of medicinal plants will be implemented. Around 380 million Tomans (15200 $) will be added to the ranger income. This increase in income can improve the livelihood of the user. In rangeland, fencing, beekeeping, the use of hives, and medicinal use, the machine for harvesting medicinal plants is recommended.

Income-generating industrial tourism is economically viable, with social and cultural exchange, and at the same time contains the least environmental pollution. Geotourism was first used in the early 1990s to study a special place containing obvious geological and geomorphological phenomena. Today, the development of tourism around the world has attracted a lot of attention because tourism has become an industry that brings many benefits to both the host and the visitor. This industry has become the main source of income, employment, private sector growth and infrastructure development in many countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the capabilities and capabilities of geotourism in Khatirkuh region located in Savadkuh city of Mazandaran province using the combined SWOT-ANP and QSPM analysis. 

In terms of the work steps, this research is descriptive-analytical. The method of data collection was library and survey type field studies (interviews and questionnaires) and the theoretical framework was also done using documentary method. In order to carry out the research, a questionnaire containing 83 questions was divided into four parts: economic, social, environmental and ecological and the ability of geotourism, and some questions related to suggestions and solutions are given at the end of the questionnaire. The designed questionnaire, after its reliability and validity test, was given to 71 local people, employees, experts and students, and each of the questions in the questionnaire were designed as four options based on a Likert scale. Then, using SWOT model, the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the region in the field of geotourism were identified and prioritized and prioritized using the network analysis process method. Finally, geotourism development strategies were identified using SWOT-ANP. 

The results showed that the total weighted scores of strengths (S) and weaknesses (W) were 2.881 and 2.549, respectively, and the total weighted scores of opportunities (O) and threats (T) were 2.922 and 2.39, respectively. Given that the total SO scores are higher than the WT, an appropriate strategy for geotourism development planning in the region would be an aggressive strategy. Also, based on the results of quantitative strategic planning method (QSPM), the prioritization of these strategies with total points of 29.283, 28.350, 27.744, 26.877 and 26.534 respectively include ST6, SO1, SO7, WO2 and WO1 strategies. Financial resources for developing the region's tourism infrastructure, investing in infrastructure, creating new jobs for indigenous peoples, investing well in cultural sectors, and educating indigenous peoples to connect with tourists were identified more than other strategies. 

Considering the priority of the proposed strategies for the region, it can be said that for the sustainable development of geotourism, incentives should be considered for the private sector of Khatirkoh region, because private investors are looking for more income by entering this industry, and this is their issue. makes it necessary to provide appropriate services. Unfortunately, there is not much incentive for the participation of the private sector in the tourism industry, especially in the field of geotourism in Iran and naturally in the Khatir-Kuh region. If the problems caused by not handing over to the private sector and infrastructure facilities are solved, we will witness a more sustainable development in the region.

Ecosystem is a platform for economic and social development and in fact a support for sustainable production in any society, so that its exploitation is essential and unavoidable. One of the important subdivisions of ecosystems is pastures. The management and development of tourism in pastures can reduce the pressure on the rangeland by creating and improving the livelihood of the beneficiaries. Based on this, the purpose of this research is to formulate a solution to achieve sustainability in the pastures of Derkash village, Maneh and Samalghan counties, Razavi Khorasan province. First, by filling out the letter and interviewing the local stakeholders (135 of the tourist areas), the requirements for the formulation of direct standards were converted using the simple random sampling method in collecting people. In the next stage, the questionnaire was completed and in the form of a SWOT questionnaire, it was placed at the disposal of 45 experts and experts related to the exploitation of pastures, so that coefficients and scoring can be done by them. SWOT analysis was used to formulate strategies for achieving sustainable tourism, and finally the extracted strategies were prioritized by the QSPM matrix. The results showed that the cases of "advertising to attract tourists and registration of accommodation in online sites for booking, implementation of the standards considered by tourists (especially parking), creation of handicraft markets and village products (such as honey) to create supplementary income for interest vector and cultural and social education of the residents of some villages to accept and attract tourists are the first to fourth priorities in order to achieve sustainable tourism in the pastures of the studied area.

Organizational cooperation is a concept that responds to the growing interdependence among individuals and organizations. This concept is regarded as a key factor in environment management and tourism development, which organizations, institutions and individuals create a structure by participating in a wide range of activities, and with the aim of maximizing co-creation value and achieving sustainable growth. The purpose of this research is investigation of cooperation network and determining the role and position of different individuals and organizations in environmental management and tourism development of Qeshm Island. To this end, the present study used network analysis, which is a new approach to solving multi-dimensional problems and management. Also, we analyzed Organizational interactions of individuals with using questionnaire tool and Ucinet and Netdraw software. The results showed that the most people connected with the organizations Qeshm free zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment, which have respectively 30 and 25 degree centrality and 582/897 and 566/541 betweenness centrality. Also, most people cooperate with the organizations Qeshm free zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment, which have respectively 35 and 34 degree centrality and 514/735 and 536/736 betweenness centrality. In other words, Qeshm Free Zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment are the only two organizations that people have most cooperative with them. Therefore, the cooperation network of individuals with other organizations related to environmental management and tourism needs attention and strengthening of cooperation.

One of the most important services of mangrove wetland ecosystems Avecenniamarina, Forssk. Vierh in addition to protecting the beach from sea waves, reducing fine dust and preventing coastline erosion, is their high visibility feature. The present study was down in the framework of the FAO instruction to determine the land evaluation. The method limitations of conditions in the situation and quality of the land were used to combine degrees of merit to identify the environmental factors include strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threat, prioritize factors, providing solutions, and strategy with the aim of developing sustainable tourism in the area. For this purpose, matrix assessment internal factors (IFE), evaluation of external factors (EFE) and matrix strategy formulation were used. Finally, the strategies were prioritized according to the results of the QSPM matrix (strategic quantitative evaluation matrix). Results show that about 61.1% of the area has S1 class and appropriate tourism and 18 % of the Koleghan basin in the S3 class and has merit low for tourism, 12.48% in the N class with the lack of merit for tourism and finally the S2 class with an area of equivalent to 8.45% of average merit of tourist up give. Temperature, soil, elevation, access paths, distance to city and welfare facilities are factors enhancing merit area study for tourism. The results obtained in the other method show that in the Koleghan basin, 10 parameters were identified as strengths, with a mean score of 0.618 and 6 parameters identified as a threat If we use the capacity of the strength and efforts to addressing the threat factors, this area with Avecennia marina, Forssk. Vierh ecosystem will create a very good tourism opportunity.

The base of current environmental problems can be addressed in irresponsible behavior humans around nature. These behaviors appear that are influenced by different factors in the environment. The natural and humanity are bedded of tourism activities. Then maybe behaviors and unsuitable tourism activities have negative impacts and subject to vulnerable them. This research aim to modeling the environmental behaviors of tourists in Birjand city was applied. In the method of this research In order to assess the behaviors of tourists (dependent variable) evaluate the influenced factors such as cognition, satisfaction, theory, and involvement activity (independent variables) using spread the questionnaires among tourist in Birjand natural and cultural attractions. So, after the query of the tourist’s community in Birjand city during the first six months of 1398, the results were analyzed by linear regression with SPSS 13.0 software. Analyze of Spearman and Pearson were appeared the high correlation among the studied factors. In achieved behavior model from regression analysis in tourist’s community showed the cognition of tourists and their satisfaction of tourism places and natural attractions have a high impact on behavior. While the theory and involvement activity have no impact on the behavior model. In this behavior model, the value of R and R2 achieved 0.99 and 0.98 respectively that shown the high prediction power of the model. The others of the result’s research are a significant effect on behavior in gender, age and education levels in the studied tourist community. It seemed the environmental behavior was due to subjectivism factors. So, it needs to execute to improve the responsible behavior in tourists and create the theory and involvement activity, education and promotion measures of the relevant organization.

The protected areas are managed by ecological targets including ecological and biological protection of nature and at the same time the goal of tourism use. The management of natural ecosystems in protected areas and where tourism creates many environmental impacts is a global challenging issue in the field of protection. The aim of this study is to model the vegetation canopy cover reduction in Qhamishloo national park and wildlife refuge in order to evaluate the impact of tourism using artificial neural network to determine the influence of the ecological variables and severity of tourism on protected areas. This study has been performed in Qhamishloo national park and wildlife refuge with an area of 10 hectares intensive tourism zone and 100 hectares extensive tourism zone. In this study to evaluate the impact of tourism on vegetation canopy cover reduction, 100 inventory sample plots were used to measure ecological and tourism variables and vegetation canopy cover density changes along one year (spring 2017-2018). Artificial neural network modeling method has been used to predict the reduction of vegetation canopy cover density using 11 environmental variables. According to the results, the model with the structure of 1-8-11 (11 input variables, 8 neurons in hidden layer and 1 output variable) with regard to the maximum coefficient of determination in the three categories of training, validation and test data set which equal 0.95, 0.87, and 0.93 respectively, declare the best function of structural optimization. On this basis, the intensity of tourism, land slope, soil salinity, soil depth and percentage of organic matter of soil with the coefficient of determination of 8.59, 2.02, 1.88, 1.81 and 1.65 respectively show the highest effect on the vegetation canopy cover reduction in the region. The proposed model in this study provides a decision support system in tourism impacts assessment in the protected areas and enables prediction of the vegetation canopy cover reduction in recreational zones of national parks.

Development of economic activities, population growth, increased life business and higher levels of living standards, increased demand for natural environment and cultural and tourism needs. Taq-e Bostan Collection is one of the most unique monuments of Iran and the world. This historic collection of Kermanshah province was one of the attractions that every year is host to a large number of domestic and foreign tourists. This study eco-tourist value in predicting needs, eliminate deficiencies and develop tourism in the area.
Data for the factors affecting the willingness to pay and the value of the collection in 1393, through questionnaires and interviews with visitors from this collection were collected in 1047.
The results showed that two factors of gender and visitors from the study are the variables that are willing to pay significant relationship with the age, education, cost of transportation, household size, household income, number of visits, time Visitors travel time and vehicle type (personal or public) is one of the factors affecting willingness to pay and willingness to pay, had no significant effect.
The average willingness to pay for each visitor was 4585 USD per visit. In addition to the satisfaction of the utility of first priority (with significance = 0) and sex are the last priority (with significance = 0.121) in the willingness to pay, respectively.

Developing the recreational activities and ecotourism is one of the approaches to reach sustainable development. Termination of the recreational values and potentials as well as planning in this case lead to increase economic income. Gavkhooni is an attractive place which has a high potential for ecotourism. In this study, the recreational factors and the priorities of recreational places in the region determined by the Analytic Hierarchy process method. The main factors that influence recreations were determined and then each pair of them were compared by local data via the questionnaires. Then, four places were selected in the region and the score of each place with respect to the factors were determined via questionnaires. Then the priorities of recreational activities were determined through comparison of the tourist's interests. The results showed that the beautiful landscapes are the most important factor for recreation and the Dunes are the first priority for recreation in the region. The recreational activities scored with respect to the tourist's interests. Finally, the managerial hints for improving the ecotourism were presented.

Kavir National Park, 420000 ha of Iran arid and semi-arid Rangelands, located 50 Km far from south of Tehran. According to Conflicting concepts of traditional animal husbandry in protected area, this study has been done to determine economic benefit of tourism in the framework of multiple-use of Rangelands. Travel-Cost Method (TCM) has been applied to estimate the economic benefit of the park area. Closed-answer Questionnaires has been used to collect TC data and to extract TCM essential components. First of all, the surrounding region of the park has been classified into 5 concentric sub-regions, according to travel costs statistical analysis and related travel departures. Then the visitor’s demand function has been estimated, using average travel costs against number of the visitors per 100 thousands of residents from the sub-region. Using the demand function and establishing an assumed entrance fee, number of expected visitors has been estimated in the fees, started from 5000 Rial up to 170000 Rial. Then, new demand functions established on the basis of the assumed entrance fees against the expected number of visitors on weekends, both for all visitors and the visitors just from Tehran. Economic value has been estimated by calculating integral of the later demand functions, is about 23668000 Rial and 31808500 Rial for the all visitors and the visitors from Tehran, respectively. These are about 12.5 and 16.6 Rial per ha per year respectively. The method is very simple while it presents a quantitative index to valuate economic benefits, from natural land. Also, it is recommended to employ “Willingness to Pay” and "Opportunity Cost” Method to valuate economic benefits of natural Rangelands.