جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "environment" در نشریات گروه "آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع"

Environmental education is vital for the perspective of sustainable development (Paviotti-Fischer et al., 2023) because problems in this area threaten the sustainability and survival of our planet. It is a way to increase awareness of the current environmental situation among future citizens and to instill preventive behaviors in education in the form of lesson concepts in this field. Learning environmental concepts will not only increase students' understanding of the natural world but also develop a sense of empathy and responsibility towards all living beings (Smith et al., 2023). In this regard, most experts and teachers agree that it is important to integrate environmental education into the learning process of primary school students. They considered childhood as the most appropriate age for learning environmental concepts (Sukma et al., 2020).

The method used in the content analysis of the current research was Shannon entropy, and the unit of analysis was pages (text, questions, exercises, and images). The statistical society included all the basic textbooks of the elementary course in the academic year 2019-2020, and the statistical sample of this research included Persian courses, mathematics, experimental sciences, heavenly gifts, social studies, information technology, thinking, and research.

The findings from the data analysis show that while paying attention to the components of sustainable environment in the textbooks, each of the indicators of the aforementioned components has been given unbalanced attention, and the textbooks have not covered the components of the sustainable environment to a certain extent. According to the findings of the study, the share of each environmental component in the total number of books in the elementary school was, in order of points, the environmental component of soil (7823), water (2731), and air (2006), and sound (1471). But according to the resulting data of entropy (Ej), importance coefficient (wj), and the rating of sustainable environment components in textbooks, the entropy index of water is equal to 0.82, air index is equal to 0.85, soil index is equal to 0.75, and sound index is equal to 0.52. Taking into account the importance coefficient and rank, it can be said that air, water, soil, and sound indicators have received the most to least attention in the content of textbooks, respectively.    

Environment is one of the hot topics of world politics. It is only the necessity of survival that forces man to emphasize this word in order to be the savior of the earth and its creatures by preventing the disruption of the harmony of the natural system ruling the earth. Earth, water, and humans are three connected arms of life that must be kept in balance and harmony. The collapse of one of these arms destroys the entire framework of the philosophy of life on earth. Environmental education is one of the knowledge, tendencies, values, and skills through which students can individually and collectively solve environmental problems. In fact, environmental education is a permanent process during which students acquire the necessary awareness, values, tendencies, skills, and experiences about the environment around them, and through it, they can solve problems related to the current and future environment as they will be able to meet their current needs without threatening and jeopardizing the interests of future generations. Accompanying the content of textbooks with environmental and educational theoretical and practical issues and components of these concepts will help students maintain and achieve the concept of survival. Therefore, in this regard, we can use new methods in education in the primary period, such as memorization and learning through cooperation, drama methods, group discussion methods, innovation model, inductive thinking model, and brainstorming method. Therefore, the presentation of projects such as environmental assistants, which means choosing primary school students as environmental guardians, will strongly accompany them in the direction of preserving the environment, which is a useful and efficient idea.

Rivers, as vital water resources, play an essential role in maintaining the health of the environment and living organisms. The rivers bordering the Caspian Sea are recognized as the most accessible surface water sources and, unfortunately, are often utilized as dumping grounds for pollutants. These rivers have a close connection with populated areas and economic activities, which is why the management issues related to them have significantly escalated. The quality of river water directly affects the health of humans and aquatic ecosystems. Pollution resulting from human activities, such as wastewater discharge, can lead to serious health and environmental problems. For example, research by Rostami and colleagues has demonstrated the negative impact of urban wastewater on the water quality of the Kanger River, which is also true for the Talaar River. These challenges necessitate multifaceted management and scientific approaches to develop protective strategies. Golamian and Yildirim's studies highlighted the impact of land-use changes on the intensity of floods and erosion, emphasizing the need for a detailed analysis of these changes. This research examines the damages inflicted on the Talaar River and provides a framework for analyzing similar hazards in other rivers across the country. The findings of this research underscore the necessity of collaboration among government agencies, local authorities, and civil society to create effective solutions for the sustainable management of water resources. By gaining a deep understanding of the existing challenges and adopting comprehensive management practices, we can help protect these valuable resources and improve the overall quality of public life.

The WRASTIC index is a systematic approach for assessing the susceptibility of watersheds to polluting surface water resources, based on key characteristics of the watershed and land use within a hydrogeological environment. This method became popular starting in 2000 and is considered one of the most comprehensive risk assessment methods for surface waters when compared to other techniques. In this approach, several factors within a watershed are meticulously evaluated to determine the sensitivity to surface water pollution, including wastewater discharge (W), effects of recreational land use (R), effects of agricultural land use (A), watershed size (S), transportation pathways (T), effects of industrial land use (I), and the extent of vegetation cover (C). The numerical values assigned to the aforementioned parameters in the WRASTIC model are used in equation to calculate the WRASTIC index value for a given watershed:
WRASTIC Index=WrWw+RrRw+ArAw+SrSw+TrTw+IrIw+CrCw
In this equation, the index (r) is used to assign scores to each parameter, while the index (w) represents the weight of the parameter. The values of (w) range from 1 to 4, and the values of (r) range from 1 to 5, with the industrial parameter being assigned a range of 1 to 8. According to the above equation, the higher the numerical value of this index, the greater the potential for pollution within the watershed. It is worth noting that for a better and more accurate assessment, the input of professionals should be utilized.

The results of the WRASTIC index assessment for the watershed of the Talaar River indicate a medium sensitivity to pollution, with a score of 5.26. This score raises concerns regarding the influx of urban and industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, and the discharge of sewage from soakaway pits. These pollution sources pose a significant risk of severe contamination to the river, leading to consequences such as eutrophication and a decline in water quality. Furthermore, the increasing population in areas near water resources has led to land-use changes, resulting in a higher runoff coefficient and intensified flooding occurrences. These conditions may cause serious damage to infrastructures, natural ecosystems, and public health. Another weakness of the WRASTIC index is the neglect of the status of wildlife and natural habitats that are at risk, mainly due to deforestation and poaching. These issues not only threaten the biodiversity of the region but also adversely affect the ecological balance and water quality. Therefore, there is a clear need to establish a comprehensive and new framework for more accurately assessing pollution levels and maintaining ecological balance in this area. Making informed decisions and implementing proper management practices can improve water quality and contribute to the protection of the environment and biodiversity. The sustainable management and preservation of water resources and habitats require serious attention and collaboration from all stakeholders to make the best use of these sensitive and valuable ecosystems.

Crisis management and analysis of existing challenges require precise identification of damaging factors and the development of a comprehensive framework to explain the relationships between these factors. Such a framework can assist in classifying the damages incurred and improving risk management and crisis response. By examining and analyzing the damages from both temporal and spatial perspectives, a comprehensive crisis management approach can be realized. Thus, in the Talar River watershed, the presence of multiple challenges, including declining water quality, changes in hydrological regimes, alterations in adjacent land use, disregard for riverbed and buffer zone protections, illegal constructions, soil erosion, and excessive extraction of materials, necessitate the identification, management, and prioritization of existing issues to safeguard water quality and ensure environmental sustainability.

A comprehensive examination of natural hazards in Iran highlights the country's susceptibility to extensive damage from various natural crises. Iran's unique spatial structure has made it one of the world's most vulnerable regions to environmental hazards. This research reviews the application of “resilience” in studies of natural hazards, including floods, drought, and land degradation (single-hazard studies) as well as studies that combine these hazards (combined studies) across different regions of Iran.

This study utilized a conceptual research methodology, performing a systematic review of related research documents published in Iran, such as journal articles, dissertations, and theses. The databases used included the "Scientific Information Center of Academic Jihad (SID)", "Iran’s Research Institute of Science and Information Technology (Irandoc)", "Information Bank of Iran's Publications (Magiran)", "Knowledge Reference (Civilica)", and "Google Scholar". While previous studies have often examined resilience within an established analytical framework (concept analysis), this study employed a conceptual methodology aimed at representing knowledge and analyzing data from multiple disciplines. This approach helps clarify meanings and expand operational definitions. The data were analyzed thematically, enabling a more objective examination of resilience across various scientific fields.

The first study on resilience in Iran was conducted in 1988 in a dissertation at Tarbiat Modares University, and the concept appeared in articles in "Hakim Research Journal" in 2005. However, resilience studies focusing on natural hazards, especially in rural areas of Iran, are relatively recent, mostly emerging since the early 2010s. Based on the search criteria, 1,742 scientific documents were identified, with 57 relevant articles included in the review. Most documents were found in "Google Scholar," while the fewest were retrieved from "SID." The highest number of studies was conducted in 2017 (12 studies), and the lowest in 2012, 2021, and 2022 (one study each). Data from most studies were analyzed using statistical tests with SPSS, PLS, and AMOS software, while ArcGIS was commonly used for spatial data display and zoning to prioritize study areas. Most resilience studies focused on drought (36.8%), while the fewest focused on land degradation (10.5%).

The results show that, in flood-related research, the social dimension (29.4%) received the most attention, whereas the institutional dimension (20.6%) received the least. In drought research, the economic dimension (35.4%) received the most attention, while the institutional dimension (16.7%) received the least. In land degradation studies, the physical dimension (33.4%) was the most frequently examined, with other dimensions receiving 22.2% of the focus. Overall, the physical dimension (30.8%) and social dimension (20.5%) received the most attention. By identifying key resilience components, these findings can improve crisis management, reduce damages, and support the planning of development and educational projects in Iran.

Environmental pollution is one of the most important problems that most developing countries face today, which in addition to environmental problems has negative economic and social consequences. Studies show that the shadow economy and institutional factors can be influential factors on the quality of the environment in developing countries, and few studies have been conducted on the effect of these factors on environmental pollution at the same time. The shadow economy occupies a large part of the economy of developing countries, which can affect the quality of the environment, and institutional factors can affect the quality of the environment through different channels, such as controlling and influencing the shadow sector. Therefore, the current research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the effective factors of environmental pollution in oil developing countries. Using the panel data model and the generalized least squares method for the period of 2009-2020, the results have shown that the shadow economy and the rule of law directly increase pollution and the interaction effect of the rule of law and the shadow economy has led to a reduction in pollution; Therefore, it can be expected that by controlling the shadow sector, increasing the rule of law will lead to a reduction in pollution. Also, the results have shown that corruption control has directly reduced pollution and the interaction effect of rule of law and corruption control has led to a reduction in pollution. Therefore, controlling corruption and increasing the rule of law at the same time plays an important role in reducing pollution in oil countries. Also, the results confirm the hypothesis of Kuznets for the group of oil developing countries at the beginning of the development path.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of green innovation strategies and green information system on green innovation with the mediating role of green organizational identity and environmental organizational legitimacy (Case study: Shazand Arak Petrochemical Company). This research is a descriptive survey based on the applied purpose and also in terms of method. The statistical population includes all managers and employees of Shazand Petrochemical Company of Markazi province (Arak city) were selected by available sampling method. For data collection, standard questionnaires were used. Structural equation modeling and PLS software were used to test the hypotheses and analyze the data. Examining the hypotheses of the data Green Innovation Strategies and Green Information System on Green Innovation and Green Organizational Identity and Environmental Organizational Legitimacy have been proven. The results show that the relationships between all variables of the model are significant and the proposed model is also approved. The research findings also indicate that at the 95% confidence level of green innovation strategies and green information system has a positive and significant effect on green innovation with the mediating role of green organizational identity and environmental organizational legitimacy. The results of testing the hypotheses indicate that the green identity of the organization affects the environmental commitment more than the organizational legitimacy.

Dogs are one of the most common invasive species, and due to their large population in the city and the creation of conflicts with humans, the management of this species is associated with problems. Obtaining a correct understanding of the native people's attitude is one of the first steps towards population management.In this study, the attitude of people living in Karaj city towards stray dogs was evaluated using a questionnaire and through face-to-face interviews for a period of three months. A total of 500 questionnaires were collected through simple random sampling. Based on the results obtained from the one-way analysis of variance test, people with different educational levels are completely similar in terms of their attitude towards stray dogs. Also, the results of the independent t-test to investigate the difference in attitude of pet owners and  people who did not have petstowards stray dogs, showed that pet owners have a more positive view towards stray dogs. The results of One Sample T-test showed considering that people believe that the presence of stray dogs reduces their well-being, they are not interested in their presence in the city. Finally, according to the findings of this research, it is recommended to take measures such as increasing information about not feeding stray dogs  in the city environment through mass communication media, communicating with people about the negative effects of dog ecology, for Attracting public support and providing effective management solutions to control their population.

The main goal of this research is to know the environmental perception of activists active in this field, the reasons for this perception and the solutions to increase environmental awareness from their point of view. To conduct this research, a qualitative approach was used using the grounded theory method. The field of study includes all environmental activists in Tehran who are active in the field of environment. Sampling of the research was done by purposeful sampling using the two criteria of "diversity" and "reaching the theoretical saturation point" and interviews were conducted with 40 of these people. The results showed that the understanding and imagination of environmental activists are in two categories: particularist attitude (ecological transcendental attitude, boomerang effects) and generalist attitude (human-centered and comprehensively concerned attitude). Also, the factors and reasons of this type of understanding and imagination were categorized in three levels: micro level (according to conditions and interests), medium level (including childhood socialization, environmental conditions) and macro level (passive impressionability and active participation). The strategies presented in order to understand the perceptual and behavioral interactions of the members of active environmental groups were placed in two categories: short-term mechanism (authority and coercion) and long-term mechanism (including cultural development and educational development).

The main goal of this article is to determine the position of the new ecological paradigm among the citizens of Isfahan, a paradigm whose universal nature in measuring pro-environmental attitudes can reveal the foundations for understanding the environmental issues and values ​​of the citizens of any country. Examining the relationship between belief in the mentioned paradigm and background factors is one of the other goals of this research, which can determine its position among different social groups. This research was conducted by a survey method, the statistical population of which is all the citizens of Isfahan city over 15 years of age, who were determined using Cochran's formula and a sample of 384 people were selected by quota sampling. The findings of this research showed that the new ecological paradigm is accepted among the citizens of Isfahan, with the details that they believe in the balance in nature and the limits of growth, but they have a narrow-minded view of the view that nature is for all creatures. Also, people who have higher environmental awareness accept the new ecological paradigm more. In this way, the findings of this research contain general facts and principles and can organize the efforts made for environmentally friendly education and redefine them and determine the future educational needs or reset the future environmental values.

Since any activity to improve the quality of human life is done in the environment, the state of the environment and its resources will affect the development process in terms of sustainability or unsustainability. Environmental indicators as the first evaluators of pressure on the environment, determining the state of the environment and evaluating the considered approaches, play an important role in the environmental sustainability report. Tehran and Alborz provinces are facing limited resources, increasing population growth and changing material and energy consumption patterns due to overloading of population and activity; which has caused the pressure on the environment and natural resources in these provinces to increase everyday. Therefore, in this study, the environmental sustainability of Tehran and Alborz provinces was determined with the approach of indices and Shannon entropy method. For this purpose, 13 indicators were selected for Tehran and Alborz provinces in the period of 2004-2020, which factors such as measurability and scientific suitability played an important role in collecting information. The weighting of indicators using the Shannon entropy method showed the highest relative weight with the amount of 0.392 (that is, more than a third of the total weights obtained) belongs to the fires in forests and pastures. The watershed management programs with a weight of 0.292 have been assigned the second importance. The calculation of the composite sustainability index also indicates that Tehran and Alborz provinces have seen a decline in environmental sustainability during 2004-2020. The activities carried out in the field of desertification, sewer network, and distributing chemical fertilizers have also been other effective factors to a lesser extent in the composite index in these years, which in total accounted for 16.9% of the weight of the indicators. Sustainable and community-oriented management of natural resources; Resolving legal deficiencies; completeness of detailed and operational studies of the remaining watershed management activities; and encouraging and persuading the use of organic fertilizers are recommendations of present study.

Awareness of human about the existence of environmental pollution crisis and its effects on his own destiny can have a positive effect on changing the course of these crises. Sangan mines release dust particles and pollutants into the soil and air, which will have huge consequences for environmental pollution and even endanger human Health, including the spread of skin and respiratory diseases. Environmental assessment is considered as one of the most efficient methods to evaluate and predict plans and projects on environmental components, so the present study aims to Environmental impact assessment of Mine Utilization Using Iranian Leopold Matrix (Study area: Sangan Khaf Mines). The main tool for collecting research data for the study area is a library and a field survey based on a questionnaire that was completed among the community of experts. The statistical sample population is 30 experts who were familiar with environmental issues. The results showed that the number of negative algebraic mean effects in the column is equal to 10 and the number of negative algebraic mean consequences in the row is equal to 14, among which the number of negative consequences less than -3.1 in the column is only related to the effects of dust diffusion. The most important negative effects among the environmental components are related to dust diffusion activity with an average classification of -3.1 with an algebraic sum of -50.

Nowadays, issues related to climate change and environmental degradation have almost impacted all human activities, especially in commercial, industrial, and academic sectors. In this regard, universities, as responsible parties for education, play an important role in institutionalizing the value of the environment. Therefore, the aim of this research is to model the components of a green university, which has been carried out within the framework of a mixed approach and using qualitative content analysis and structural equation modeling between the years 2021-2022. In this research, to extract the factors and indicators of a green university, interviews were conducted with 15 entrepreneurs, experts, and professors using snowball sampling. After identifying the factors and indicators of a green university, the researcher-designed questionnaire was distributed among 186 managers, deputies, and staff of the university in Ardabil. The results of data analysis showed that the factors and indicators of a green university consist of 5 main categories, 13 sub-categories, and 77 concepts, including green buildings, green research, policies, resource management, and green education, which are the main building blocks of a green university. Among them, green building, green research, policies, resource management, and green education had the highest and lowest importance with factor loads of 1, 0.98, 0.94, 0.85, and 0.73, respectively. According to the findings of this research, to manage green areas in the University of Ardabil, all sections of the university need to participate. Therefore, coordination and synergy between the functional units of the university and the responsible authorities in the field of the environment are recommended to achieve the goals of green management.

The sudden increase in population growth, followed by the restriction and scarcity of the world's supply of freshwater resources, has created new conditions for countries in the arid and semi-arid belts. To conserve, enhance and make the best use of these valuable resources, several projects have been implemented, including irrigation and drainage, flood control and dam construction. Meanwhile, dams are a very important tool to manage the river water for socio-economic development and also to improve the deteriorated ecological status of the river system and its services. Depending on place and time, dams play both negative and positive roles in environmental flows, with significant environmental costs. According to the results of the documents and reports, the construction of the dam has brought about environmental changes from various aspects of invasion and increase in invasive species to improving access to spawning habitats for migratory fish. The challenge for managers and scientists today is to better understand and manage the consequences of dam decommissioning. For this reason, the purpose of this study is to present the approaches of removing the dam on ecological changes. The results of this research can provide stakeholders in the responsible departments with valuable information about the changes in the behavior of dams on the environmental properties.

Despite the many years of implementation of the shore power solution in advanced ports of the world, the benefits of this strategy in developing countries such as Iran have not been studied yet. This research seeks to answer the question that if shore power is used in Shahid Bahonar port, what environmental benefits will be given to the beneficiaries of this port (port employees, operating companies inside the port, people who live in the vicinity of the port) . This research has been used as a developmental goal and a descriptive-survey method. The research questionnaire consisted of 5 environmental questions and 8 questions in the stakeholders' section, which were answered by 83 experts of port and maritime affairs of Shahid Bahonar Port Complex. Binomial test and Spearman's correlation were used in the data analysis section. The findings of the research showed that the use of coastal electricity for ships in Shahid Rajaei port has environmental benefits such as reducing greenhouse gas production, making life more pleasant on the coast and off the coast, reducing noise and odor pollution, developing green ports and reducing disease. respiratory, cardiovascular and cancer; And in the research stakeholders' section, benefits such as port income generation, saving maintenance and generator life, preventing inefficient electricity production through the ship's diesel generator, saving on the ship's energy bill, reducing costs by eliminating the cost of setting up the generator, Reducing the working hours of the ship's generator will bring job creation in the port and reduce electricity production costs. The result of the research proved the significant relationship between the use of coastal electricity and the reduction of air pollution by ships and the increase in the satisfaction of the stakeholders' of Shahid Bahonar Port.

The core idea of spatial data infrastructures (SDI) is based on "Design". The word "design" bears a deep philosophical meaning as it becomes a complicated yet practical tool owing to the confluence of experts from different disciplines, and not one particular science area, to borrow the people a grant of recognition/understanding and problem-solving. The primary purpose of developing an SDI is to design a designer; that is, it can design the recognition pattern and a suitable management strategy of the dynamic world for the end-users based on the input disseminated transdisciplinary data and information. Such a secondary (yet as important) design is underpinned by the synergistic conglomeration of data and information, eventually increasing the collective wisdom and co-intelligence in a society. Current research sets out to assess the applicability of designing a provincial SDI framework for the agriculture and natural resources sectors, availed by organizational coordination and the notion of crowdsourcing. Due to swift growth in farmers and, on the other hand, watershed stakeholders as a larger management unit, attaining a holistic grasp on the existing and potential strengths and weaknesses to assist such a sizeable beneficial spectrum would only be surmounted by producing and developing an SDI. Integrating SDIs with game engines would create an interactive environment, leading to a better understanding of the environment and the involved processes and converting data & information into knowledge and wisdom.

Ecotourism in addition to creating employment and increasing income prevents the outflow of human and material capital from rural areas; which, of course, has positive and negative effects. Then, according many limitations and problems in the study area, including the lack of effective employment opportunities, high unemployment and low incomes, the study of socio-economic effects of ecotourism as the most important dimension of the effects of ecotourism can take an effective step in solving these problems. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate the direct and indirect positive or negative socio-economic and environmental effects of ecotourism on local communities.

The study area is a mountainous watershed, called Balade-Nour, located in the Mazandaran Province, Nour city and in 55 kilometers from the main road of Haraz (Amol-Tehran). The summer grazing lands rangelands of this area are based on communally-council ownership. The research method is based on descriptive-analytical method. Survey data is collected from the sample heads of households and the Islamic Council of the villages. The pre-test questionnaire was used and the reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by consulting professors and experts. The main variables were determined and the final questionnaires were completed by 214 people of local communities and 9 villages by random sampling method. In these questionnaires, various variables were examined, including socio-economic characteristics of the pastoralists, technical characteristics of the rangelands and other related questions affecting the empowerment of local communities using path way analysis method. Path analysis method is commonly used in investigating the direct and indirect effects of independent variables on the dependent variable. In order to investigate the relationships between the latent variables of the research on each other, the structural equation modeling method has been used.

The results showed that the highest frequency (49.2%) of stakeholders had 50-75 years old. Most respondents (81.8%) had undergraduate degree (ill educated and illetrate). The lowest frequency (0.5%) belonged to people with master's degree or higher. Independent variables explained about 69% of the total variance of ecotourism effects. The sum of direct and indirect effects of social (0.43) and economic (0.37) indicators were the most influential positive factors on the evaluation of ecotourism effects, respectively. Then, work experience, income, and environmental factors had a negative impact on local communities, respectively. Therefore, the social factor as the most important and influential variable of the structural model of analysis both in terms of quantity and in terms of paths of influence reflects the good feeling of the local community about the arrival of tourists and the formation of social connections between people. In addition, have a good effect on the economic situation of the region, especially solving the problem of seasonal unemployment. Hence the social effects and consequently the positive effects that ecotourism has on the livelihood diversity of local communities is so effective that it increases the participation and social cohesion of individuals to work together for the benefit of ecotourism.

According to the results, social index are the main necessary factor causes empowerment the local communities of the studied region. Improving the quality of life, increasing public awareness of the value of rangelands, increasing familiarity with social rights and interest in ancient cultures and traditions, more village fame, encourage and develop people's cultural and social participation, disseminate and strengthen indigenous and local culture, reduce migration, creating opportunities for rural women to work in side jobs, familiarity of tourists and local people with different types of cultural tourism are operational and scientific solutions to encourage ranchers to provide more participation.

Organizational cooperation is a concept that responds to the growing interdependence among individuals and organizations. This concept is regarded as a key factor in environment management and tourism development, which organizations, institutions and individuals create a structure by participating in a wide range of activities, and with the aim of maximizing co-creation value and achieving sustainable growth. The purpose of this research is investigation of cooperation network and determining the role and position of different individuals and organizations in environmental management and tourism development of Qeshm Island. To this end, the present study used network analysis, which is a new approach to solving multi-dimensional problems and management. Also, we analyzed Organizational interactions of individuals with using questionnaire tool and Ucinet and Netdraw software. The results showed that the most people connected with the organizations Qeshm free zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment, which have respectively 30 and 25 degree centrality and 582/897 and 566/541 betweenness centrality. Also, most people cooperate with the organizations Qeshm free zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment, which have respectively 35 and 34 degree centrality and 514/735 and 536/736 betweenness centrality. In other words, Qeshm Free Zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment are the only two organizations that people have most cooperative with them. Therefore, the cooperation network of individuals with other organizations related to environmental management and tourism needs attention and strengthening of cooperation.

Sediment of eroded soils have different effect on environment based on amount of materials and elements. Nitrogen is an important nutrient that use a lot in agriculture and excessive use of this cause reduce the waters quality.

This project aim is measurement and comparison of soil nitrogen pollution in different land use and relation between each land use drainage pollution when weather is rainy in area of Bostankar river that is located in Shirod city one of the functions of Tonekabon of Mazandaran province. Because of this, soil was sampled from six land use; forest, Orange garden, Kiwi garden, Flower garden, Rice and Tea farms at winter and spring. Then, a water sample was taken from these lands' drainages. Eventually, for checking of Bostankar river situation, water samples wat also taken at 15 points along the river. Amount of total nitrogen, soluble and clinging were measured at water and soil samples.

Results showed that nitrogen amount in drainages at spring were increased than winter, that reason of this matter can be agriculture activities like fertilization and tillage in this period of time. Maximum and minimum nitrogen amount in spring relate to Flower garden and forest, equal 6.60 and 0.30 mg/lit, respectively.

For controlling the nitrogen output and nitrogen pollution at area of study soil, amount of nitrogen fertilizer use should be based on plant need and soil test result.

The present paper investigates soil valuation and explores the intricacies associated with the development of a standard framework for a sound soil valuation system. Drawing upon a review of studies conducted across the world, we identify the techniques commonly used in estimating the economic value of soil that best suits the conditions in Iran. The ‘ecosystem services’ and ‘total economic value’ (TEV) frameworks are being currently employed for economic valuation of environmental resources and that of soil as the main component of the environment. A variety of methods have been developed for estimating the economic profits of ecosystem services and the costs arising from ecosystem degradation. In most cases, base cost estimation involves replacement cost, opportunity cost, damage cost avoid, and replacement cost methods. Study of the implementation of these methods as well as their associated requirements including soil nutrient content and current land use as well as soil conservation and watershed management practices in use reveal that the above methods can be effectively implemented because not only the required infrastructure but also the necessary data are currently available at the state-level. A salient feature of these methods is that they guarantee more tangible and calculable advantages, basic significance for environmental resources, and non-recurrent concerns about environmental commodities; care must, however, be taken in the measurement system employed for the monetary value of resources during environmental assessment since only investment and labor revenues are taken into account while the revenues due to the exploitation of vital resources and services are ignored and never ever included in the absence of a pricing policy, which obviously causes the values of natural resources to remain unaccounted for in economic estimations.