جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آویشن » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

After harvesting, strawberry fruit is sensitive and susceptible to pathogens due to its bitterness, soft texture, high water content, and therefore has a short storage life. This study was designed and implemented in order to investigate the effect of mucilage edible coatings and plant essential oils to increase the storage life and maintain the quality of digital Paros strawberries during 12 days of storage in a warehouse with a temperature of 4 degrees Celsius and a relative humidity of 75±5%. The effect of essential oils of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) and mucilage of psyllium (Plantago ovata L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and their combination with each other were used to coat strawberry fruit. Factorial experiment in the form of completely randomized design and parameters such as percentage of decay, firmness of fruit tissue, ascorbic acid, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and acidity (pH) of fruit juice 4, 8 and 12 days It was measured after storage. Based on the results, with the progress of storage time, there was a decrease in parameters such as vitamin C, TA, tissue firmness and anthocyanin, and an increase in the decay percentage and pH of fruit juice. In general, mucilage and essential oil coating treatments alone or in combination with each other are suitable for the storage and after harvesting of Paros variety strawberries. The combined treatment of psyllium along with essential oils of thyme and ajowan having the greatest effect on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of strawberry fruits is introduced as the best treatments in this research.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the essential oil of the medicinal plant Thymus vulgaris L. in the production of probiotic dairy products by determining the viability.

Thyme essential oil is used as a flavoring agent in the production of traditional and industrial dairy products (yogurt, buttermilk, and curd). To produce probiotic products and pasteurized dairy products, bacteria are inoculated and different concentrations of thyme essential oil (0, 25, 40, 70, 100 and 130 micrograms/ liter) are added to dairy products. The viability of bacteria in dairy products is checked at specific time intervals (0, 4, 8, 12 and 20 days).

By increasing the concentration of thyme in traditional and industrial dairy products, there is a significant decrease in the logarithm of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bacteria (P<0.05). The highest viability of bacteria was observed with low concentrations of thyme in traditional yogurt, and with moderate amounts of essential oil in buttermilk and traditional curd, within 20 days. The highest viability of bacteria is in yogurt and industrial butter with high concentration and in industrial curd with a decrease in the amount of essential oil. The highest viability of Bifidobacterium bacteria is found with high concentrations of thyme in yogurt, buttermilk and traditional curd (P<0.05), also with low concentrations of thyme in industrial yogurt and buttermilk, and with high concentrations in industrial curd.

In industrial dairy products with thyme, the viability of Bifidobacterium bacteria is longer, and in traditional dairy products, the shelf life of Lactobacillus bacteria is longer.

Thyme is one of the medicinal plants that is cultivated in some parts of the world and some of its species are native to Iran. The evaluation of the phytochemical diversity of the essential oil of these species is one of the important steps in the breeding of thyme, and such diversity in essential oil compositions is caused by the different effects of environmental and habitat factors. The present research was carried out in order to understand the phytochemical diversity of the essential oil of different populations of thyme.

In this study, the percentage essential oli compounds in 15 populations (8 populations of T. kotschyanus species, 3 populations of T. migricus, 2 populations of T. fedtschenkoi and a population of T. fallax and T. pubescens) from natural habitats of northwest and west regions of Iran, were studied. In order to evaluate the essential oil percentage and components, flowers of the populations were harvested during flowering season. Identification of essential oil components was performed by gas mass spectrometer (GC/MS) gas chromatography.

A total of 27 compounds were observed in the essential oils of the studied populations, and there was considerable diversity among them. According to the results, Thymol, P-cymene, and Gamma-terpinene were the dominant components of the essential oil. The highest essential oli percentage was related to Thymol taht Bukan- Kouhbardzard (69.75%) and Barugh-Takaghaj (62.13%) had the highest amount. The superiority of West-Azarbaijan populations was significant in Thymol components. In addition, Carvacrol was high in Urmia-Qushchi (58.29%), Sardasht (44.77%), and Linalool was high in Saghez (53.21%) population. By principal component analysis (PCA) it was determined that the first three components explained 60% of the variations in the data. Also, the cluster analysis of the populations of West Azerbaijan province and Kurdistan province was divided into two separate groups. Thymol was negatively correlated with 1,8-cineole. Gamma-terpinene, which was one of the other dominant compounds of the essential oil, with 1,8-cineole and Beta. Ocimene compounds showed a negative correlation. The strongest positive correlation between 1,8-cineole with Beta. Ocimene, Caryophyllene oxide with Camphor, and Lavandulyl acetate with Camphene were observed. Alpha-thujen had the highest negative correlation with other essential oil compounds and Carvacrol did not have a high correlation with other compounds.

Bukan and Barugh case of high amount of Thymol, and Sardasht, Urmia-Qushchi and Naghadeh populations because of their high levels of Thymol and Carvacrol, are superior and can be useful in pharmaceutical industry, products and breeding programs.

Fusarium root wilt by Fusarium solani f. sp. phsaeoli is one of the most import soil borne diseases of bean crops world-wide. Currently the control of the disease using fungicides is present in most of the technical recommendations, despite the environmental side effects. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying healthy control solutions such as the use of plant essential oils and extracts. In this study, the inhibition effect of the essential oils of two plants was investigated in laboratory conditions on the pathogenic fungus. Iperidoine+Carbendazim fungicide, 1.5/1000 was used as a comparison criterion in experiments. The studied features were the speed growth rate of the fungus and the mycelial growth inhibition five concentrations of the studies plants. Results showed that MGI was 58.30 % for thyme in 100 ppm and 41.17 % for ajwain at 100 ppm. The fungicide showed the highest MGI rate at 78.53 % and thyme extracts at the highest concentration was not at the same Duncan group with the fungicide. According to the results, it can be concluded that thyme extract would be an alternative for the common fungicides to control Fusarium root wilt.

Today, medicinal plants are used in the treatment of many diseases because of their secondary metabolites. Thyme as one of these plants contains a wide range of secondary metabolites such as terpenes. Various methods have been developed to increase these materials. In classical methods, environmental factors are changed to produce the most effective substance in medicinal plants, but in newer approaches that are based on plant genetics, higher yields are observed. One of these approaches is the use of miRNAs. These miRNAs control gene expression after transcription by mRNA analysis or inhibition of their translation, and play different roles in biological and metabolic processes in plants and animals. One of the simplest and least expensive methods for identifying miRNAs is the use of bioinformatics tools and methods. To identify distinct miRNA in different species of thyme, a study based on homology search was conducted using transcriptomic data of thyme. First, this information was refined and then aligament performed against all known miRNAs in the miRBase database. After screening of results based on factors such as length and e-value level, the secondary structure of miRNAs was analyzed with UNAfold tool. Target genes were identified using psRNATARGET tool and phylogenetic relationships were investigated using maximum likelihood method and RaxML tool. In total 64 distinct candidate’s miRNAs were identified in different species of thymus and 14 miRNAs included miR172 and miR396 played an important role in terpenes synthesis and it has been proven in previous studies. The phylogenetic tree was able to show the relationship between miRNAs in different species.

The uniformity and emergence percentage of seeds have an importance role on the yield and quality of crops in the field. The aim of this research was to evaluate the seeds emergence and seedlings of three populations of the lanceleaf thyme species (Thymus lancifolius Celak) by Priming methods. In order to evaluating seed emergence and seedling vigor of three populations of (Thymus lancifolius Celak), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in Research Institute of Forests and rangelands, Tehran, Iran in 2015-2016. The factors A was including: three populations of (Thymus lancifolius Celak) and factor B were seven treatments as follows: osmopriming (PEG 0.3 and 0.6Mpa), hormonal priming (250 and 500 ppm of Gibberellic acid), Matrix priming (Vermicolit 1%) hydropriming (distilled water) and control. The emergence characteristics including of seed emergence percentage and speed of emergence, root and shoot length, vigor index, seedling fresh and dry weight were measured. The mean comparison three populations showed that all emergence traits of population 13490-Arak were more than the other two populations. The maximum emergence percentage as (81.19) obtained using vermiculite treatment. using vermiculite, seedling Fresh weight, (578.8), dry Weight, (47.78), dry matter percentage (7.82%) were more than other treatments. High speed of emergence observed as (5.82 seeds per day) with effect of Gibberellic acid 250 ppm. Regarding to result of this research work, it was proved that two Priming technique as Matrix priming (Vermiculite) and Hormonal priming (Gibberellic acid) were effective method compare with other method. Therefore these two methods are recommending for domestication and optimum establishment of medicinal plant of (Thymus lancifolius Celak).

Green synthesis plays an important role because of its involvement in unusual syntheses of metal nanoparticles from plant extracts, which have antimicrobial potential. Therefore, green synthesis of nanoparticles from plant extracts is a suitable way to produce nanoparticles. Therefore, the aim of this research was to synthesize Ag/AgCl /TiO2 three-component nanocomposite using Zataria Multiflora plant and evaluate the size and morphology of the produced nanoparticles. For this purpose, synthesis, and characterization of Ag/AgCl/TiO2, a three-component nanocomposite was done using Zataria Multiflora plant extract using UV-Vis, XRD, TEM, and FTIR techniques. Then, the characteristics of nanocomposites were investigated. The results showed that the largest diameter of the non-growth halo was observed in all studied bacteria in the nanocomposite containing 50% color and in the nanocomposite containing 5% (Ag/TiO2mol). The diameter of the non-growth halo increased from 0.5% to 3% in the film containing TiO2/Ag/AgCl nanoparticles in all investigated microorganisms. Also, TEM images showed the uniform loading of Ag/AgCl nanoparticles on the TiO2 surface. Overall, the obtained results showed that Zataria Multiflora plant extract, along with silver and titanium dioxide nanocomposites, has a high potential in producing nanoparticles with high purity, in nanometer sizes, with antimicrobial properties, which has properties in the food industry as a coating and film.

The effect of biochar and cultivation pattern on essential oil yield and nutrient content of thyme under different local irrigation methods were the most important objectives of this study.

This experiment was performed as a factorial split based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during the two crop years of 1397-1396 and 1398-1397 in the farm of Karaj Branch of Azad University. Irrigation at three levels (irrigation of all furrows, irrigation of furrows as one-intermediate and one intermittent variable), as the main factor and biochar at two levels (no use and application of biochar), and planting pattern (one-row and two-row cultivation on the ridge) as Sub-factors were considered.

The percentage of essential oil and its yield increased significantly under water stress conditions. The highest essential oil yield with 22.14 kg.ha-1 was obtained in the treatment of furrow irrigation as a constant intermediate + application of biochar + cultivation of two rows of thyme. Furrow irrigation treatments, both fixed and variable, increased the yield of essential oil by significantly increasing the percentage of essential oil. Biochar also had a significant effect on all studied traits. Water stress reduced the levels of calcium, magnesium, and iron,

Due to the positive effects of biochar in improving organic matter, physical and chemical properties as well as the availability of soil nutrients, less irrigation through constant one-intermediate furrows irrigation and application of 8 tons per hectare of biochar.

Herbal teas can be used for various therapeutic or nutritional purposes, depending on the chemical constituents. Quality control of products containing medicinal plants is important. Today, consumers' desire for herbal teas that have good aroma, taste and sensory properties is increasing. Herbal tea ingredients include one or more herbal species that are combined to improve taste and increase health. Quality control of herbal teas, like other nutritional supplements, is important to ensure safety and efficacy. Current methods are chromatography-based and require sample preparation. In some countries, researchers have used the ultra spectral imaging method as a fast and non-destructive method for quality control of medicinal plants and herbal teas. In this research, the quantitative and qualitative control of five herbal tea bags including Chamomile, Fennel, Lavender, Spearmint and Thyme were conducted. In terms of the kind of the plant, the ash content, the essential oil and their active substance were determined. Microscopic tests were carried out to ensure the type of plant, total ash and acid-insoluble ash were done with the method introduced in the references. Extraction of essential oils was done by water distillation and analysis of essential oil and determination of the major compounds was done by gas chromatography (GC). The essential oil of each sample was diluted with normal hexane solvent at a ratio of 1 to 10 and injected into the gas chromatography with the following information: Agilent 7890A GC device, injection temperature 250°C, thermal programming 60-220°C, column type HP-5MS, nitrogen as carrier gas, flow intensity 2 ml/min, temperature increase speed 6°C per minute, column length 30 meters, internal diameter 250 microns and FID detector. The ionization voltage was 70 electron volts, the ionization method was EI, and the temperature of the ionization source was 250 degrees Celsius. The temperature program of the column was set as follows: the initial temperature of the oven was 50 °C and stopped at this temperature for 5 minutes, the thermal gradient was 3 °C per minute, the temperature increased to 250 °C and stopped at this temperature for 10 minutes, the temperature of the injection chamber was 290 degree Celsius and the carrier gas was used with a flow rate of 1.1 mm/min.: By micrographic study, compatibility of the herbal contents were confirmed in tea bags with Iranian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP). According to the TLC tests results, Rf values of anethol in Fennel essential oil, linalool and linalyl acetate in Lavender essential oil, thymol and carvacrol in Thyme essential oil and carvone in Mint were 0.88, 0.3, 0.75, 0.55 and 0.5 respectively. Chamomile sample had not essential oil. The total ash and acid-insoluble ash were respectively 1% and 8% for fennel, 5% and 13% for lavender, Were2.03 % and 7.5%, respectively for chamomile, 2.5% and 8% for Spearmint and 1% and 11% for Thyme. Based on GC analysis, amount of anethole in the essential oil of fennel, carvone in Spearmint essential oil, thymol in Thyme essential oil and linalool in Lavender essential oil were 0.098, 0.621, 0.019, 0.164 gr/ ml respectively.Discussion and In recent years, people's approach to medicinal plants and their products has increased. Every year, 50% are added to people who turn to the use of medicinal plants. Participating in such a large market and creating and developing the herbal medicine industry requires special attention to the production, processing, quality enhancement, standardization and safety of these products. It should be noted that factors such as the age of the plant, place and time of harvesting, drying method, storage conditions, production process, packaging method, etc. are effective on the quality of the plant and of course its effects, and therefore quality control and standardization are important. Post-harvest processes of the medicinal plants are very important in the production cycle of herbal products. Preservation of color, smell, taste, chemical nature and quality of active substances of medicinal plants has always been important for researchers and many studies have been done in this regard in recent years. Choosing the right method for drying medicinal plants depends on the type of organ, its moisture content and the purpose of drying. Finally, in the newer technologies, the minimization of changes is focused on plant raw materials.According to the results, Rf values were corresponded with standard indicators mentioned in the references. The total ash and acid-insoluble ash of Fennel, Spearmint and Chamomile were also correspond with the values available in Iranian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (IHP) but the mentioned values for Lavender and Thyme were not in compliance with reference. It is recommended to carry out periodic tests on herbal products after entering the market (PMS) to ensure the proper quality of the products. The outcome of this study can help to establish quality parameters for the standardization of herbal teas at the supply level.Keywords: Thyme, Lavender, Chamomile, Fennel, Spearmint, Quality control, Herbal tea

Thyme species are very important due to the production of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids. Since the identification of key genes such as genes related to terpenoids biosyntesis pathway can play an effective role in plant breeding programs, especially thyme species, the present study was aimed to investigate the transcriptomes of T. daenensis, T. vulgaris, T. lancifolius, T. persicus, T. pubescens to identify key genes in the biosynthesis of monoterpenoids, chloroplast genes sequence and evaluation of similarities and differences among these species. For this purpose, total RNAs extracted from vegetative growth were sent to Macrogene of Korea for sequencing with theIllumina HiSeq 2500 platform. After assembling the sequences using various tools, the best results was selected and transcripts were documented in different databases. Then, according to the documented results, key genes responsible in the synthesis of terpenoids and chloroplast gene sequence were identified, and then phylogenetic relationships among species was investigated. According to the evaluation indicators, the best assembly was a product of Binpacker tools. Based on the results, the sequence of 10 genes involved in the synthesis of terpenoids was obtained. Interestingly, among the identified TPSs, most of the contigs were classified into the TPSb and TPSa classes of terpenoids. The sequence of 73 chloroplast genes was extracted from the transcriptome data and finally the phylogenetic relationship was evaluated according to 400, 70 bp of cpDNA. The study of phylogenetic relationships showed a close genetic relationship between T. daenensi and T.vulgaris which can introduce T. daenensis as an appropriate replacement for T. vulgaris in different purpose, especially in pharmacological applications. The results show that Z. multiflora can most probably be as one of the ancestors of Thymus, which is significantly different from Thymus species in terms of its genetic structure, especially the key genes of the terpene biosynthesis pathway.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Thyme and Garlic powder on the quantity and quality of production, and some blood parameters on 128 hens of Hyline breed, Strains of W36 at 46 weeks of age. The experimental design was Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and four replications in 12 weeks and each experimental unit contains 8 laying hens in two cages. Treatments include (1) Blank diet without thyme and garlic, (2) Diet contain of thyme 0.5% with garlic 1%, (3) Diet contain of thyme 1% with garlic 1%, (4) Diet contain of thyme 1.5% with garlic 1%, in diets based on corn and soybean meal. Studying the results of qualitative and performance traits data showed there were not significant differences between treatments (P≥0.05). Numerically the highest daily egg product mean (53.56 g) and the amount of daily feed intake (92.63 g) and egg weight mean (62.67 g) is related to the treatment No.3, while the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.72) and the highest production percentage (85.86) is related to the treatment No.1. The blood characteristics with 1 percentage of mixed thyme and garlic powder was high significant Compared to other treatments and Blank(P>0.01).In general it can be concluded that qualitative and performance traits of egg were not affected by different levels of thyme and garlic powder but unlike Uric acid blood parameters(Total protein and Albumin) showed significant improvements.

 The Genus Thymus is one of the most important genera of the Lamiaceae family. According to Jalas (1971), Thymus is divided into eight sections: Micantes, Mastichina, Piperella, Teucrioides, Pseudothymbra, Thymus, Hyphodromi, and Serpyllum. About 18 species exist in some areas of Iran and most of them belong to Serpyllum Section and kotschiani Subsection. Chromosomal information is an important key for taxonomy, phylogeny, evolution, genetics and breeding in thyme. Therefore, this work was carried out to study the cytogenetic characteristics of genus Thymus belonging to the Subsection Kotschyani for breeding purposes and taxonomy.

Seeds were collected from 5 wild populations and germinated on wet filter paper at 20 oC. One cm long roots were pretreated with 8-hydroxyquinolin and then washed in distilled water and fixed in carnoy solution for 24 hours. Hydrochloric acid (1N) was applied for 7 min to hydrolyze the roots. Staining was done by orcein for 24 h at room temperature. Stained roots squashed in one drop of 45% acetic acid and examined by a ZEISS Axiophot compound microscope. Cells in metaphase stage were photographed with a D450; Canon Inc. Japan digital camera. Ten well prepared metaphasic cells were selected and some chromosomal characteristics such as total chromosomal length (TL), long arm length (L), short arm length (S), the arm ratio (AR) [LA/SA], and centromeric index (CI), were measured using Micro Measure ver. 3.3 software. The following karyological parameters were determined: total chromosome form (TF%), intrachromosomal asymmetry index (A1) and interchromosomal asymmetry index (A2). Karyotypic characteristics have been determined using the symmetry classes of Stebbins (SC). Karyotype formula was determined from chromosome morphology based on centromere position in accordance with the classification of Levan.

 This study reports the chromosome number and meiotic behavior of 31 populations belonging to 8 species of Thymus Subsect. kotschyani from Iran. In most species of this subsection, the base number of chromosome x = 15 and two diploid and tetraploid ploidy levels with chromosome number of 2n = 30 and 60 were observed. Only in T. migricus species, the base number of chromosome x = 14 was reported with two levels of diploid and tetraploid ploidy and chromosome numbers of 2n= 28 and 56. The chromosomes were mostly metacentric (m) or sub-metacentric (sm) in all species Among the various species with basic number of x= 15, the highest percentage of TF and the lowest amount of A1 were observed in populations belonging to T. eriocalyx (T7) indicating that this species has the most symmetric karyotypes. The lowest percentage of TF and the highest amount of A1 are in population of T. lancifolious (27) and T. fedtschenkoi (T28) species; this shows that the species has the most asymmetric karyotype among the species of this subsection. The highest amount of A2 was observed in T. eriocalyx (T7) species, indicated the asymmetry between chromosomes and chromosomal length. The difference in the number of chromosomes, ploidy levels and karyotype asymmetry in the populations and different species may be related to different environmental conditions in their habitat, pollination system (cross pollination) or polyploidy (Aneuploidy) in this genus.

 The results showed that basic chromosome number in most species is 15 (x= 15). Two ploidy levels (diploid and tetraploid) were observed among different species. Chromosomes in most species, were metacentric and sub-metacentric. Based on intra- chromosomal symmetry (A1 and TF) T. eriocalyx species (T7) has the most symmetric and most primitive karyotype and the species T. lancifolius (T27) and T. fedtschenkoi (T28) have the most complete and the most asymmetric karyotypes. Also based on inter- chromosomal symmetry, (A2) T. eriocalyx (T) species has the most asymmetric karyotype.

In order to investigate the effect of changes in irrigation cycle on yield and its components, water use efficiency, economic index of water use efficiency and net income of Zataria multiflora medicinal plant, an experiment in 2016-17 crop year, in randomized complete blocks with four levels of irrigation cycle (4, 8, 12 and 16 days), in three replications, using T-TAPE Irrigation system and was performed in Aliabad Fars region. The results showed that the effect of 8-day irrigation period was significant at 1% level on fresh weight and dry weight of plant, number of lateral branches, amount of active ingredient and harvest index and had no significant effect on plant height. The value of the final production index in relation to the depth of irrigation water for minimum irrigation (17.46 cm) was equal to 180.33 kg per centimeter of water and for maximum irrigation (75.66 cm) was 41.61 kg per cm Water came in handy. Also, in the 8-day treatment (with maximum water consumption efficiency), the values of water consumption economic index and net income were 3 and 1.5 times the executive treatment in the region (4-day cycle), respectively, and according to Stuart model, the amount The sensitivity coefficient of the plant was calculated to be 0.69. Therefore, considering the resistance and yield and capacity of thyme plant to increase the irrigation cycle in the region, the use of 8-day irrigation cycle is recommended in terms of quantity, quality and economy.

The Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) belongs to the Cucumovirus that is one of the most important viruses that infect cucurbit plants in Iran and around the world. This study was accomplished in a completely randomized design by 6 repeats to survey spraying herbal extracts, salicylic acid, and distilled water as the control on resisting cucumber plants against CMV mechanical infection in a greenhouse at the Islamic Azad University of Jahrom Branch in 2015. It was planted 4 seeds of cucumber in each pot, and at the time of inoculation 2 plants were reminded. After treatments, (including spraying of 3% thyme and Rosemary extracts, 0.02% salicylic acid, and distilled water) the plants were inoculated mechanically by the sap of an infected plant. After that, pots were checked for a month. The infection of plants examined by the ELISA test. Data analysis was done using MSTAT-C. Results showed that the herbal extracts significantly were prevented the infection rate of CMV. According to the results in salicylic acid, thyme extract, rosemary extract, and distilled water treatments inoculation rates were 33.3%, 58.3%, 66.6%, and 88.3%, respectively. There wasn’t a statistically significant difference between treatments of salicylic acid and Thyme extract, as well as, spraying with Thyme and Rosemary extracts. Considering the result of this study, it can be concluded that by application of salicylic acid and then Thyme extract, the CMV can be controlled significantly.

Greenhouse cucumber is one of the most importance economic crops in Iran and many countries of the world. Many diseases threaten cucumber, and in other words, this product is always exposed to pathogenic organisms in its living environment, in which fungi and other plant pathogens cause many losses in vegetable and summer fields in Iran and around the world. Destructive diseases that cause significant damage to vegetable and summer crops in fields and greenhouses every year are seedling death disease and plant death disease caused by Phytophthora pseudofungus. The use of plant extracts and essential oils are of great value because so far no resistance to these types of compounds has been observed in pests and diseases, perhaps the reason for this is the presence of various effective compounds in these compounds and considering. The existing problems regarding the use of fungicides, study and research on new and reliable and low-cost methods for the control and management of plant diseases is a necessity for agriculture mangment in the world. In this study, the antifungal effects of denaei thyme essential oil (Zataria multiflora) & two fungicides fusetyl aluminum & metalaxyl-mancozeb were investigated to control the disease of greenhouse cucumber caused by Phytophthora.

In autumn and winter of 2018, sampling of cucumber greenhouses suspected of contamination was done in Garmsar city, Semnan province, Iran. The pathogenicity test of pseudofungal isolates was performed. Cucumber seeds were transferred to pots after germination and having two leaves. In the three- to four-leaf stage of the seedlings, the soil near the crown and roots was removed and the colony causing Phythophthora disease was placed next to the crown. In the control treatment, only pure culture medium without pseudofungi was used. Disease evaluation was done one month later. The test of mixing these three factors (thyme essential oil & two fungicides fosetil aluminum & metalaxyl-mancozeb) was used for laboratory tests. In this research, in addition to the effect of denaei thyme essential oil, fustil aluminum and metalaxyl-mancozeb were also used in five concentrations of 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 ppm on Phytophthora pseudofungus. In order to determine the inhibition percentage of denaeithyme extract. Also,denaei thyme extract was evaluated in different concentrations including 250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm. In  greenhouse tests including pathogenicity test, evaluation of the mentioned treatments on the symptoms of the disease caused by Phytophthora sp. The activity of peroxidase, catalase & phenylalanine ammonialyase was also investigated. In tirst, the seeds of the cucumber plant after disinfection and cultivation in pots, in the stage of three to four leaves, according to the method of proving pathogenicity, respectively, the pathogen of Phytophthora sp. were inoculated (Gholamnezhad et al., 2016). After 24 hours, 50 ml of denaei thyme extract and the fungicides used in this research were added to the soil around the roots of the plants infected with the pathogen with a concentration of 1500 and 150 ppm, respectively.

The results showed that among the five fungal isolates studied in this study, isolates P1 & P5 caused more disease (78.52 & 62.68%, respectively). In the test of the effect of different treatments in preventing the growth of pathogenic fungal mycelium, a concentration of 60 ppm of metalaxyl-mancozeb fungicide with 96.32% had the highest effect in the control of the pathogen, but also concentration of 5 ppm of fossil aluminum with a rate of 12.30% had the lowest effect. . In present reserch metalaxyl-mancozeb fungicide 150 ppm by 88.60% inhibition of the pathogen and fusitel aluminum fungicide 150 ppm by 79.37% reduction of disease in the greenhouse were the best treatments during study. These results showed that to increase the effectiveness of this essential oil, it is necessary to use a higher concentration of essential oil compared to the chemical compounds studied in this study.

According to the results of this study, thyme essential oil has a high potential both in terms of antifungal power and induction of plant defense mechanisms against plant pathogens. However, the results of parametric analysis as well as analysis of variance showed that, compared to chemical compounds, higher concentrations of plant essential oils should be used to combat this disease.

The use of essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants is one of the environmentally friendly methods in the management of plant diseases caused by fungi and bacteria. The antimicrobial effect of essential oils and extracts of various medicinal plants such as thyme, cloves, savory, garlic, licorice and fennel has been proven and their active ingredient has also been identified. Based on these studies, the possibility of introducing, formulating and using essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants or any of their components with antimicrobial properties, as an alternative method of using chemical toxins in the management of fungal and bacterial diseases of plants can be provided.

thyme plants were collected and identified using available references since 30 April 2016 to 11 September 2016. After that, the voucher samples were prepared and their ethno-botanical information was collected. Their flavonoids profiles were determined using 2-dimesional and thin layer chromatography methods. Essential oil compounds were isolated using hydro-distillation method and analyzed by GC-MS to identify their constituents. In these areas, two species of Thymus daenensis and Thymus serpyllum var. squarrosus (with two populations of CEF10a and CEF10b) was observed and recorded. The results of phytochemical studies showed that these species have flavonoid sulfates and flavonoid C & C / O glycosides and no aglycones. 9 types of flavonoid compounds of Thymus daenensis and 7 types of flavonoid compounds of T.serpyllum var. squarrosus, were identified. 27 types of compounds were observed in the essential oil of T. daenensis species. They were including 17 monoterpene compounds, 4 aldehyde compounds, 2 alcohol compounds, 2 alkane compounds, 1 ketone compound and 1 sesquiterpene compound. 29 monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, alken and ketone compounds were observed in the essential oil of T. serpyllum var. squarrosus population (CEF10a) and 19 monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, alcohol and aldehyde compounds were observed in population (CEF10b).

Animal husbandry is an integral part of agriculture and has a great impact on the national economy. Livestock production is affected by many external and internal factors, and nutrition is an important part of it. Rising prices for agricultural products and feed costs for farm animals have increased the problems of this part of agriculture, and recently studies have focused on new plant-based alternative foods to solve this problem. Medicinal plants are a plausible alternative as they improve a number of vital processes in the animal body. For animal nutritionists, an eco-friendly alternative to enhance production, prevent and treat disease conditions of animal is a great challenge. Keeping livestock healthy is important to achive healthy animal products. The use of natural product like herbs, and medicinal plants are preferred over chemical compounds for improvement of overall animal health and to satisfy consumer concerns as well. Phytogenic additives and their products have a major impact on feed intake, growth, meat, milk and egg production. They also have known to increase the quality and stability of animal products.The advantage of phytogenic complements with active materials in animal nutrition could include the stimulation of appetite and feed intake, improvement of endogenous digestive enzyme secretion, activation of immune response and antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant and antihelminthic actions. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effectiveness, mode of action and commercial application of thymus as a plant feed additive in animal feed.

In this study, using thyme medicinal plant without using heat by osmotic method, sugar solution with maximum active ingredients was produced. Effects of temperature (25, 35 and 45 degrees Celsius), sucrose osmotic solution concentration (40, 50 and 60%) and sampling time (15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes) on the amount The removal of active ingredients from the plant and the change in pH values and electrical conductivity (EC) were evaluated. Then the effect of blanching with hot water in (30, 60, 120 and 180 seconds) and ultrasound (0, 15 and 30 minutes) on the osmotic processing were investigated separately. The highest EC was in the solution with 40% sucrose concentration and 45°C and the lowest was in osmotic solution with 60% concentration and 45°C. Blanching before osmosis resulted in increased pH and EC. Blanching for 30 seconds caused the greatest increase in EC. Treatment with 30 minutes ultrasound increased the pH and EC in samples compared to 15 minutes of ultrasound. The chromatographic results of the control samples and the sample containing thyme extract in sucrose solution showed the release of polar and non-polar active compounds in the osmotic solution. The release of different compounds showed a difference in their release rate during the osmosis process. Finally the results showed that the extraction of active ingredients of medicinal plants was possible by osmosis process, so that the pH and EC changed over time. The product of this research can be used in the production of beverage syrups and food. In this method, the damages of other methods of extraction of effective substances such as solvent extraction, use of heat in extraction and drying of medicinal plants such as distillation and essential oil extraction methods are minimized.

According to plant origin, different types of honey have distinct properties in various regions of Iran. The compounds of phenolic acid, flavonoid and therefore, antioxidant activities are the most important biological properties of these honey. In the present study, the aim is to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of astragalus and thyme honey in Damavand and Izeh regions. Investigation of land maps indicated that Damavand is a suitable habitat for astragalus and thyme, so the honey of these plants produced in abundance. However, these two plants are not abundant in the Izeh region, so honey samples were prepared more accurately. The quality of honey was assessed by tests to determine the total phenolic content, flavonoids, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The results indicated that the total phenolic content 23.96% to 30.03% (mg gallic acid per 100 g of honey), flavonoids 12.27% to 17.24% (mg catechin per 100 g of honey) and DPPH 44.96% to 52.89%. Thyme honey has the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial (19.41 mm) activities. The highest susceptibility observed in Shigella dysenteriae (20.21 mm). In general, the results indicate that the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of honey samples vary according to the origin of the honey flower and the target region.