جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رطوبت » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

External and internal damages to seed, due to mechanical forces from processing machines, lead to a decrease in the percentage of germination of seeds. With the aim of increasing the efficiency of saw gin machine in separating the fibers from the seeds in the cotton lint, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Levels of experiment factors were rotational speed of saws in gin machine at three levels; 300 rpm (S1), 350 rpm (S2) and 400 rpm (S3), seed moisture content at three levels; 3-5% (M1), 6-8 % (M2) and 8-10% (M3), and the cotton seed variety at two levels of Hekmat (V1) and Golestan (V2). Cotton seeds length, width, thickness, geometric mean, and sphericity coefficient were measured. Also, the seed skin thickness index, the amount of visible trash on the seed and fibers, the material capacity of saw gin machine, the seed germination, seed emergence rate, seed vigor index, and relative ion leakage were determined after processing the cotton lint in the gin machine. After data analysis of variance, treatments means were compared with Duncan's multiple range tests and regression equation between test treatments (independent variables) and measured parameters (dependent variables) were done. The results showed that S1M2V2 and S1M1V1 treatments produced the highest and lowest material capacity with 2.40 kg h-1and 1.90 kg h-1, respectively. Considering the same rotational speed and moisture content, the material capacity of the machine in Golestan variety was 12.22% higher than that in Hekmat variety. The regression equations showed that in Hekmat variety, with the increase in the rotational speed of saws in gin machine, the percentage of seed germination increased and the seed vigor index decreased. In the Golestan variety, the regression equations also showed that increase in the rotational speed of saws in gin machine, decrease in the percentage of seed germination and increase in the moisture content, caused an increase in seed emergence rate. Rotational speed of 350 rpm, moisture content of 6-8% and Golestan cotton variety produced the maximum germination percentage and seed germination rate with 93.67% and 24.56 seeds per day, respectively, and it is recommended.

Iran is considered a water-scarce country and a large part of its water resources evaporates. According to research, about 90% of the country's water is used in agriculture, of which more than 60% is wasted due to choosing wrong methods for irrigation and some other cases. This issue has caused the farmers to seriously face water shortage, increase in cost and decrease in the amount of cultivation. To prevent this problem, researchers have made polymers that can greatly reduce the occurrence of these problems. These polymers are called water absorbent powder. Super absorbents are compounds that can play a very effective role in water crises. On the other hand, due to the fact that absorbents are a place to store moisture in the soil, they can provide fertilizers and other inputs used in agriculture more effectively to plants. 

This study is to investigate the effect of strengthening different types of moisture absorbents (no use of super absorbent, use of natural super absorbent and use of synthetic super absorbent) with different types of hormones (no use of hormone, use of auxin hormone and use of cytokine hormone), and whole foods (no use of fertilizer, use of chemical fertilizer and use of Nano fertilizer) were on the growth and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of saffron. The experiment was conducted in two crop years 1401 and 1402 as a randomized complete block design in three replications. 

Based on the results of this study, the use of artificial and natural super absorbents, fertilizers and hormones led to an increase in flower production and stigma weight of saffron. The combination of these treatments, especially the combination of super absorbents with hormones and fertilizers, had a more positive effect on improving growth and product quality. In addition, the use of these treatments led to an increase in the content of chlorophyll and nutrients required by the plant, an increase in the percentage of safranal and antioxidant properties of the product, and an improvement in the amount of nutrients in saffron leaves. Also, it has been observed that the use of super absorbents and fertilizers along with hormones can significantly improve the amount of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron in saffron leaves. This increase in nutrients leads to the improvement of plant growth and development and finally leads to increase in production and improvement of product quality.

Based on the results of this study, the use of moisture absorbents, especially artificial moisture absorbents reinforced with Nano fertilizer and cytokine hormone, can play a very effective role in reducing water consumption and improving the growth and production of saffron. In addition, the strengthening of absorbents with hormones and food can be a very effective achievement in increasing the production of plants, especially medicinal plants such as saffron in dry conditions.The experiment was conducted in two crop years 2022 and 2023 as a randomized complete block design in three replications. Based on the results of this study, the use of synthetic and natural super absorbents, fertilizers and hormones led to an increase in flower production and stigma weight of saffron. The combination of these treatments, especially the combination of super absorbents with hormones and fertilizers, had a more positive effect on improving growth and product quality. In addition, the use of these treatments led to an increase in the content of chlorophyll and nutrients required by the plant, an increase in the percentage of safranol and antioxidant properties of the product, and an improvement in the amount of nutrients in saffron leaves. It has also been observed that the use of super absorbents and fertilizers along with hormones can significantly improve the amount of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron in saffron leaves. This increase in nutrients leads to the improvement of plant growth and development and finally leads to increase in production and improvement of product quality.

Investigating the effect of agricultural management methods on the amount of nitrate and urea in the soil has special importance. The purpose of this study is to model and investigate the interrelation of hydraulic, reactivity, and solute absorption variables of different soil depths collected in the year of (2020-2021) from the pilot rice farm located in the Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Mazandaran province, with an area of 0.6 hectares. In this study, the residual moisture of the soil (θr), nitrification rate (kn), and urea hydrolysis rate (kh) variables were modeled based on four, four, and two defined scenarios, respectively, using Wavelet-Artificial Neural Network (WANN), Wavelet- Artificial Neural-Fuzzy Inference System (WANFIS), and Wavelet-Gene Expression Programming (WGEP) models. The results showed that the performance improvement percentage of WGEP models compared to WANFIS and WANFIS model compared to WANN considering the RMSE evaluation index were obtained (16.96, 41.87), (85.72, 1.00), and (20.37, 3.27) for three variables of θr, kn, and kh, respectively. the volumetric residual moisture in the soil, and the urea hydrolysis rate variable is also highly dependent on the residual moisture in the soil. Also, the results showed that the hydraulic variables, reactivity and absorption of soil solutes can be affected by the climatic conditions of the region. Therefore, providing intelligent applicable models to estimate nitrate and urea variables in soil can help managers and farmers in proper management of water and soil resources and optimal use of nitrogen fertilizer with less time and cost.

Soil is an important and effective factor in the emergence and formation of any natural ecosystem and the physical properties of the soil are of considerable importance in determining the characteristics and use of soil. Soil physical properties as part of soil variables have significant effects on runoff production in different watersheds.

In this study, in order to determine the type of relationship between runoff production and physical properties of soil in different land uses of Gachsaran Formation deposits, a part of Kuhe Gach watershed of the Izeh city with an area of ​​1202 hectares was selected. Then, sampling of runoff production at 6 points with 3 replicates and at different rainfall intensities of 45, 60 and 70 mm/hour in three land uses of the range, residential area and agricultural lands with the help of the rain simulator was done. And the same number of runoff sampling, sampling of physical properties of soil such as clay, silt, sand, very fine sand and moisture content was performed. In this study, the relationship between production runoff and soil physical properties in different uses of Gachsaran Formation was determined using univariate regression. SPSS and EXCEL software were used for statistical analysis. 

The results showed that in total, in Gachsaran Formation and in all three range, agricultural and residential land uses and in all three intensities of 45, 60 and 75 mm/hour, very fine sand and moisture were showed the highest of negative relationship with runoff production and silt was showed the highest of positive relationship with runoff production.

In this research, effects of water sprayed over the upper layer of the mowed and rowed alfalfa (before baling) on quantitative and qualitative losses of alfalfa during baling process were evaluated. The study was conducted in the form of split plot experiment with 12 treatments and three replications from 2020 to 2022. Main plots were the amount of water sprayed on the alfalfa with four levels of water (0, 250, 350, and 450 liters per hectare). Subplots were the time interval between spraying water on alfalfa and baling operation (0, 30, and 60 minutes after spraying water). Alfalfa losses at the baler pickup and compression chamber, during transportation, and total losses were measured. Alfalfa dry matter, crude protein, fat, organic matter, ash, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber was measured, and amount of aflatoxin were also detected after six months of storage. Results showed that spraying 450 L water per hectare decreased alfalfa losses at baler pickup and compression chamber, transportation, and total losses by 20.4, 34.3, 4.7, and 21.1% respectively, compared to the control treatment. Time interval between spraying water on alfalfa and baling time had no significant effect on alfalfa losses during baling operation and transportation. Results also indicated that spraying water on alfalfa before baling operation had no significant negative effects on alfalfa quality after six months storing and did not reduce alfalfa quality during storing time.

In order to investigate the effect of using three types of compost (powdered, vermicompost and granular) at four levels of zero, 5, 10 and 25 tons per hectare on the amount of water consumed by grass plants, a factorial project in the form of a complete randomized block design for a period of one It was carried out in the year of 2016 at the Toruq Station of the Research and Training Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, Khorasan, Razavi. The plant species under test was commercial grass of the Hamilton sports type and was used as a substrate plant in the treatments. Before cultivation, soil samples and compost samples were analyzed chemically and physically, and macro and micro nutrients were determined for each fertilizer and soil in the region. During the growth period, a moisture sample was taken from the soil and irrigations were performed based on the discharge of 50% of usable soil moisture. At the end of the project, the soil of each plot was sampled and the amounts of micro and macro elements were determined.The results of water consumption in cultivated grass treatments showed that the consumption of 10 tons per hectare of vermicompost fertilizer had the lowest amount of water consumption during one year of growth period (430 mm), which increased water retention in the soil and the amount of water consumption was about 40% less. from the control treatment (without fertilizer use). The efficiency of water consumption was measured in different treatments, and the highest efficiency of water consumption related to the treatment of 5 tons per hectare of powdered compost was obtained at the rate of 7.4 kg per cubic meter of water.

In order to investigate the role of nutrients on yield and quality of two commercial cucumber cultivars, Royal and Hike, the effect of poultry manure at levels of 0, 6, and 12 tons per hectare and chemical fertilizers in four different combinations including the one-time application of 50 kg of urea without micronutrient fertilizer; one-time application of 109 kg ammonium sulfate without micronutrient fertilizer; application of urea, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers as well as complete micronutrient fertilizer according to soil test; and ammonium sulfate, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers as well as complete micronutrient fertilizer according to soil test, were studied at three harvesting time. Total yield increased in both cultivars by using fertilizers consisting of poultry manure in the amount of 6 tons per hectare in combination with urea, phosphorus, potassium, and complete micronutrient fertilizers based on soil tests. With increasing poultry manure, the quantity of nitrate accumulation increased, but it was below the allowed threshold in all treatments. In most treatments, tissue firmness in the first and second harvests was higher than in the third harvest and its amount decreased with more nitrogen application. In the Hike cultivar, at all levels of chemical fertilizers, the amount of chlorophyll accumulation in the first and third harvests was higher than in the second harvest. The green color index in the Royal cultivar increased with the application of ammonium sulfate and poultry manure fertilizers. In total, the consumption of six tons of poultry manure with chemical fertilizers based on soil tests and also foliar application of the micronutrient fertilizers improved the yield and quality of cucumber fruit..

Forest fires are a natural part of the ecosystem, but their uncontrolled spread can result in severe economic and environmental damage. Therefore, it is vital to take measures to prevent and manage their spread. However, given the intricate and complex nature of fires, studying real fires in their environmental context can be challenging, if not impractical. As an alternative, researchers can use computer simulation models based on field studies to better understand fire behavior and its effects on the environment. The FARSITE simulator, based on the Rothermel model, was used to conduct numerical simulations of fire spread with respect to fuel, topography, and weather conditions such as humidity. Simulation results showed that the Sorensen and kappa coefficients were at their highest at 0.80 and 0.77, respectively, in air humidity scenarios; with average values of fire spread rate, flame length, and fireline intensity being 0.58 m/min, 0.54 m, and 74.54 kW/m, respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that increasing air humidity is a natural way to prevent fire spread. Furthermore, numerical studies and simulations of fire behavior and spread are appropriate alternatives to experimental studies in this field due to their lower costs and fewer limitations.

Saffron is one of the most valuable spices in the world and due to its high economic value and low water requirement, it is widely cultivated in eastern Iran. In this research, which took place in the research farm of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2021-2022, the AquaCrop model to simulate the yield of the saffron plant was calibrated and validated using field measurements. Therefore, soil moisture, biomass, and plant canopy cover area were measured with a relatively high time resolution during the growing season. Pearson's correlation coefficient, root mean square, error, index of agreement and Nash–Sutcliffe index for moisture simulation were 0.87, 7.8 mm, 0.92 and 0.62 respectively, plant biomass was 0.99, 0.3 t.ha-1, 0.99, 0.98 and also 0.98 , 5%, 0.98 and 0.93 were obtained for canopy cover . The sensitive stages of the saffron plant were determined by examining the changes in daughter corms weight, biomass, and water productivity during different stages of growth in response to water stress, and a revised scenario was proposed to improve field irrigation. By applying this scenario and running the model, the amount of daughter corms weight production increased from 5.550 to 7.693 t.ha-1 and biomass from 7.204 to 9.395 t.ha-1. The water productivity value also increased from 3.50 to 3.69 kg.m-3 and 85 mm was saved in water consumption.

The honey quality can vary based on various factors such as plant origin, geographical area, production method and storage. By determining the quality characteristics of honey, it is possible to ensure the quality level as well as the existence of fraud in it. In this study, some physico-chemical, rheological and microbiological characteristics of 14 types of honey of Sistan and Baluchestan and Qazvin provinces (six natural honey samples and one counterfeit honey sample from each province) were investigated. The results indicated that there was no significant difference between amounts of reducing sugar of natural honey samples. The highest significant sucrose value belonged to the counterfeit samples and Diyalabad Qazvin and Ziziphus honey of Chabahar had the lowest values. Moisture content of samples varied from 12.5 to 17.21%. Diastasis activity of counterfeit samples was zero and Astragalus-Thymus of Tarom Qazvin with 08.09 DN had the lowest diastase activity among the natural honey samples. HMFcontent of natural samples was in the range of 3.9 to 7.80 mg/kg whereas for Zabol and Qazvin counterfeit honey was measured 341 and 280 mg/kg respectively. The highest and lowest fructose to glucose ratio was obtained for the samples of Ziziphus of Chabahar (1.22) and Alhagi honey of Zabol (0.69). In general, Sistan and Baluchestan samples had the higher viscosity compared to Qazvin provine’s ones. Furthermore, the highest contamination of osmophilic yeasts and mold belonged to counterfeit honeys. According to the results of this study, the quality of honey can vary significantly depending on the geographical location and plant origin. Also, some quality indicators of honey, especially the amount of sucrose, diastase activity and hydroxymethylfurfural content can be used as useful tools to detect the adulteration of the product.

Estimation of soil moisture is essential for optimal management of water and soil resources. Landsat images with appropriate spatial and temporal resolution are good tools for these studies. The purpose of this study is to estimate and zoning the soil surface moisture in agricultural lands of Shushtar County in Khuzestan province using remote sensing indicators. To do this, first 25 soil samples of agricultural lands were taken from a depth of 0-15 cm and their moisture was measured. Then, normalized vegetation difference index (NDVI), soil reflection adjustment index (SAVI), surface temperature (LST), normalized moisture difference index (NDMI), normalized agricultural differential index (NDTI) and soil moisture index Infrared short band (SMSWIR) were applied to the Landsat 8 Image. In the next step, the values ​​of these indices were transferred to SPSS software for statistical regression and the soil moisture estimation functions were obtained by multivariate linear regression. The results showed; Due to the high coefficient of determination (0.73) and the low root mean square error (1.31) in the simultaneous method (Enter Method), this model was considered suitable for estimating and zoning the surface moisture of agricultural lands in the region. According to the research results, soil surface moisture was directly related to NDVI, SAVI, NDMI, NDTI and SMSWIR indices and inversely related to LST index. Also, LST index has a better estimate of soil moisture, which indicates a significant effect of this factor on the amount of soil surface moisture.

There are many losses in crop production each year, due to various reasons. The use of shadow nets in orchards is one of the protection solutions. In order to select the appropriate net, it is necessary to determine the main factors in plant growth to utilize from net benefits and prevent its adverse effects.. In general, light, temperature and humidity are three main effective factors in plant growth and development. In this research, a monitoring system was designed and built to monitor the changes in radiation, temperature and relative humidity inside and outside of the selected covered pistachio and apricot gardens. Wind velocity and direction outside the gardens were also measured. The measured data by the system related to these factors inside and outside the gardens was collected in a central server. Investigation of monthly graphs of changes in temperature, relative humidity and light received from apricot gardens in Shahroud and Pistachio gardens in Rafsanjan showed that the temperature inside the shading nets was lower than outside but there was no significant difference between the months records. For relative humidity and light factors, respectively the inside records were higher and lower than outside records. But no significant differences were observed between the months. In general, the study of changes in the mean values of the three factors of temperature, humidity and radiation in the whole period showed that the greatest effect of shading net in orchards was the reducing of the intensity of light received. When the wind velocity was high, the temperature inside and outside the shading net was closer to each other.

As one of the most important national and international capitals, wetlands have a great impact on their surrounding microclimate and ecosystems. Therefore, they need to be greatly protected as the most important natural habitats. Supporting a wide range of ecosystem services, these dynamic systems can modify the temperature of urban areas by acting as a cooler in areas close to highly populated cities. This study used temperature and vegetation to investigate the impact of the Gavkhuni wetland on its surrounding areas. To this end, the temperature rates of four areas, including wetland, vegetated areas around the wetland, the whole area around the wetland, and the surrounding bare lands were examined, using the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) to illustrate those changes.

This study sought to investigate the effect of the Gavkhuni wetland on regional microclimate, using the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL). To this end, the data collected from MODIS and LANDSAT were used. In general, this research can be divided into five general stages. First, the required meteorological data and satellite images were collected and the necessary corrections were made. It should be noted that the meteorological data (minimum and maximum temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, evaporation, wind speed) were obtained from Naein Synoptic Station, which is the nearest station to the wetland, and records accurate information. In the second stage, after analyzing the satellite images and due to the fact that the required images were not available for the study period, MODIS images were used together with the Landsat one, considering the cloudy conditions. In the third stage, the wetland's water and dry surfaces were identified.Accordingly, ten Landsat and MODIS extracted images belonging to the 2000-2019 period were selected, out of which five images belonged to the wet years (2004-2005-2006-2007-2008) and five images belonged to the drought years (2000 -2013-2015-2016-2019). In the fourth stage, the land surface temperature was measured using the SEBAL algorithm, which is a relatively new algorithm that uses remote sensing to estimate the Land surface temperature, calculating the rate of evapotranspiration via satellite images with the minimum required ground data based on the energy balance. The algorithm finally examines temperature variations and their impact on microclimate.Obtained from TLST  equation, the temperature variation Index of a region represents the relationship between humidity and drought. For this index, the average temperature rate of the Naein Synoptic Station, and land surface temperature were used, using the SEBAL algorithm. In the last stage, the wetness index was used to investigate the moisture content of the area. Then, two images belonging to the wet and dry years were selected. Landsat Image No. 8 belongs to 2016 which represents zero value for the wetland's humidity index, and Landsat image No.6 belongs to 2008 when the wetland's humidity index was 56.7.

The LST maps generated for the four intended areas over a 20-year period through the SEBAL algorithm indicated that the average estimated index for the whole study area was 0.86 and 0.73 in the drought and wet periods, respectively. Therefore, it could be argued that the LST is lower in wet periods than in drought ones. Moreover, the wetness maps prepared by the TASSELED CAP index showed that the average variation index was -0.05 and -0.04 in wet and drought periods, respectively. In other words, increases in moisture content during the wet period and its decreases during the drought period make the index negative in the wet period. The study's results revealed that vegetation was denser around the wetland during the wet period. Therefore, it could be argued that the microclimate of the area around the wetland was directly affected by the wetness or dryness of the Gavkhuni wetland.

Considered as one of the most important natural ecosystems, wetland habitats exert a significant influence on the temperature, vegetation density, and development of their surrounding areas. This study's results indicated that the higher the average moisture of a wetland is, the lower the temperature variation index would be, and the lower the average moisture index of the wetland is, the higher the temperature of the surrounding areas and the greater its influence on the region's temperature would be, leading the decline of the surrounding area's desirability.

The rate of static pressure drop of air passing through the mass of agricultural products is one of the basic data for selecting the fan used in aeration or dryer systems. In this study, the amount of static air pressure drop through the masses of Agria and Marfona cultivars was measured using a simulator device consisting of an air compressor, a rotameter, a cylindrical bin, and a U-shaped barometer and their regression relationship with some parameters such as depth of mass, moisture content and percentage of unwanted materials (soli &, etc.) were defined by using of Shedd’s model. According to these tests: As the air velocity increases from 0.085 to 0.53 (m/s), the static air pressure drop increases too. By each 25 cm increase in the depth of Agria and Morfona potatoe piles, the static pressure will be dropped by 1.49 and 1.53 times respectively. With each 2% increase of soil and other impurities in the potato pile, the rate of air pressure drop in the potato mass of Agria and Marfona increases 1.36 and 1.33, respectively. At similar airflow rates, potatoes with higher moisture content showed fewer static pressure drops. The airflow resistance of the Agria potato piles measured 4 to 6% more than the Marfona cultivar, at the same condition.

Today، in developed countries، using specialized machines for agricultural products processing، is one of the most common ways to reduce the final price of these products. For this purpose، firstly، henna leaf separator was designed in the SolidWorks software and then constructed. In order to evaluate the performance of this prototype، three factors include the speed of rollers at two levels of 1550 and 750 rpm، the distance between the rollers at three levels of 2، 3 and 4 mm، and moisture content at three levels of 14%, 45% and 87% in the form of a factorial design of experiment with three replications was conducted. The success rate in leaf separation was considered as the evaluation index of the machine. Analysis of the results showed that the effect of roller speed، moisture content and rollers distance as well as the dual and triple effect of these factors on the success rate in leaf separation were meaningful. The results showed that the best performance of the roller separator was achieved at the rollers speed of 1550 rpm، distance of 2 mm between the rollers and moisture content of 14%.

One of the most important problems in our society today is the lack of protein and fiber in the diet, so enriching snacks with fiber and protein can produce products with high nutritional value and low in calories, fat and cholesterol. Due to the popularity and high consumption of extruded products among the general public, including children and adolescents, it is very important to improve the nutritional properties of these products. Accordingly, in this study, some characteristics of snacks containing starch (40 to 76%), wheat bran (zero to 30%) and moisture (14 to 20%) were investigated. Also, wheat gluten (10%) was added to all samples and the prepared mixtures were extruded at a temperature of 140 ° C at a helical speed of 150 rpm. With increasing moisture and bran, water absorption index, water dissolution index first increases and then decreases, and with increasing moisture and bran, particle density, actual density and hardness increase, and with increasing starch, expansion coefficient and water absorption index, water dissolution index And the index L* increases and the particle density and the actual density decrease. With increasing humidity, L* index increases and with increasing bran decreases. With increasing humidity, the coefficient of expansion first increases and then decreases, but with increasing bran, the coefficient of expansion decreases. According to the obtained results, the use of 13% wheat bran, 61% wheat starch and 16% moisture of the input feed, produces a sample of good quality.

Tubers are considered as the most important vegetative organs in reproduction of purple nutsedge, as one of the most troublesome weeds worldwide. Therefore, it is great of importance to investigate the properties of the tuber response to the surrounding environment such as absorption and loss of water. Water uptake is the first step in the sprouting process, though the pattern of water uptake by purple nutsedge tubers has not been documented. Loss of water in tubers is one of the potent factors in reducing their ability to sprouting. Three separate experiments were carried out to investigate the absorption and loss of water content of purple nutsedge tubers.

In the first experiment, the tubers were placed in a water bath at temperatures of 10, 20, 30, and 40 ° C. Then, the weight of the tubers was measured at different times (24 till 3600 minutes). The water uptake percentage of tubers at different temperatures was studied by fitting the Peleg model. In the second experiment, the initiation day of sprouting was investigated at constant temperatures of 10, 20, 30, and 40 ° C. In the third experiment, water loss and sprouting percentage of tubers were evaluated in two conditions refrigerator (4° C) and room (22 to 25 ° C).

The results showed that the initial water content of tubers was 42% and absorbed 10% extra water after being immersed in water. The water uptake behavior was based on the Peleg model at two stages: (1) rapid uptake (less than 420 minutes (7 hours), and (2) a low uptake with a gentle slope afterward. In the Peleg model, the parameters K1 (minutes *.%weight -1) and K2 (%-1) are water absorption rate and water absorption capacity, respectively. The K1 parameter was negatively against temperature. The highest and lowest values were 49.56 and 28.55 at 10 and 40 ° C, respectively. On the other hand, the trend of the K2 was constant (0.1) at 10-30 °C but was 0.08 at 40 °C. The two-parameter Hyperbola model was superior to the Peleg and predicts the highest water absorption and time to 50 percent water absorption parameters. The results showed that sprouting of purple nutsedge tubers at 10, 20, 30, and 40 °C occurred after 14.44, 6.57, 3.24, and 3.12 days, respectively. Keeping the tubers in the room (22-25 °C) and refrigerator (4 °C), sprouting stopped after 3 and 9 months, respectively. The time required for 50% reduction of sprouting in the room and refrigerator was estimated to be 1.3 months (39 days) and 5.12 months (154 days), respectively. The time required for 50% loss weight of tubers in the room and refrigerator was 1.981 months (59 days) and about 6 months (180 days), respectively. Overall, weight loss (water loss) up 11.85%, resulted in 50% reduction in tuber sprouting.

Maximum water uptake in tubers occurred in less than 420 minutes (seven hours) at all temperatures. Slow sprouting in tubers at low temperatures is not associated with an obstacle in water absorption. Tubers lost half of their sprouting ability by losing water about 12%. On the other hand, the results show that the tubers at cool temperatures (4 °C) lose their water and sprouting capacity less than the ambient temperature (22 to 25 °C).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of straw mulch on water content distribution in a soil profile and simulating water flow in soil under shallow saline groundwater using HYDRUS-1D. Lysimetric experiments were conducted in two soil textures (sand and loam) at three water table salinity levels of 5, 10 and 15 dS m-1 mulch and no mulch with three replications in a three-month interval. Soil moisture content was continuously monitored in the depths of 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 cm. Evaporation was also measured using Marriott bottle technique on a daily basis. The results showed that mulch cover retained soil moisture by 16 % and 20 %, and reduced evaporation by 27 % and 8% in surface layer of loamy and sandy soil, respectively. Our findings highlighted a strong correlation between measured and simulated soil moisture data using HYDRUS-1D with R2 ranging from 0.89 to 0.97 and 0.90 to 0.96 in sand and loamy soils, respectively. The numerical model estimated soil moisture with RMSE of 0.0121- 0.0489 cm3 cm-3 for loamy and 0.0129-0.0521 cm3 cm-3 for sand. The simulation results revealed that HYDRUS-1D overestimates moisture content of layers close to water table.

About 90 percent of the water used in greenhouses is allocated to the two processes of evapotranspiration and cooling of the environment. A large amount of water used in greenhouses is driven out useless in the form of humid air by the fan, which is recyclable and can be reused in the greenhouse water inlet cycle by condensation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of water production from humid air exiting the greenhouse. In the next step, the effects of heat exchanger length and inlet air velocity were investigated on the amount of recycled water. This study was conducted in 9 experimental treatments with three lengths (0.5, 1 and 1.5 m) and three inlet air velocities (0.5, 0.8 and 1.2 m/s) inside a greenhouse model with dimensions of 2x1.5 x 2 m3. The measurements were done with dimensions of 1.5 × 1 × 2 m3. The results showed that increasing the heat exchanger length and inlet air velocity increase the water production and the highest condensed water achieved at heat exchanger length of 1.5 m and an air velocity of 1.2 m/s. Also, the amount of water produced was about three times higher than normal condition without condensation, up to a maximum of 60 liters at a length of 1.5 m and velocity of 1.2 m/s. The results showed that about 10 to 30 percent of the water used for irrigation and cooling (fan and pad) the greenhouse can be recovered by using a heat exchanger.