جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Nitrogen fertilizer » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

This study was performed to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels and pre-planting of cover crops on some vegetative traits and yield of rice plants.

This was conducted over 2017-2018 and 2018-2019, at the research farm of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The experimental design employed a three-replicated split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design. The main plots involved five nitrogen consumption levels (0, 120, 240, 320, and 400 kg ha-1). The sub-plots included four types of pre-planted cover crops (no cover crop, canola, bersim clover, and rye).

Based on the findings, employing berseem clover as a cover crop in pre-sowing resulted in a significantly more favorable rice yield than others. Nitrogen fertilizer at rates of 320- 400 kg ha-1 led to enhanced vegetative traits, yield, and various yield components, including leaf area index and tiller number, ultimately resulting in increased overall yield. Results revealed that planting bersim clover cover crop before planting rice, along with 320 kg ha-1 of urea fertilizer, leads to 41.5% higher yield compared to no fertilizer).).

Bersim clover stood out among the pre-planting cover crops, significantly enhancing many rice traits. Additionally, no significant difference was observed between urea fertilizer levels of 320 and 400 kg ha-1 in several measured traits. Thus, the integrated treatment of bersim clover cover crop and 320 kg ha-1 of urea fertilizer is recommended before planting rice.

The present study was conducted in order to estimate the yield gap of faba bean in the main production areas of this plant in Golestan province, including Gorgan, Ali Abadkatol and Aq Qola cities, and to identify the factors that cause it and to determine the contribution of each of them.

Based on this, the information related to the production management of 445 faba bean farms in Gorgan, Aliabadkatol and Aqqola regions in 1398-1399 and 1399-1400 was collected and the yield gap was estimated using the comparative performance analysis (CPA) method.

 The average, maximum, and gap yield of faba bean seeds were 2742, 4000, and 1258 kg per hectare, respectively. Additionally, based on the results obtained, the most important reasons for the yield gap and the contribution of each of them in creating the yield gap were: planting date 21%, pests 15 percent, the amount of pure nitrogen (N) 14 percent, the number of disc times 14 percent, the amount of seed used 12 percent, diseases 12 percent, waterlogging 5 percent, weeds 3 percent, non-use of working row 2 percent and improper planting depth 1 percent.

In general, by optimizing the management of faba bean production and eliminating the mentioned factors of yield gap, it is possible to increase the yield of faba bean in the regions of Gorgan, Ali Abadkatol and Aq Qala of Golestan province by 46 percent (equal to 1258 kg per hectare) compared to the current amount increased.

Water and nitrogen are known as the two main limiting factors in achieving maximum yield in agriculture. Therefore, the use of nitrogen fertilizer plays a significant role in increasing agricultural production. However, the indiscriminate use of these fertilizers may be due to their low efficiency. Therefore, investigating the challenges of water scarcity and improper nitrogen use management is crucial. In this study, considering the challenges of water scarcity and improper nitrogen use management, an investigation has been conducted.

This experiment was conducted in the research farm of the Agriculture Faculty of Shirvan Azad University during the agricultural year of 1399-1400. The experiment was carried out in the form of strip plots in three replicates and in a complete randomized block design. Three levels of 50%, 75%, and 100% of plant water requirement were considered as the main plot and five levels of zero (N0), 100 (N100), 200 (N200), 300 (N300), and 400 (N400) kilograms of nitrogen per hectare were considered in the subplots.

Most attributes related to yield components had higher values during the second year in comparison with the first year of the experiment. Moreover, plant height, grain weight, rows per cob and kernels per row in the 100% water requirement were greater compared with the 50% water requirement treatment. As a result of 400 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer application, plant height, rows per cob, kernels per row, 100-grain weight and biological yield increased by 24.4%, 24.6%, 23.8%, 24% and 24.2% compared with the nitrogen-free treatment, respectively.

Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application leads to an improvement in yield and yield components. The only factor that decreased with increased water supply was water use efficiency. Grain yield under 100% water requirement was 38% more than that of 50% water requirement treatment. The difference between 100% and 50% water requirement treatments in terms of the biological yield was 49.5% in the first and 24% in the second year. Also, increased nitrogen fertilizer application led to increased grain yield. However, no significant difference was observed between 300 and 400 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer treatments, especially in the second year. Therefore, a 300 kg/ha fertilizer application is recommended to achieve a suitable yield. Fertilizer use efficiency was affected by water requirement so that nitrogen use efficiency under 100% water requirement supply at a given nitrogen fertilizer level (e.g. 100 kg/ha) was significantly higher than that of 50% water requirement conditions. Under 100 kg/ha nitrogen application, nitrogen use efficiency in 100% water requirement treatment was 111.5 and in 50% water requirement treatment was 74.3 kg/ha. Thus, nitrogen use efficiency declined by 33% due to decreased water use. Therefore, it can be concluded that in conditions where sufficient water is not available for irrigation, farmers should not use excessive amounts of nitrogen fertilizer because it has little efficiency and only leads to environmental pollution and capital waste.

The quantity and quality of sugar beet root impurities, especially sodium, is one of the factors affecting root quality and extraction coefficient of sugar (ECS) from sugar beet. Various factors such as soil conditions, application time, and quantity of different fertilizers have effects on the amount of sugar that can be extracted in the factory. Data and results obtained from researches conducted during 1997-2021, which were published in 30 final reports in Sugar Beet Seed Institute (SBSI), were analyzed in order to investigate the factors that affected sugar beet impurities and its quantitative and qualitative traits. The data of these reports were created in a database containing 480 rows and 26 columns. The data corresponding to the investigated treatments included manure, bacterial products and amino acids, and time and amount of nitrogen application were extracted from the database. Then, the reaction ratio (the ratio of trait changes in each treatment to the control in the same experiment), average of the reaction ratio, standard deviation, and the significant effects of the contribution of each factor to sugar beet root traits were determined. The results of the meta-analysis studies showed that consumption of 60 t/ha of manure, 150-200 kg/ha nitrogen, and the split application of 25% of N-fertilizer before planting, 50% during thinning, and 25% during the second thinning, increased root, sugar, and white sugar yields significantly, while sodium content in sugar beet roots did not change significantly. Excessive use of nitrogen (i.e. 250-300 kg/ha) and use of all nitrogen fertilizer after planting increased root sodium content by, respectively, 18% and 7.5%, while reducing yield. The bacterial product and amino acid only increased the sugar content by about one percent.

This experiment was carried out in 2018 in the Lundville region of Astara for rice crop rotation, different amounts of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, and varieties and dates of clover planting in the Gilan region. The experiment was evaluated in the form of s split-split plot with a completely randomized block design in three replications. The main factor includes nitrogen fertilizer with potassium at three levels (50, 100, and 150 kg per hectare) and the spreading of clovers in three different stages of rice growth, including after flowering, before harvest, and after harvest as split plot and secondary factors.

The results obtained from the variance analysis of the data showed that different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, distribution of clovers in different stages of rice growth, and clover cultivars on the height period, yield indices, and harvest index were significant in rice plants. Based on the results of comparing the average effects of treatments, it was observed that the highest yield of paddy per hectare was obtained under the conditions of application of 100 kg/hectare of fertilizer in the stage of spreading clovers after rice harvesting and from Iranian clover variety.

The use of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers along with crop rotation of rice and clover due to nitrogen stabilization and improvement of the soil substrate increased the height of the plant, increased the number of claws, spike length, the weight of 1000 seeds, and finally increased the yield of the rice plant.

This research was conducted in order to investigate the interaction of different levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on the yield of Forage Corn in Khorramabad. The experiment was conducted as factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor consisted of four irrigation levels including I125 (125 Percent of water requirement), I100 (100 Percent of water requirement), I75 (75 Percent of water requirement), and I50 (50 Percent of water requirement) and the second factor consisted of three levels of nitrogen fertilizer including N400 (400 Kg/ha), N250 (250 Kg/ha), and N100 (100 Kg/ha). Based on the evaporation pan method, the total irrigation requirement for treatments I125, I100, I75 and I50 during the period were 761, 642, 524 and 406 mm, respectively, which were more than the amount of water requirement reported in the national water requirement document of plants.The result showed that the maximum amount of wet and dry matters, plant height, leaf area index which were 80 and 21.2 tons per hectare, 9595 mm2 and 220 cm, respectively, were obtained in I125N400 treatment, which had a significant increase (5 Percent) compared to the control treatment (I100N250). The minimum amount of these traits which were 30 and 10.64 tons per hectare, 7096.133 mm2 and 100 cm, respectively, were obtained in I50N400 treatment, which had a significant decrease (5 Percent) compared to the control treatment (I100N250). It was found from the results of this research that at the levels of I125 and I100, the values of wet matter and leaf area index were increased as the amount of nitrogen fertilizer increased. At irrigation levels of 75 Percent and 50 Percent of water requirement, increasing the amount of fertilizer did not cause significant changes in the measured traits. In this research, the maximum value of water productivity for wet and dry matters was obtained in I100N400 treatment with values of 10.9 and 2.91 kg/m3, respectively.

In order to present a new, non-destructive, accurate, and fast method for estimating the nitrogen content of corn, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) multispectral sensing technology was used.

The experiments were performed based on a randomized complete block design in four levels of nitrogen fertilizer (zero, 50, 100, and 150%) in Varamin in 2018. Sampling was carried out in two stages of fertilization (8-leaf Stage and Tasseling Stage). Multispectral aerial imaging and ground sampling was performed one week after each fertilizer application. After processing aerial imagery, vegetation indices were calculated and their correlation with the results of ground sampling was determined.

Based on the results obtained from the correlation coefficients (r) and best subsets regression, among the spectral vegetation indices, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Nitrogen Reflectance Index (NIR), and Modified Triangular Vegetation Index2 (MTVI2) indices in both eight leaf collar (V8) and tasseling (VT) of maize growth stage was identified as the best indicator to estimate the nitrogen content of forage maize. At VT, a positive and significant relationship was obtained between NDVI (R2= 0.86, P≤0.001), NRI (R2= 0.70, P≤0.001) and MTVI2 (R2= 0.46, P≤0.01) indices with maize nitrogen content.

It can be concluded that UAV multispectral imaging provides acceptable accuracy in determining the nitrogen content of maize. This technology can help farmers to determine the appropriate time of fertilization.

Conservative tillage and drought resistant crops can be efficient solution to alleviate climate change impacts. We evaluated tillage effect, water deficit and nitrogen level on sorghum in a split-split plot experiment with three replications. Main plots were conventional tillage and no tillage, sub plots were 30, 60, and 90% of sorghum water requirement, and sub-sub plots were consisted of 0, 50, and 100% of recommended nitrogen. Results showed that the highest forage yield (12263 kg ha-1) was obtained with no till and 100% nitrogen. Also, the yield of sorghum in no till with moderate water stress was equal to the yield in conventional tillage with partial water stress. Under partial water stress, qualitative traits including crude fiber, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber in no till had lower values than conventional tillage. In addition, qualitative traits including digestible dry matter and water-soluble carbohydrates in no till treatment with 100% nitrogen were higher than conventional tillage. The highest percentage of crude protein in conventional tillage was obtained by using 100% nitrogen. It seems that conservation tillage can achieve acceptable yield and quality in sorghum with less water than conventional tillage, but it requires long-term and additional research.

In recent decades, the need for increased food production has resulted in the expansion of intensified agriculture practices characterized by high consumption of inputs, thereby reducing agricultural sustainability. The agricultural sector's contribution to the world's energy consumption, ecological footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions has grown substantially. Emissions of greenhouse gases have negative ecological effects, including climate change, global warming, and diminished sustainable development. In this sector, energy analysis and greenhouse gas emissions in ecosystems are the most common methods for assessing sustainability. This study was conducted to evaluate the sustainability of canola agroecosystems by analyzing energy consumption, carbon footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Methods and Materials:

The study was conducted using a questionnaire in Kalaleh County, in Golestan province, and gathering information from Golestan Agricultural Jihad Organization, during 2018-2019. The number of samples was determined by the Cochran formula. Accordingly, 50 farms were selected for canola cultivation. The questionnaire's reliability was determined to be 0.81. To calculate the energy indices, carbon footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions, after determining the most important inputs and output, first, their amounts were determined in each of the 50 farms and then their average was calculated. The energy equivalent of each input and output was calculated by multiplying its raw value by the corresponding energy conversion factor. The carbon footprint of the canola system was calculated as the amount of land required to absorb the environmental pollution caused by input and resource consumption. Carbon uptake in canola agroecosystems served as the basis for evaluating the carbon footprint and consequently the sustainability of this study. Also, the amount of greenhouse gases produced was determined by multiplying the raw values of the consumed inputs by their emission coefficient.
 

In canola agroecosystems, the total energy input was calculated to be 13,200 MJ ha-1, the total energy output was 63,400 MJ ha-1, the energy use efficiency was 4.8, and the energy productivity was 0.17 kg MJ-1. In addition, the ecological footprint and global warming potential were 0.99 gha and 779.03 CO2e ha−1, respectively. In canola production, fossil fuel and nitrogen fertilizer inputs contributed the most to ecological footprint and global warming potential respectively. Reducing the number of machines entering the farm through the application of conservation tillage methods and the modernization of machines can be effective in reducing the consumption of this input. Due to the non-renewability of this input, reducing its consumption is effective in reducing both economic costs and environmental pollution. Consuming as much livestock manure (cattle) as possible and implementing crop rotations with legumes such as soybeans that can grow well in this area is effective in supplying soil nitrogen and reducing the need for chemical fertilizers.

Analysis of energy indices, such as energy efficiency and net energy, revealed that energy loss in the canola farming ecosystem is low and that the system's sustainability is adequate. Evaluation of carbon footprint revealed that the value of this index for canola production in the county of Kalaleh was less than the ecological capacity of each hectare of land used for canola production, indicating the environmental sustainability of canola production in the county of Kalaleh. In general, canola agroecosystems in the county of Kalaleh were sustainable based on terms of all three indices: net energy, carbon footprint, and global warming potential. Due to the large proportion of two inputs, fossil fuel, and nitrogen fertilizer, in these indices and their significant impact on production sustainability, consumption management of these inputs and training and justification of farmers are recommended to increase production sustainability.

Nitrogen (N) more than other mineral essential nutrients is required for plant growth and its shortage limit the growth and yield of crops. Nitrogen losses in different ways, reducing soil fertility, as well as increasing the yield potential of new cultivars, including bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), has increased the need for N fertilizer application. Today, using fertilizers containing nitrification inhibitors has been considered as one of the ways to reduce N losses and optimize N nutrition of crops. However, no study has been carried out in this context under field conditions in Iran.

In this study, the effects of different sources of N include: a) ammonium sulfate, b) ammonium sulfate containing nitrification inhibitor DMPP, c) urea, and d) ammonium sulfate containing DMPP plus urea at 50:50, and different rates of fertilizer N including 0 (control), 50, 125 and 200 kg N ha-1 on yield and yield components of wheat were evaluated. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.

The results indicated a linear and significant increase in yield components, grain and biological yield and reduction in harvest index with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate. The mean grain and biological yield in control (0 kg N ha-1) were 3882.2 and 8016.2 kg ha-1. A kilogram increase in nitrogen fertilizer resulted in 13.5 and 30.55 kg increase in grain and biological yield, respectively. Grain and biological yield were reached to 6477 and 13964 kg ha-1 , respectively, in the treatment of application of 200 kg N ha-1. According to the results of this experiment, grain yield changes were mainly due to changes in the number of spikes per square meter and partly due to changes in the number of grains per spike, and grain size fluctuations had no considerable effect on grain yield changes. Grain yield in ammonium sulfate containing DMPP was 2.8% and 4.2% higher than urea and ammonium sulfate, respectively. But, this increase was not statistically significant. In terms of grain yield components, biological yield and harvest index, there was no difference between nitrogen fertilizers containing DMPP and conventional fertilizers.

Under the environmental conditions of this experiment, despite a significant linear increase in yield components, and grain and biological yield of wheat in response to increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate, the use of nitrogen fertilizer containing nitrification inhibitor did not result in significant improvement in grain yield probably due to soil characteristics, low number of irrigation (only two time), irrigation time (late in the growing season of wheat), as well as the spliting and application of fertilizer in three stages. Therefore, due to the high cost of these fertilizers, their use is not recommended.

This research was carried out with the aim of achieving the most suitable planting distance and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer per unit area on four promising rice lines 10, 11, 15, and 16 at Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province, Choram city station in 2016 and 2017. The factor of planting distance in three levels of 15x15, 20x20, and 25x25 cm, and the amount of nitrogen in three levels of 50, 100, and 150 kg of N per hectare were factorially considered in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Traits were containing plant height, days to flowering, days to maturity, harvest index, grain yield, and yield components. The result of the analysis showed there is a significant differences between genotypes at a 1% probability level. ANOVA revealed significant differences for different transplant spacing and different rates of nitrogen fertilizer on comparison of grain yield and thousands grain yield. Effects of transplant spacing, and rate of N level so interaction between N level and on grain yield showed significance at 5% probability level. The effect of genotype and transplant spacing were non-significant on days to flowering, days to maturity, while the effect rate of N level significant on other traits at the 5% probability level. The number of seeds per square meter and the number of fertile tillers were the effective components on the difference in grain yield. In whole genotypes had significant difference at most case second transplant spacing with other transplant spacinges. The maximum grain yield was related to genotype No 3 in G3 ×D2× N2 with average of 9.503 Ton ha-1. Therefore, this treatment can be used taking into account economic and environmental considerations.

Sediment of eroded soils have different effect on environment based on amount of materials and elements. Nitrogen is an important nutrient that use a lot in agriculture and excessive use of this cause reduce the waters quality.

This project aim is measurement and comparison of soil nitrogen pollution in different land use and relation between each land use drainage pollution when weather is rainy in area of Bostankar river that is located in Shirod city one of the functions of Tonekabon of Mazandaran province. Because of this, soil was sampled from six land use; forest, Orange garden, Kiwi garden, Flower garden, Rice and Tea farms at winter and spring. Then, a water sample was taken from these lands' drainages. Eventually, for checking of Bostankar river situation, water samples wat also taken at 15 points along the river. Amount of total nitrogen, soluble and clinging were measured at water and soil samples.

Results showed that nitrogen amount in drainages at spring were increased than winter, that reason of this matter can be agriculture activities like fertilization and tillage in this period of time. Maximum and minimum nitrogen amount in spring relate to Flower garden and forest, equal 6.60 and 0.30 mg/lit, respectively.

For controlling the nitrogen output and nitrogen pollution at area of study soil, amount of nitrogen fertilizer use should be based on plant need and soil test result.

Corn is a crop which grows in a wide range of temperatures and due to its diversity, adaptability and high nutritional value is one of the most important crops in the world. Among the required nutrients by crops, nitrogen is the most important nutrient element affecting the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops. Nowadays, the application of biological fertilizers such as vermicompost has been considered as a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers. The use of vermicompost gives vitality to the soil due to the activity of microorganisms and it is considered a long-term investment and a permanent part of soil structure.

In order to evaluate the accumulation of nitrate in aerial organs and seed yield in corn as affected by the rate of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers, a field experiment was conducted in 2018 cropping season in Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Iran, Rasht. This experiment was performed as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Maize cultivars including 703, 704 and 705 (as main plot) and the rates of different nitrogen fertilizers such as N1 = no use of nitrogen fertilizer (control treatment), N2= 200, N3= 300 and N4= 400 kg nitrogen per hectare and N5= 8500, N6= 17000 and N7= 25500 kg vermicompost per hectare (as subplot) were comprised experimental treatments.

The results of this experiment showed that the highest corn seed yield and dry forage were obtained in 703 and 705 corn varieties as affected by 300 kg nitrogen per hectare, respectively. The greatest nitrogen accumulation was shown in stem of 705 corn variety. The interaction between 705 corn variety and the application of 300 kg nitrogen per hectare, produced the highest stem dry weight. The greatest weight of leaf dry was obtained in 704 crop variety as affected by 25500 kg vermicompost fertilizer per hectare that had no significant difference with the application of 300 kg nitrogen fertilizer per hectare. The application of vermicompost fertilizer increased the dry weight of photosynthetic area of plant (leaf) in 704 variety and decreased 1000-seed weight of corn. Hence, the seed yield of corn decreased in response to vermicompost fertilizer compared to nitrogen fertilizer.

Results showed that the highest rate of nitrogen was accumulated in stem of 705 variety of corn. Increment of the dry weight of leaves in 704 and 705 varieties of corn in response to 300 kg nitrogen per hectare and 25500 kg vermicompost per hectare had no significant difference. The application of vermicompost biological fertilizer in comparison to nitrogen chemical fertilizer could enhance the dry weight of photosynthetic area of plant (leaf) in 704 variety of corn. But, seed yield of corn decreased as affected by biological vermicompost fertilizer compared to chemical nitrogen fertilizer.

To identify the limiting factors in forage maize production in Iran, this study has been carried out in order to separate the effective and influential management factors in forage maize production in the country with data. It is obtained from 43 final reports or their derived extracted articles in Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) with meta-analysis method. According to the results, plant density (5.65%), drought stress (-13.44%), cultivar (0.31%), planting date (2.54%), and nitrogen fertilizer (24%) justify the amount of forage maize variation. Based on the results of this study, forage yield has increased by about 9.49%, increasing plant density between 80 to 100 thousand plants per hectare. Maize forage yield has decreased significantly under mild stress, severe stress, and very severe drought stress by 25.30%, 14.38% and 8.99%, respectively. Also, for different cultivars and different groups of maturity, group-700 has had a significant increase of 3.83% compared to other groups. For the planting dates of forage maize compared to the control, which is the first half of June, a decrease in forage yield is observed. Finally, the highest percentage of increase in maize forage yield has been obtained from the use of 450 kg ha-1 of urea fertilizer. Overall, nitrogen fertilizer, drought stress, and planting density are recognized as the most important factors affecting corn forage yield in Iran, respectively.

This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals anddifferent levels of nitrogen on the quantitative and qualitative yield of the physiological andagronomic characteristics of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in the research farm of IslamicAzad University, Yadgar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey branch. The experiment wasbased on split plots based on completely randomized blocks design with 3 replications. Theexperimental treatments included three levels of irrigation (4, 7, and 10 days) as the mainfactor and different levels of nitrogen (0, 70, 100 and 130 kg/ha) were considered assecondary factors. The traits of plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, mean leafarea and dry matter yield were investigated. The results showed that except for the number ofsub-branches in the plant, the difference between different levels of irrigation intervals andnitrogen amounts were significant for all evaluated traits.The highest dry matter yield was related to the treatment combination of irrigating every 4 or7 days and 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare consumption.

In order to investigate the effect of seed inoculation with Azotobacter and, urea and manure on yield and protein content of rainfed wheat, an experiment was carried out with two levels of manure including M0 (without manure) and M15 (15 ton per hectare) and ten fertilizer treatments with different application methods of urea and seed inoculation with Azotobacter. Experimental treatments on Azar2 variety included T1=Check (without application of urea), T2=Total of urea in autumn, T3=Total of urea in spring, T4=Half of urea in autumn + Half of urea in spring, T5=Half of urea in autumn + spraying of urea in spring, T6=Inoculation of seed with Azotobacter, T7=(T2+T6), T8=(T3+T6), T9=(T4 +T6), T10= (T5+T6) as subplots. The experiment was carried out with three replications in fallow-wheat rotation as split-plot in a randomized complete block design at Ghamloo Research Station. Results showed that the effect of manure on biological yield, grain yield, and thousand kernel weight (TKW) was significant at 1%, 1%, and 5% probability levels, respectively. The effects of urea treatments on biological yield, grain yield, and TKW were all significant at 1% probability levels. Interaction effects of manure and fertilizer treatments on biological yield, grain yield, and TKW were not significant. Mean comparison of different traits on Duncan multiple range tests, indicated that grain yield of T4, T8, T3, T2, T5, T9, T7, and T10 compared with check increased significantly (p<0.05) as 845, 833, 759, 755, 678, 657, 670 and 622 kg. ha-1, respectively, and all were in one statistical group. T6 did not differ relative to the check. Interaction effects of manure and fertilizer treatments on grain protein content were significant (p<0.05). Mean comparison of the main effect of different fertilizer treatments were indicated that except for treatment 6, other treatments compare with check were increased grain protein content but this increase was significant (p<0.05) only for T8. Generally, result indicated that for rainfed wheat, the best application time of total urea was in autumn; and in the conditions of using half of urea in autumn, foliar application of urea (5%) in spring (tillering stage) as a plant nitrogen supplement can be recommended.

Most bean cultivated lands are in areas that facing water deficit during the growing season. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation period and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of red bean (cv. D-81083), an experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at Boroujerd Agricultural Research Station (Lorestan) during two crop years. The main-plots were included four irrigation times after 36 (I1), 54 (I2), 72 (I3) and 90 (I4) mm of cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan and sub-plots were included the amounts and method of nitrogen fertilizer consumption including N1: without the use of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) or control, N2: consumption of 50 kg/ha of urea fertilizer at planting, and N3: consumption of 50 kg/ha of urea fertilizer at planting + 50 kg/ha of urea fertilizer at the beginning of the flowering stage. The results showed that, the highest number of pods per plant (18.3 pods), number of grains per pod (6.13 grains), grain yield (2538.8 kg/ha), biomass (5330.8 kg/ha) and water use efficiency (0.376 kg/m3) were achieved from I2N2 treatment. In the treatment of I4 application of nitrogen fertilizer didn’t have much effect on the traits. In general, the irrigation period can be planted from the beginning of sowing to before flowering stage every 7 to 8 days and after this period arranged for 5-6 days. Also, it is recommended to consumption of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer at planting to stimulate early root growth until they sufficiently infected with rhizobium bacteria.

Salinity stress is one of the major abiotic stresses which injures plants by limited water absorption and nutrient imbalance and limits crop growth. In order to study the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on physiological traits of quinoa at high salt concentrations, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block with three replications in 2019. The first factor included 5 levels of salinity (100 (control), 200, 300, 400, 500 mM) and the second factor comprised of 4 levels of nitrogen fertilizer (50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm). Traits that were measured included quantum yield, photosynthetic efficiency index, shoot dry weight, proline content, soluble sugar content, malondialdehyde content, catalase and peroxidase activity, shoot potassium and sodium content. Results showed that quantum yield, proline content and soluble carbohydrate were affected by salinity and nitrogen concentration. With increasing salinity levels from 100 to 500 mM, quantum yield, proline and soluble carbohydrate content increased, but with increasing nitrogen levels from 50 ppm to 200 ppm soluble carbohydrate and proline content decreased and increased, respectively. Shoot dry weight, malondialdehyde content, catalase and peroxidase activity, shoot sodium and potassium content were affected by the interaction of salinity and nitrogen levels. Results showed that at high levels of salinity and increasing nitrogen levels to 150 and 200 ppm, shoot dry weight and shoot potassium content decreased, also malondialdehyde, catalase, and peroxidase activity and shoot sodium content increased. According to these results, in low (100 and 200 mM) and medium (300 mM) salinity levels application of 200 ppm nitrogen and in high salinity (400 and 500 mM) levels application of 50 ppm nitrogen in nutrient solution of quinoa is reasonable.