جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « integrated management » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca (Xfp) (family: Xanthomonadaceae) is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped with a rippled cell wall, non-motile, aerobic and non-spore-forming bacterium. Olive, almond, sweet cherry, oleander, and some ornamental and medicinal plants are hosts of the pathogen. Olive quick decline syndrome is the most important disease caused by Xfp, which seriously affects olive production, and leads to the death of sensitive cultivars in contaminated areas. The bacterial pathogen colonizes the xylem vessels of the hosts, and due to the production of abundant biofilms, the vessels are occluded and water transport is impaired. The pathogen is transmitted from infected plants to other hosts by xylem fluid feeding of the superfamily Cercopoidea. Fortunately, this disease has not been reported from Iran's olive groves, but due to the importance of the disease and its high prevalence and damage in the southern regions of Italy, the development of management strategies, and at the top of them, the observance of plant quarantine standards in international exchanges, to prevent the entry of infected plant organs, and continuous monitoring of olive nurseries and orchards in the country is necessary.

Water resources management is a set of methods, measures and plans compiled for the control, development, and optimal exploitation of water reserves which are adjusted and guided according to all or part of the economic, social, environmental, political aspects. The increasing human needs for ecological goods and services over the past few decades have led to increased attention to wetlands management, and today wetlands ecosystem management is considered one of the land management approaches. The purpose of this research is to investigate the integrated management indicators of Hamon wetland using factor analysis. This research was conducted by document and survey method and using a questionnaire in the villages of Hamon and Nimroz cities, during which, in addition to field visits and observations of the villages, the indigenous people of the region were interviewed. 

Hamon wetland, with an area of nearly 5700 km2 and a depth range of 1 to 5 meters in the desert area of the east of the country, in the region of Sistan is located between 60°39' to 61°35' east longitude and 31°15' to 31°32' north latitude, which is considered as the largest freshwater lake in the entire plateau of Iran. In this study, three economic, social and environmental indicators were selected for Hamon wetland management. The total number of households under study in the two cities is 1987 households from the outskirts of Koh-Khwaje and Talabhamun, and 321 questionnaires were considered to conduct this research. One of the statistical methods for analyzing the information in the data set is factor analysis. This method is used to determine the most influential variables when the number of variables under consideration is large and the relationships between them are unknown.

Considering the importance of Hamon wetland in ecological, economic, social dimensions and direct relationship with people's livelihood and environmental sustainability, it is necessary to change the attitude in the type of management and proper planning to restore Hamon wetland. In this research, the data obtained from the questionnaire was examined and analyzed. Based on the obtained results, it was found that all dimensions and indicators of the research had a significant impact on the integrated management of Hamon wetland. The factor load for the economic dimension is equal to 0.95, the social-participatory dimension is equal to 0.97 and the environmental dimension is equal to 0.85, which shows the social-participatory dimension and its indicators such as the revival of agriculture by the wetland. All kinds of partnerships in this field have had the greatest role and impact in the management of the Hamon wetland. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained for economic, social-participatory and environmental dimensions, which were respectively 0.839, 0.91 and 0.75, showing that the reliability of the questionnaires was good. The integrated management of Hamon wetland requires a kind of systemic approach, which will not be possible without paying attention to local communities and their participatory role in decision-making and planning. The effective factors extracted from the factor analysis of economic indicators showed that employment and income are the main factors in the field of integrated management of Hamon wetland. In this context, by supporting the private sector and increasing investment in the field of creating various businesses in line with the potentials of our wetlands, job security and economic well-being can be provided for the local residents. In this context, considering the interwoven relationship between the natives' income and the vitality of the Hamon wetland, with local management and planning in the field of entrepreneurship, and taking into account the local culture and the prosperity of the handicrafts market, and supporting it, it provided the conditions for economic well-being. Optimal and appropriate training along with the participation of local people is the main factor in the integrated management of Hamon wetland.

For the optimal and integrated management of water resources, a comprehensive look at the economic, social, physical, environmental, cultural and political characteristics is necessary so that the most optimal ones can be developed with a set of methods and strategic plans. Feedback from the proper management of the Hamon wetland is economically very important for the local residents, and it is also considered an important and wonderful resource from the environmental point of view. It is necessary to provide facilities and support platforms in order to increase private sector investment in creating employment and entrepreneurship, as well as supporting handicrafts and the development of small industries, to provide conditions for the economic dependence of local people and excessive exploitation of resources. Managing and protecting the natural potentials of any geographical environment requires comprehensive development and human sustainability in that environment; therefore, it is necessary to provide educational platforms and hold appropriate training courses on the importance of natural resources in the human environment and efforts to protect and optimally exploit it. In this context, it is necessary to take into consideration the local management and use the existing potentials by holding training courses and providing the necessary platforms for the use of local power in the direction of the restoration and reconstruction of the Hamon wetland, which leads to the sustainability of the natural environment in the long run.

This study expresses the steps of achievement to the indigenous-executive framework of integrated soil and water management at farm level through a mega project with 19 sub-projects. The projects were carried out during 2013-2020 with active participation of international, national and regional experts as well as local farmers in Honam Sub-basin, Lorestan Province, Iran. To understand the soil and water management problems for agriculture in the same homogeneous units (HSWMUs), farmlands were classified regarding physical, chemical and biological characteristics of soil, making it possible to convert soil maps into thematic maps. In this research, the fertility capability classification (FCC) method that integrates surface and sub-surface soil textures with modifieres was used. In addition, several modifieres were revised for soils of semi-arid regions and new modifieres were introduced for Irrigation Capability Classification (ICC). The required information was collected from 119 soil profiles and 101 surface soil samples in detailed scale of 1:25000 and the corresponding measurements were made. Accordingly, different data layers including detailed soil map were produced via geopedological method icluding land limitation, land suitability, and land production potential (LPP) of major crops, land degradation, location of water withdrawal, land use and agricultural cadastre of 2395 farms were prepared. To evaluate the current soil and water behavior of farmers within HSWMUs, the multidisciplinary team recorded the issues through field visits and open semi-structured questionnaire of 84 selected farmers in 24 villages who were interviewed during 2018-2019. The results showed that 23 and 30 HSWMUs that covered, respectively, 93% and 90% of the irrigated and rainfed areas were delineated on the map. Investigations showed that the sub-basin suffers from problems such as plow pan, phosphorus and zinc deficiencies, poor irrigation scheduling, and three types of farmers. Finally, recommended packages were prepared and validated for each HSWMU, which will be discussed in the part 2.

The main purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual model for integrated management of irrigation network based on water, food and energy linkage (Nexus). This requires identifying the main concerns related to irrigation networks, introducing and reflecting important decision variables and interactions between them, which explains the dynamics of water, food and energy chains within the boundaries a unit (irrigation network) of a catchment. This approach has received less attention in the management of irrigation networks, which is expected to solve some of the problems of irrigation network management. The method used in this research is based on a review of the Nexus chain management literature, the concepts of sustainability and security of water, food and energy resources in irrigation networks, and a practical approach to system dynamics. The major part of the research relied on field activities, including inspection to irrigation networks and interviews with provincial experts, specialists and technicians, Agricultural water users. Important variables affecting the integrated management of irrigation networks, which have been used in designing the framework, analyzing and determining behavioral patterns, were identified.

The eight main concerns of irrigation networks as important mechanisms of system dynamics for both levels (network management and field management) were identified as follows:- Subsystem of water resource limitation in the domain of an irrigation network that affects the growth of the most important economic loop in the region (Limit to growth Archetype). The combined subsystem in the face of the weakness of the equity index in the network (the success to the successful archetype in obtaining more water resources, the shifting the burden archetype in providing the water needs of the downstream farmers and the escalation archetype in the increase in the amount of water needed as a result of changes in the cultivation pattern in general Agriculture of the region). The set of personal and managerial actions in the face of the shortage of water volume available in the network resulting from the adoption of decisions without long-term consequences (combined archetypes of fixes that backfire in meeting water needs from groundwater resources, allocation of more water resources to meet network obligations and changes in the cultivation pattern to obtain more yields).The set of individual decisions of farmers and the symptomatic solutions of managers in the face of unsupplied water demand in the agricultural sector (a combination archetypes of fixes that backfire for unauthorized access to groundwater resources and the archetype of shifting the burden in the face of network managers with the problem of illegal harvesting activities by providing a solution for choking wells).Product performance subsystem (problem of using agricultural inputs) (combined archetypes of fixes that backfire in farmers' use of agricultural inputs and the its consequences on land salinity, as well as increasing the farmed area to achieve more yield).The subsystem of facing the most important problem of the agricultural sector (water productivity in agriculture), (the archetype of shifting the burden in dealing network officials with improving water productivity through improving network efficiencyversus the fundamental solution of improving water productivity at the agricultural block level and archetype of fixes that backfire of the development of the arrangement delivery plan with the tools of educating to farmers in front of the long-term side effects of more management of water delivered to farmers). The subsystem of noticeable decrease in the utility of the network (the archetype of eroding goals in accordance with the pressures on the network managers and ultimately the downgrading of the initial goals of the irrigation network plan, which requires a review of the structural infrastructure and managerial empowerment in the irrigation network). The explanation subsystem of the Nexus index as the main combined index from the point of view of water, food and energy (providing a fundamental solution to improve the utility versus increasing the farmed area as an ineffective symptomatic solution in this field).

According to the main concerns, behavioral patterns were explained and identified based on the decision mechanisms of water users and network managers, in the short and long term, and their side effects. Six system archetypes were identified that represent the dynamics of the irrigation network and predict the future utility of the network based on the water, food and energy chain (Nexus). These archetypes include: "Limit to Growth", "Fixes that Backfire", "Success to the Successful", "Escalation", "Eroding goals" and "Shifting the Burden".

Three strategies for controlling the above mechanisms as regional Solution (local strategies) are proposed as follows: a- Water Distribution Improvement Schemes, b- Determining the Crop pattern and Irrigation density in proportion to the network capacity and c- Groundwater Extraction Control. As a result of this research, a conceptual model has been developed whose main achievement is to recommend the modification of the existing process of distribution schemes along with the modification of the crop pattern in accordance with the primary design and the water need of farmers.

Chilo suppressalis, is one of the destructive pests of rice in many rice producing countries, including Iran. Considering the adverse effects of using chemical pesticides in the rice crop ecosystem against striped stem pest, pheromones are also considered as an expensive pest management tool. The present research was conducted in two cropping seasons at Rice Research Institute of Iran, (Rasht). In this research, 5 treatments including: 1- sex pheromone with 1 trap per hectare, 2 - sex pheromone with 3 traps per hectare, 3- sex pheromone with 5 traps per hectare, 4- sex pheromone with 7 traps per hectare and 5- control (spraying granules of 10% Diazinon 15 kg/ha) was applied in the research field. The results of the present study showed that the least dead hearts and infestation of white heads, the number of counted larvae and the highest yield obtained from  using  the concentration of 2 mg of the effective substance of the sex pheromone of striped stem borer with 5 to 7 traps per hectare. Also the highest contamination of dead hearts and white heads, the number larvae and the lowest yield were observed in the treatments of one and three traps per hectar. According the results of the present study, it seems that the control of striped stem borer pest using sex pheromone creates a promising in an integrated pest management program.

To evaluate the effect of crop rotation and chemical management on weed seed bank in wheat fields, a three-year experiment was conducted in split-plot design with three replications in Khuzestan province. Main plots were crop rotation (wheat-wheat-wheat, wheat-rapeseed-wheat and wheat-sugar beet-wheat) and subplots were chemical management (Untreated Control (UTC), chemical rotation and no chemical rotation (farmer program)). The results showed the change in crop rotation reduced the frequency ratio of weeds seed bank population in both evaluated depths (0 to 10 and 10 to 20 cm). Also, the combination of chemical management along with crop rotation significantly reduced weeds seed bank population. In the absence of herbicide application in the three years of experiment, the frequency ratio of winter wild oat weed seed bank population on the soil surface decreased from 2.20 to 1.48 with rapeseed and from 2.73 to 0.63 with sugar beet planting, however, in the case of non-crop rotation, the frequency of wild oat seeds in the seed bank increased. This trend was also evident in the total weed seed bank population.

Nowadays, the approach of integrated watershed management (IWM) has been widely accepted as a reference and reliable model by scientific experts, executive managers, policymakers, and planners in the country. From the perspective of many experts and professionals in natural resources and environment, the land area of Iran is surrounded by a range of natural, climatic, and social hazards related to watershed areas. In conditions where each of these hazards alone can lead to environmental, economic, and social crises, a critical analysis of IWM as the most accepted management unit in nature is essential. Despite the importance of this reference model for planning and organizing watershed areas, this approach is often subject to personal preferences due to the lack of a comprehensive and widely accepted definition at the macro level, which results in managers and planners not being responsive. Moreover, watershed management plans and comprehensive management of watershed areas in Iran face various challenges and have not been successful despite the allocation of considerable resources. Therefore, it is necessary to address the ambiguities and challenges of the integrated management approach in order to achieve a coherent and comprehensive management in watershed areas. In this regard, the present study focuses on a critical analysis of the hidden challenges in the approach of IWM and provides policy recommendations and practical suggestions for IWM in Iran.

In this study, two tasks were performed to examine and explain the comprehensiveness dimensions. In the first stage, resources related to studies on natural resources and watershed management in the country were reviewed. In this stage, the targeted resources were examined using the term "integrated" and the words, terms, and concepts associated with this term. The result of this review was the determination and identification of six keywords and concepts related to the term "integrated". In the next stage, these six factors and keywords were used as six diagnostic and identification codes for examining watershed management plans and IWM. The focus was on determining the presence or absence of these keywords and terms in the implemented watershed management plans. The objective was to determine whether these six key words and theoretical concepts identified in the first stage have been employed in the practical implementation of the IWM plans. This was accomplished through content analysis of implemented watershed management plans in various regions of the country. In each of the implemented plans, the type and extent of utilization, or, in other words, the level of attention given to the mentioned six factors, were examined and analyzed.

In this study, corresponding to the six dimensions of comprehensiveness in the concept of IWM in Iran, six policy recommendations and implementation proposals have been presented. These policy recommendations and implementation proposals encompass a combination of environmental, economic, social, and cultural factors, as gaps in these factors will hinder the integrated management of elements. This research suggests that the executive responsibility for integrated management should be entrusted to the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization of the country in coordination with other relevant organizations. This organization, if legal barriers are removed and policy-making streams are aligned, will be able to fulfill its main intrinsic duty, which is the management of the country's watersheds. Regarding the components of ecosystem stakeholders, this study emphasizes that the stakeholders should include all ecosystem stakeholders since any form of anthropocentrism jeopardizes the sustainability of ecosystems. In terms of the dimension of interconnectedness of natural boundaries, the results of this study emphasize the importance of interconnectedness in terms of perspectives, planning, and policy-making. In other words, political boundaries at the county, provincial, and international levels pose increasing challenges to IWM. Therefore, the basis for planning should be the natural boundaries of watersheds. Hence, bridging the gaps and achieving interconnectedness in terms of intra-county and intra-provincial boundaries can be achieved through organizational coherence and defining the responsibilities of organizations based on the natural boundaries of watersheds. As for international boundaries, it requires strengthening diplomacy and reaching regional agreements and treaties. Regarding the elements that should be considered in the comprehensive management approach by planners and executive managers, it can be stated that these elements should include all the components present in ecosystems, including water, soil, and vegetation cover.

The findings of this study indicate the possibility of employing integrated, cohesive, and coordinated management in the natural environments of Iran as a suitable, precise, scientific, and systematic guideline. The recommendations and proposals of this research can lead to interconnectedness, comprehensive perspectives, organizational coherence, coordination among decision-making bodies, enhancement of policy and legal effectiveness, community satisfaction, alignment of activities between planners and watershed residents, and ultimately, improvement in social responsibility and widespread participation of stakeholders in watershed management. Implementing the recommendations provided in this study in future plans and projects can contribute to improving the environmental conditions of watershed inhabitants and ensuring the sustainability of natural ecosystems by addressing the existing challenges.

In this research, the compatibility of Trichoderma species along with Nanocide and fungicide for the integrated management of this pathogenic fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, has been studied. For this purpose, the effect of three isolates of Trichoderma harzianum, one isolate of T. virens, one isolate of T. atroviride and one isolate of T. koningii on the three isolates of pathogenic agent (SS1, SS2, SS3) in PDA medium containing 5 levels of Nanocide (0,30,60,100,130) by dual culture technique in the laboratory condition were studied. Then the effects of T. harzianum (1211), T koningii (iso2) and T. virens (6011) with two levels of Noniocid (10 & 30 ppm) and Iprodione+carbendazim fungicide (2 & 5 ppm) on one isolate of pathogenic agent in greenhouse condition, were evaluated. The lowest inhibition of mycelia growth of S. sclerotiorum in PDA medium with Nanocide, was 6%, that indicated for treatment S. sclerotiorum (SS2) × T. virens (6011) at level 10 ppm. In greenhouse condition, Trichoderma spp were tested in two stages, seed coated with Trichoderma conidia cell suspension and use Trichoderma mixed with soil. The evaluated parameters were height and wet and dry weight of the plant. The first experiment, was seed coated with Trichoderma conidia cell suspension, the most fresh weight was for T. harzianum (1211) as control and the most height was for T. koningii (iso2) alone. The second experiment, was for Trichoderma mixed with soil showed a significant increase in the most fresh and dry weight were for T. harzianum (1211) + 30 ppm Nanocide treatment and the most height of seedlings was also for T. harzianum (1211) + 2 ppm Iprodione–carbendazim (P≤0.01(. the statistical grouping showed that the treatments in which Trichoderma species were used alone showed no significant difference with treatments with Nanocid and fungicide in the wet and dry weight and height plant. Beside, using Trichoderma alone rather than the combination of Nanocid and fungicide, showed the better effect on growth parameters of the infected canola.

Tourism as an underlying economic activity is nowadays considered to be a vital part of the socio-economic programs in every nation. Thanks to its low investment requirements and high potential for job creation, it is more important than other economic sectors, especially in developing countries. Geotourism, defined as tourist attractions of geological and geomorphological phenomena in watersheds, offers a great potential for the tourism economy. The development of nature-based tourism serves a variety of functions for local communities and watershed residents that involve appropriate solutions to problems of livelihood and unemployment in such communities. In most cases, this socio-economic potential for land management in watersheds has been ignored, thereby failing to consider this valuable national wealth and natural heritage in the Iranian watersheds as a component of sustainable development. Indeed, recognition of the potential of geotourism realized in the form of geoparks in watersheds that enjoy a vast geological diversity can play a key role in land management in these areas. Once established, geoparks will embody the historical and cultural heritage of watersheds and will enhance the potential development of geotourism. Thus, economic or social justice in watersheds will be achieved through participation of local communities and stakeholders who market their local products including handicrafts as well as rangeland and forest products. These prospects will ultimately help land use planning and integrated watershed management in these areas. Geotourism is a new approach in watershed management from asocio-economic point of view which unfortunately despite UNESCOs emphasis has not been sufficiently considered by watershed experts. In this paper, the role of geotourism and geoparks on land use planning of watershed, tourism development as well as life and livelihood of watershed residents and socio-economic issues is investigated.

The development of agricultural and urban areas and overexploitation of natural resources have caused significant changes in the hydrological regime of watersheds. Furthermore, population increase, unprincipled exploitations and climate changes have intensified this process. It is therefore necessary to know and study it continuously. The trend of hydrological series may also change due to climate change, land use and watershed management. Therefore, identifying the presence or absence of changes in time in rainfall and discharges of an area and presenting it in statistical analysis seems necessary. The Mann-Kendall test is one of the most widely used nonparametric methods for analyzing the flow of such data. Studying periods of rainfall and discharge as well as land use change can be useful in expressing the role of climatic and human factors. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the trend of land use change and the role of each in the discharge trend of Kiar watershed. 

The present study was conducted in Kiar watershed located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province as one of the northern sub-basins of Karun River. In order to conduct the current research and achieve the desired goals, after obtaining the information and data required for the research from the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Regional Water Organization, a joint statistical course of study stations was determined. Finally, the mentioned period was selected from 1363-1390. Then, Mann-Kendall non-parametric test was used to investigate the trend of changes in precipitation and discharge of stations in Kiar watershed. Then, land use changes in the study area in three time periods were extracted using the object-oriented classification method in IDRISI Taiga 16.03 software environment using Landsat's TM sensor images. Using the parameters of overall accuracy and kappa coefficient, the accuracy of the classification was calculated. Finally, the trend of land use change and its relationship with the trend of discharge were evaluated.

The results of trend analysis for the Dey River time series (on seasonal and annual scales) at the Burnt Mountain Station show that discharge has had a decreasing trend on both scales. The highest discharge trend in the seasonal series belongs to summer and the lowest discharge trend belongs to fall at the significant level of 1%. The study of trends in the rainfall time series of the region shows a different behavior. While the trend in Borujen station was upward, Shahrekord and Beheshtabad exhibited a downward trend, and no trend was found in Farsan station. The decreasing trend of discharge and precipitation in Kuh-e-Sokhteh hydrometric station and rain gauge stations in Shahrekord and Beheshtabad are on the same side, which can be attributed to the decrease in discharge due to the rainfall behavior of the region. The results of the trend of land use change showed that residential and agricultural lands have an increasing trend and rangeland and barren lands have a decreasing trend. Increasing the level of agriculture and residential areas can be a reason for reducing the trend in discharge.

Based on the results of the present study, the results of trend analysis for the time series of the river at the burnt mountain station showed that the discharge trend in seasonal and annual scales is Downward. The highest discharge trend in the seasonal series belongs to the summer season and the lowest discharge trend belongs to the autumn season. Also, the results of studying the trend in the time series of rainfall in the region showed different behaviors. While, the trend in Borujen station was upward, Shahrekord and Beheshtabad exhibited a downward trend, and no trend was found in Farsan station.

Integrated management with emphasis on combination of biocontrol agents and resistant varieties can be one of the efficient strategies to manage the pests. In this study, the effect of susceptible ('Orange') and resistant ('Tea') rose cultivars on demographic parameters of the rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (L.) (Hem.: Aphididae), and its predatory lady beetle Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Col.: Coccinellidae) was determined under laboratory conditions. The obtained data were analysed according to the age-stage, two-sex life table theory, the means, as well as the standard errors of all parameters, were estimated by the bootstrap procedure. Mean developmental time of immature stages (nymphal period) of the aphid on the resistant cultivar (15.20 days) was significantly higher than the susceptible one (9.53 days). The intrinsic rate of increase (r) of the rose aphid on the susceptible and resistant cultivars was 0.330 and 0.115 day-1, respectively. Furthermore, the values of the intrinsic rate of increase (r) of the predator fed on the aphids reared on the susceptible and resistant cultivars was 0.145 versus 0.126 day-1, respectively. The total pre-oviposition period (TPOP) of the lady beetle on the resistant cultivar (26.66 days) was significantly longer than that on the susceptible one (23.83 days), but total fecundity on the resistant cultivar (370.34 eggs/female) was significantly lower than that on the susceptible cultivar (451.65 eggs/female). According to obtained results, considering the lower intrinsic rate of increase (r) and fecundity of the predator on the resistant rose cultivar ('Tea'), more attention should be devoted for integrated control of rose aphids using resistant cultivars and predatory lady beetles.

The aim of this study was the determine effects of nitrogen fertilizer sources (biological, chemical and integrated) and weed interference on the yield and yield components of chickpea cultivars in Khorramabad conditions.

The experiment was conducted as split-split-plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Experimental Farm of Pole Baba Hossein, Khorramabad during the 2017-2018 growing season. Nitrogen fertilizer as main factor (control (without fertilizer), Rhizobium bio-fertilizer, 100% required chemical fertilizer and integration of Rhizobium + 50% nitrogen chemical fertilizer), chickpea cultivars (Adel, Mansour and Arman) as sub-factor and weed interference (weed control and full-season weed interference) as sub-sub-factor were considered.

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer (especially integration of Rhizobium + 50% nitrogen chemical fertilizer) on all evaluated traits was positive and significant. The mean comparisons of cultivar × fertilizer showed that the highest number of pods with one seed, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, straw yield and grain yield were achieved by Arman cultivar and with integrated application Rhizobium + 50% nitrogen chemical fertilizer. In weed control conditions, the highest plant height, number of pods with one seed, number of pods per plant and grain yield was related to Arman cultivar.

Arman cultivar can be considered as the best cultivar in Khorramabad climate conditions. Seeds inoculation with Rhizobium along with consuming 50% of the required nitrogen fertilizer and weeds control can significantly increase the yield of chickpea cultivars.

In order to investigate the effects of chemical and integrated weed management on yield and yield components of grain maize and weed population, the study has been conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-19 in Shavar Research Center in Shavar region of Shousha city. Treatments include unweeded (control), hand weeding, 1.5 liters of atrazine, 1 liter of atrazine + straw mulch, 175 g of ultima, 150 g of ultima + straw mulch, 1.5 liter 2,4-D + MCPA, 1 liter 2,4-D + MCPA + straw mulch, 1.5 liters cruise, and 1 liter of cruise + straw mulch. Results show that the highest grain yield has been obtained in hand weeding treatment as well as 1 liter of cruise + straw mulch by 14.4 and 13.2 t ha-1, respectively. The highest biological yield is recorded in hand weeding treatment (31.5 t ha-1). In case of harvest index, 1.5 liters of cruise show the highest value (55.7%), followed by 1.5 liters of 2,4-D + MCPA and 1.5 liters of atrazine by 53.6% and 47.7%, respectively. In terms of weed population dynamics, hand weeding, and 1 liter of cruise + straw mulch cause the greatest decrease in weed population and dry weight which reduce crop competition and increase productivity. In general, based on the results, the adoption of integrated approaches (chemical + cultural + mechanical) can make a significant contribution to increasing corn yield and reducing environmental pollution.

Water resources development projects have many environmental effects, the most important of which are changing the natural regime of the river and reducing the downstream flow. The use of hydrological models allows for sustainable planning in water resources management. The Qarachai River Basin in the Salt Lake Basin has been affected by human activities in recent years. In the present study, the hydrological behavior of Qarachai catchment was modeled using 21WEAP software. The model was developed, calibrated and validated for a 25-year statistical period (1993 to 2017). To calibrate the model, the observed discharge values of Qarachai River located at Asgarabad station (catchment outlet) were calculated with computational values using Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient index. A 13-year statistical period (from 1993 to 2006) was considered for model calibration. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient for the calibration period was obtained 0.86. An 11-year statistical period (2006-2007) was considered for validation. The value of Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient for the validation period was obtained 0.74. These results indicate the good efficiency of the WEAP model in simulating the hydrological behavior of the Qarachai catchment. After analyzing five management scenarios, finally a combined scenario with a reliability index above 95% for each consumption sector as well as meeting the environmental needs was recognized as the top scenario. The results of the research indicate that with the implementation of this scenario, the downward trend of the aquifer compared to the current situation will be greatly adjusted and exit from the critical state will be possible by applying appropriate management measures.

The catchment area of ​​the Minab river basin and its main branches, as a part of Makren coast, southern Iran, are one of the important areas for water resources planning and management. The aim of this study was to set-up a comprehensive water resource planning and management model, involving WEAP software, for the area. The area includes the Minab, Jeghine Toukahoor, Manoojan, Roodan, Nodej, Dehkohan, Mosaferabad and Faryab Galashgerd. Two scenarios including: (RS) as the reference scenario, and a conservative agricultural development (CAS) were implemented for the future horizon of year 1410, using WEAP model. Then the outputs were evaluated using the performance criteria including; volumetric reliability, reversibility, vulnerability and stability indices. A 15-water year data (2000-2014) was used, 10 years of that for calibration purposes and the rest of 5 years data for verification. The values of evaluation indices, coefficient of determination and Nash-Sutcliff coefficient, for calibration period were equal to 0.98, 0.97 for the Esteghlal dam volume and 0.98 and 0.98 for the hydrometric stations, and 0.90 and 0.86 for the groundwater aquifers, respectively. On the other hand, for the verification period, the values of the above-mentioned indices were equal to 0.98 and 0.98 for Esteghlal dam volume, 0.78 and 0.70 for hydrometric stations, and 0.97 and 0.88 for the groundwater aquifers, respectively. The above-mentioned index values indicate that the modelling results are acceptable. Moreover, between the two considered scenarios, the scenario of conservative agricultural development, with a sustainability index of 55.47%, has a higher priority.

Rice striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lep.: Pyralidae) is considered as the most important pest in paddy fields in north of Iran and causes severe damages to rice cultivation. Currently, the use of chemical insecticides is the most common practice in controlling this pest. However, considering environmental problems, it is advisable to look for alternative methods, including the use of resistant or tolerant cultivars to rice striped stem borer. Thus in the current study 20 lines and cultivars of rice were considered. The results indicated that all 20 cultivars and lines tested in the first generation of rice striped stem borer showed dead hearts ranging from 15.29 to 21. 85% based on the standard evaluation system of rice (IRRI) and relatively stood in resistant group (Scale 5). In the second generation of the pest the infection symptom of white heads clusters depicted that the line number 4 was in the resistant group, and lines 2, 4, 5, 7, 13, 11, 14, 15 and 18 in relatively resistant group. The results of this study showed that cultivars and lines of 1, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16 and 19 are grouped in a relatively sensitive group to rice striped stem borer. Our study also showed that the Gohar cultivar with 31.28% white heads in reproductive stage was placed in the sensitive group. Therefore, in the present study, line 5 (row 11(, line 14 (row 10) and line 37 (row 17) are recommended for breeding and integrated management programs for rice striped stem borer.

In order to investigate the effect of biological fertilizers and application of metribuzin herbicide on growth and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and weed population, a field experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of Shahrood University of Technology. The experimental treatments included; weed free and weed infest all season, inoculation of root of tomato transplant with Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azotobacter crococum separately, soil application of metribuzin herbicide 500, 1000 and 1500 g.ha-1 and the mentioned dosage of herbicide (500, 1000 and 1500 g.ha-1) along with inoculation of P. fluorescens and A. crococum. Results showed that A. crococum and P. fluorescens in combination with low doses of herbicide (500 g.ha-1) increased bacterial colonization by 57.89 and 52.63 percent compared to the control (weedy) treatment respectively. High doses of herbicide (1500 g.ha-1) alone or in combination with bio-fertilizers decreased bacterial colonization in soil and growth and yield of tomato. Also, A. crococum and P. fluorescens in combination with low doses of herbicide increased the number of ripe fruit of tomato by 26.4 and 24.8 percent in comparison to weed free treatment respectively. Based on the results of this experiment, application of bio-fertilizers (A. crococum and P. fluorescens) together with 500 g.ha-1 metribuzin herbicide while improving the growth and yield of tomato and optimal weed control can be an important step towards achieving sustainable agricultural

The aim of the present study was to risk assessment and zoning the unsustainability of shrimp fishery in the shrimp fishing-grounds of the Hormozgan province (Sirik to Toola). Data were collected during two shrimp fishing seasons in 2017 and 2018 (between September and December). The criteria affecting the shrimp unsustainability risks were extracted using international literatures and also conducting some in-depth and semi-structured interviews with the experienced fishermen and knowledgeable researchers. Thereafter, the coefficient of determination was obtained to each criterion by using a quantitative questionnaire. Finally, integration of these criteria was done by fuzzy-neural modeling. Data analysis indicated that 57.35% ±15.6 (±SD) of fishermen are totally satisfied with their job. The maximum value for ecology criteria was 0.56. in Kollahi fishing ground. In Bandar-Abbas fishing-ground, the highest values for fishermen's security threats, satisfaction with existing management status and social conditions of fishing communities' criteria were also computed 0.08, 0.18 and 0.08. The maximum coefficient of determination was belonged to catch volume (with 0.0922) and fishers' livelihood (with 0.409) in Dar-sorkh. The highest unsustainability risk was observed in Bandar Abbas and east of Sirik, while central regions and around of Darsarkh, Toola and Kollahihad the lowest. Ecological criteria were also maximum in the central areas of the province, which is indicating the suitable habitat conditions. The unsustainability risk in Sirik was also due to the low catch rate and the fishermen's livelihood. It sounds that management of the illegal fishing and conservation and expansion of the marine protected areas could helpful to improve sustainability of shrimp fishing in Bandar-Abbas fishing-ground. The fuzzy integrated model obtained in the present study prepared spatial prioritization and determined the criteria affecting on shrimp fishing sustainability in the Hormozgan province, which could more guide the managers to improving fisheries sustainability in the region

Water scarcity and subsequent social and economic crises have doubled the need to use new interdisciplinary knowledge-based approaches in reforming water resources management structures and policies and implementing water resources plans and projects. In the meantime, recognizing the interrelationships of the social sciences and their water resources systems has become a problem that its solution help us to correct existing dysfunctional structures. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to prove the interrelationship of some social parameters and water resources on a continental scale with the use of software modeling tools. In this study, per capita data on renewable water resources and social parameters including the ratio of rural population to urban population, population density, number of Internet users and education index on an annual scale are considered. The statistical period of the data was 13 years (2005-2007) and this study was performed for 42 countries in Asia whose per capita water resources were declining. Then, using soft copmuting methods such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Decision Tree (M5) and Adaptive Fuzzy-neural Inference System (ANFIS), the interrelationship between per capita water resources and social parameters was modeled. Modeling results were evaluated by the criteria of determination coefficient (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) values. Finally, the results indicate the superior performance of ANFIS method compared to the other two models in evaluating the interaction of per capita water resources and social parameters. Also, after the ANFIS model, the M5 and ANN models had better performance, respectively.