جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « خانه تاریخی » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Enclosure serves as a fundamental principle in shaping spatial identities, defining the unique character of a place. In Iranian architecture, mass is not just a physical element but also a concept that molds and encapsulates space, embodying the notion of enclosure. The term “rhizome” is a biological term, as a metaphor, contains concepts such as labyrinth, multiplicity, connection, difference and intermediate position. In this way, the elements that create confinement, as well as the elements of multiple space and rhizomic labyrinth, are identified in the literature review, and then, in order to obtain the different qualities of the classification of the enclosed space in a quasi-rhizomatic structure, the aspects of the relationship between these two categories have been deduced. The purpose of this article is to investigate the methods of achieving a variety of enclosed areas in the spatial organization of Kashan historical houses and to reinterpret the degrees of their enclosure. Key questions include how elements of rhizomatic epistemology can inform the reinterpretation of enclosure levels within Kashan’s historical houses and which physical and spatial approaches have contributed to classifying their enclosure structures.”?

“The research employed a descriptive, analytical, and logical reasoning approach. Data collection involved both library research and fieldwork, with Depthmap and Agraph software utilized for data analysis. First, the definitions of spatial enclosure in the field of architecture and rhizome theory in the field of philosophy were studied. In this way, the factors of creating enclosure and characteristics of thinking and rhizomic space were extracted. Then, multiple rhizomic spatial indices were categorized in four sections and similar and overlapping indices were placed in one category. These four categories were analyzed through space analysis software (Depthmap-Agraph) in architectural configuration. As the largest historical house of Kashan with many introverted areas, Ameriha House was chosen as a case study and in the way of reinterpreting the enclosure according to the labyrinth structure of this house, compatible components in rhizomatic epistemological foundations have been used , aligning with its unique architectural style.

In order to analyze and interpret the enclosure based on the aforementioned theory and considering the spatial nature of the rhizomial logic and also the existence of categories such as connection, connection, difference and continuity, the indicators of the space syntax theory were used to analyze the study sample of the historical houses of Kashan. In this order, it is argued that the indicators of space difference, space traffic and isovist, connection and number of space and interlinking in the theory of space syntax in connection with the indicators mentioned in the rhizome theory can be used in the reinterpretation of the degrees of enclosure of the labyrinth structure of the historical houses of Kashan. To be more precise, the sub-categories of space dissimilarity/heterogeneity/difference with the help of space difference index, the sub-categories of spatial diversity/unsimilar continuity with the help of spatial traffic index and isovist, the sub-category of abundance of areas/connections with the help of two syntactic indicators of connection and the number of spaces and the sub-category of the set of coherent links and Multicore can be analyzed and measured with the help of integration index. The simulation of the movement in the spatial arrangement of Ameri House shows that the character of fluidity, continuous changes and new orientations has been expressed by creating frequent thresholds and establishing intermediate and in-between areas. The crucial principle of rhizomatic space lies in its establishment amidst and between elements. The physical manifestation of these characteristics becomes evident through the simulation of movement and vision within the layout of the Ameri House. Also, dissimilarity in the level, shape, number of connections, type of spaces and flexibility of configuration leads to the logic of difference in rhizome theory. The physical/spatial approaches mentioned in the rhizomatic and integrated relationship with each other enrich the levels of enclosure in the spatial structure of the Ameri House in Kashan.

The results of the research show that multiple physical/spatial approaches in accordance with the body of the rhizome space include de-territorialization and re-territorialization, fluidity, flexibility, difference and heterogeneity, multiplicity of spaces and paths and being in the middle and in-between have been effective in creating enclosure as well as diversity and multiple degrees of enclosure. The rhizome approach of multitude and multiplicity of spaces and paths in the three domains of border, threshold and territory has led to the difference and diversity of the extent and manner of spatial enclosure. In such a way that the inside/outside boundaries (entrances), the spaces between the yards (thresholds) and the area, the shape and various openings of the 9 yards (realms) have provided very different states of visual and physical access limits. Spatialization and arenaization of the house in Kashan has formed a set of coherent and multi-core links through reterritorialization and decentralization of arenas. In the sense that many courtyards with different numbers of connections to the peripheral areas of the territories have led to decentralization and formation of multiple cores, and the expansion of these areas in many directions has led to fold logic, divergent and horizontal thinking.

Every year, a large number of historical monuments are damaged by natural disasters, including earthquakes. The most important step before strengthening and restoring these buildings is to assess their safety to identify weaknesses. Italy is one of the first countries to issue a special guide entitled "Italian Guidelines for Evaluation and Mitigation of Seismic risk to Cultural Heritage" ( DPCM) with the aim of assessing monuments. This guideline includes three levels of assessment and involve three different categories of buildings. The results of manual calculations of this instruction (first level) in the shortest possible time can show the general condition of the building to perform restoration activities. In our country, there is no such instruction regarding historical monuments, so in this research study, the safety status of Ali Monsieur historical house in Tabriz in the Ultimate limit state (SLU) and limit state of damage (SLD) based on manual and numerical calculations proposed in the Italian DPCM guideline. Push Over analysis of building (numerical calculation) was performed in 3Muri.13 software. Based on the findings of both levels of evaluation, comparisons between the results was done. As a result, data from both levels of assessment of the Ali Monsieur Historical House indicated that the building was not safe in the ultimate limit state, but showed adequate safety in the limit state of damage. In addition, the remarkable point of the results was that the manual calculations presented in the Italian guidelines are more conservative because they provide the value of the building safety index and shear strength less than the values obtained from the numerical calculations. But it is worth noting that it is a useful and practical method before performing restoration activities.

Despite the excellent records of past Iranian artists and architects creating and designing different building types, the houses in which we live today bear no mark of the remarkable history and background of Iranian architecture; however, they may be “functional” in terms of use, “beautiful” in terms of visual appearance, and “rich” in terms of ornaments. Commonly, these houses are based on the unknowing imitation of modern western architecture resulting in the cities and houses which lack identity. Considered as buildings with completely Iranian architecture and ornaments, historical houses could inspire the designers in the design and creation of the spaces with a strong identity. The Qajar period could be called the age of substantial changes in Iranian society. The top architectural works of this age have emerged in the form of Houses. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate the architectural elements of the houses created in this age. The main purpose of this study is to identify the significant architectural elements and study them in the Qajar period and the historical house of Daroogheh as the case study. This study is basic in terms of purpose and historical-descriptive in terms of essence and method. Furthermore, the data are collected by mixing the library and field study methods. The findings indicate that the significant architectural elements of residential spaces are light, texture, materials, geometry, form, view and landscape, space, and color and ornaments, and each one of these elements have specifically contributed to the architecture of the Qajar period and the house of Daroogheh; thus, by knowing about these elements, they could be used in the contemporary houses so that the lost identity will be brought back.

We live in an era which the change is a main part of it, and this is due to the successive developments in architecture. But everything in a city is not equally affected by changes, and home, the place that is more closely associated with human life, has undergone a lot of change. The present paper attempts to focus on historic and contemporary homes of Sanandaj, offering a reading that goes beyond the physical and into local living culture. The research adopts a qualitative approach on three levels: an analysis of the town’s general characteristics and its effects on houses, as well as an analytic-descriptive comparison between some examples, and finally an analysis based on compatibilities of local living culture and architecture through deep, semi-structured interviews. The results show that the main distinct features of Sanandaj homes are their relation with nature, the attention paid to exterior views whilst keeping privacy, the importance of the semi-opened space in them and the spatial hierarchies. However, the continuity of these features in the contemporary homes is vague. Thus, it can be claimed that changes in the city and the external form of buildings in one hand and interior space, in the other hand, indicate a lack of dependence of contemporary home on traditional architecture.

In the central yard of historic houses of Kashan, geometry and proportions are the most important factors in providing light to adjacent spaces. To measure the optical performance of these yards it is necessary to know its geometrical properties. The article by the method with expression of geometric and proportional principles and rules related to the central yard in the use of daylight spaces, proportional to its performance in the selected sample. Factors such as geometric shape, length, width, height and specific ratios R_1= ambient / height and R_2= width / length or (PAR), SAR = width / height, sky boundary and angle of view of the sky relative to the pop-up and its effect They are based on the optical performance of the yard. The results show that the dominant geometry of yards, rectangles and squares is with corners Proportional values R1, R2 exceed the suggested minimum for proper illumination of space; Also, the SAR and the viewing angle of the openings to the sky are proportional to the performance of the spaces and the need for their lighting. As a result, in Kashan homes, light is given higher priority than its climatic function, and adjacent central yards enjoy natural daylight and almost uniformity with adequate light penetration for most of the day. Yards are able to provide a daylight factor of more than 1.5-3 for adjacent spaces, which indicates the compliance of its geometry, proportions and spatial scale in order to provide adequate lighting for these houses.

This research presents the traditional construction details of flat wood beam ceilings and a typology of such ceilings in Shiraz historical houses, as well as the spaces that each type is used in. In addition to the development of technical knowledge, this study would also contribute to the systematic conservation of historical buildings. Moreover, recognition of wood as a natural material and its harmony with other construction elements and materials in historical buildings, as well as its environmental sustainability is important. This typological research uses a qualitative case study methodology through direct field survey and drawing the details of the ceilings in case houses. The collected data is then compared and analyzed regarding construction details and the spaces where each type is used. The findings show two major types for flat wood beam ceilings in Shiraz historical houses: “exposed” and “dropped” ceilings. The first type has two sub-types: simple ceilings, which are mostly used in corridors and sometimes in rooms; and ceilings in which load-bearing beams boast outstanding decorations and are mainly used in the major mirror halls or the main room of the house. In the second type of ceilings, the underneath coverage can be of gypsum plaster, wooden lattices, or wood lining. The gypsum type is rarely decorated, and therefore is used in corridors. The decorative lattice or lining types are used in the main hall or the seh-dari and panj-dari rooms, and if simple, are used in other rooms of the house and sometimes in corridors.

One of Kashanchr('39')s historical architectural achievements has been the use of skylights in historic houses. Research has shown that these skylightschr('39') quality and performance are related to factors such as their type, distance from other openings, size, and materials, cut-off Angle, area of illumination created, number, and amount of their efficiency. The article used these factors for evaluating the impact of these skylightschr('39') performance. The present study, based on library and field studies, analyzes the effect of skylightschr('39') performance on the architecture of the house of Boroujerdi as a selected example. The results show that skylightschr('39') performance has been influential on architectural proportions through the number, size, and area of the space illuminated by it. Also, the three-component structure of skylights determined the geometry and architectural form of related spaces, and formalization was a part of the design of skylights in Kashan, which was a solution to direct light into the building; Also; the distance of the skylights from each other shows that the scale and dimensions of the space have been formed in relation to them and the efficiency factor of 50% of the skylights shows the acceptable performance and correct choice of their materials in providing light.

Relation between culture and environment of setting is a subject that many researches focused on, in the entire world. In this vein, Amos Rapaport known as pioneer that he focused on the home. Moreover, he investigates the effective cultural element on formation of space setting specially, in vernacular instance. He has created a three step approach including: separation, analysis, and combination. Based on this approach, first cultural related factors at home separated to smaller elements, second these components are analyzed one by one, and finally they are combining and describe in general view about this subject. So, by selecting the Naghshine house form the Ghajar era, this paper aim to use this process. In the research process flow, first based on citation interview are done and the list of current behavior instance are extracted. Then, based on current behavior setting, existing spaces at home are analyzed part by part. Finally, home generality are described based on cultural setting. In this paper we use qualitative approach and the research methodology done based on historical- descriptive way. Data collection was done based on documental and field study and semi-structure interview with survivor owners of home. The results indicated that correlation between culture and environment in Naghshine house are based on matched of four elements: space, time, meaning, and communications. In this house it seems that time and space organizing have compatibility with different level of social communications. Meaning has a navigator role for other aspects. In fact, it can be said the set of Naghshine house are combination of social, religion, usual, biological… The emerging of the meaning is formed in the behavioral setting and in the following in the space and the physical setting. Relation between culture and environment of setting is a subject that many researches focused on, in the entire world. In this vein, Amos Rapaport known as pioneer that he focused on the home. Moreover, he investigates the effective cultural element on formation of space setting specially, in vernacular instance. He has created a three step approach including: separation, analysis, and combination. Based on this approach, first cultural related factors at home separated to smaller elements, second these components are analyzed one by one, and finally they are combining and describe in general view about this subject. So, by selecting the Naghshine house form the Ghajar era, this paper aim to use this process. In the research process flow, first based on citation interview are done and the list of current behavior instance are extracted. Then, based on current behavior setting, existing spaces at home are analyzed part by part. Finally, home generality are described based on cultural setting. In this paper we use qualitative approach and the research methodology done based on historical- descriptive way. Data collection was done based on documental and field study and semi-structure interview with survivor owners of home. The results indicated that correlation between culture and environment in Naghshine house are based on matched of four elements: space, time, meaning, and communications. In this house it seems that time and space organizing have compatibility with different level of social communications. Meaning has a navigator role for other aspects. In fact, it can be said the set of Naghshine house are combination of social, religion, usual, biological… The emerging of the meaning is formed in the behavioral setting and in the following in the space and the physical setting.

Iranian historical houses have been built based on lifestyle, behavior and beliefs, knowledge and art which are based on Islamic-Persian identity. Their conservation is like respecting national identity and recognizing their social benefit is a criterion for the amount of necessary facilities to preserve these valuable elements. Since assessment of the social benefit of any product or service requires economic valuation, the aim of this paper is economic valuation of valuable historical houses for recognizing the amount of their social benefit. This study is an applied research and its methodology is survey research. The case study is Julfa historic quarter. This study aims to answer this question: how much is the economic value of historic houses of Julfa quarter? And which factors do affect citizens’ willingness to pay for purchasing historic houses? Hence, economic valuation of historical houses based on the concept of willingness to pay is investigated by contingent valuation method (CVM). The results show that 90% of citizens were interested in historical houses and more than 70% of them said if they were rich, they would buy historical houses in the case study area. Meanwhile, they assessed the value of this area’s historical houses 4/7% more than the average value of neighboring non-historical houses. This means that quantized value of the social benefit of historical houses is 4/7% more than their financial value in non-historical conditions. Based on the estimation results of regression models, the family size and career variables have affected the citizens’ willingness to pay for the purchase of valuable historical houses.